WGU DAC1 Information Systems Management – Flashcards
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Satisficing
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a Decision making model, make a choice that is satisfactory, even if it is not the best; works for unseen issues where a decision needs to be made quickly
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Association or dependency modeling
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market basket analysis
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Clustering
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discovering how groups of people are similar
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Classification
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aka prediction, evaluate historical data to make current predictions
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Regression
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find a causal replationship between sets of data
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Summarization
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sums, averages, other stats
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Predictive Analysis
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uses infor and business analysis to build a predictive model for a given application
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Text analytics
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process of using statistical, artificial intelligence and linguistic techniques to convert info in textual sources into structured info (email, survey, etc)
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software agent
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small piece of software that acts on your behalf
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Autonomous agent
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can adapt and alter the manner in which it attempts to achieve its assigned task
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Distributed agent
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works on multiple distinct computer systems
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Mobile agent
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can relocate itself onto different computer systems
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Intelligent agents
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incorporates AI capabilities like learning and reasoning
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Biomimicry
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Learn how people based systems behave, predict how they will behave, improve human systems to make them more efficient and effective
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Swarm intelligence
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Collective behavior of groups of simple agents
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Operational feasibility
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does a decision fit the needs and mission of the organization
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economic feasibility
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Does a decision fit with the budget
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Technical feasibility
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Does it fit within employee skills, what about system maintenance
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Human factors feasiliby
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Is the decision accepted by staff
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Legal and political feasibility
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does it comply with laws?
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Systems design
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Once logical model is finished, translate into appropriate information technologies
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UI design
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User interface, keep end user in mind, get feedback from users to create clear, intuitive controls
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Data design
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User doesn't see it, analyst identifies the underlying structures of the system
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Process design
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Flow of application logic is determined; can't be overly complicated
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Prototyping
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Sample of final design, users try it and give feedback
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End-user development
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let users themselves create what they need; IT support is crucial!
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ERP Requirements
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modular, contralized database, integrated functions, flexible best practices, real time functions, internet enabled
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Web 2.0
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2nd generation of web focusing on online collaboration, users as both crators and modifiers of content
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static information
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early web; users started internet, went to a website, found what they wanted
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Pushed static info
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Websites provided static info (SPAM)
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Pulled dynamic info
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Late 1990, search for real time info, like stocks, travel sites; birth of e-commerce
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Push dynamic info
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today's web; tailored to individual needs; RSS, personalized recommendations (shopping carts, etc.)
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Massive Multi Player Online Role Playing Games
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ex world of warcraft
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Data resource management
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database structures and how info is linked through primary keys
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hierarchical database
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Tree style with root nodes and child nodes; not easy to query
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Network database
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more flexible than hierarchical, data defined in sets, must define ALL potential relationships ahead of time
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Object oriented database
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abstract related pieces of information into units; can easily be extended, promotes reuse of existing database architecture
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Relational database
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most common; data presented as a series of values in 2-dimensions called tables; can create several relationships
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Operational database
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necessary for operation of business; ex HR personnel
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Distributed database
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stores info across many systems; fault toleratnt because data is stored in several places
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External database
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exists outside your direct control; fee based; ex marketing database
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Hypermedia database
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media based database; ex youtube
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Keys
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ways to access data, such as last name or phone number
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Primary key
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uniquely identifies only one key, ex employee id
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Multi table relationships
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use different tables to keep track of various features of the same person
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Query
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process of requresting info out of a database
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Redundance
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goal is to remove this, making it easier to keep a database organized
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Normalization
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process of removing redundancy and ensuring consistency
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Database management system
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create databases, manage users, general maintenance, makes it user friendly
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structured query language
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uses relational databases to look for info
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Information systems
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Combination of implementing data storage, processing, and communicating hardware
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Information technology
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Entire process of collecting, storing, processing, securing, disseminating information, not just computers
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Management Information systems
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Use to manage business processes in a business/department for decision making, managing data, people, and projects
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Porter's Five Forces
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existing competition, threat of new entrants, power of buyers, power of suppliers, threat of substitution
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Cost leadership
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lower price for same or better quality than competitors
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Differentiation
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Offer a product that is new and different
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Focus
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target a specific customer segment with a certain type of product
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Systems Analysis
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Figures out how hardware, software, network, people, data, and information work together
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Strategic management
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focuses on overall direction and guidance
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Tactical management
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develops goals and strategies
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Operational management
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day to day operations
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Non-management
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perform daily tasks
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coarse granualrity
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info based on summaries of time periods; used by strategic management
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Topline competitive advantage
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focus on increasing revenue
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Synergy
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Where people, information, and technology come together
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Business Intelligence
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Collective info about customers, competitors, business partners, competitive environment, own internal operations; used to make effective strategic decisions
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Quality
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Timeliness, location, form, validity
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Upward information flow
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Moves from the actual information up to upper management. Ex, selling a product, flows to different departments
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Fine granularity
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Info based on specific details
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Downward information flow
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Directives from upper management
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Horizontal information flow
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Between departments and functional work teams
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Out/In information flow
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Info to and from customers, supplyers, partners; yields competitive advantage
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Internal
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specific operational aspects of an organization
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External
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What's going on in the enfironment surrounding the organization
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Objective
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raw facts and data, can be quantified
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subjective
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describes something; interpreted data
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Break even analysis
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Determining at what point the financial impact of a resource becomes reasonable
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Fixed cost
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expenses that never change (ie rent)
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Variable
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costs that change to acquire and product the product
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Revenue
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How much you sell a product for
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Recommendation engines
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based on likes, dislikes, past purchases
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Long-tail economics
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niche products
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Run-Grow-Transform
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Cost leadership to simply exist, focus and differentiate to increase market, innovative project to find a new market
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Competitive business strategies
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Cost leadership, differentiation, innovation, growth, alliance
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Enterprise Businss Systems
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Custom built to meet specific needs of an organization; very expensive, work to integrate internal processes with external entitites
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Cross functional systems
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Transcends different divisions to change how info is used and increase efficiency by eliminating redundancy
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Enterprise Resource planning
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Connects different departments
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Customer resource management
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focus on customer relationship/info about customers
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Knowledge management
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centralized mechanisms for storing and querying info
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Partner relationship management
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Relationship between business and channel partners
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Supply Chain management
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Improve process of obtaining sourece materials, manufacturing, delivery, manages entire life cycle of a product
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Functional business Systems
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Support business operations; accounging, marketing, HR, etc.
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Human Resource management
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Keep track of employees, skills, PD, achievements; identify staffing needs
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Sell-Source-Ship
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Alternative to distribution chain; helps reduce fixed costs due to less storage space and wasted product
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Supply Chain management system
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tracks inventory and informtion among business processes
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Just in time manufacturing
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method for delivering product at the exact time a customer wants; ex target having products on shelves so all a customer has to do is buy it
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Information Partnership
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2 or more companies cooperate by integrating IT systems, offereing customers the best of what each can offer
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Multi channel service delivery
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a company's offering multiple ways in which they interact with customers; ex email, fax, phone, web
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Customer resource management system
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not just software; total business objective; hardware, servers, support, etc
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Sales force automation systems
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automatically trachs steps in sales process; contact management, empower sales reps
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Software as a service
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delivery model for software where a company only pays for what it uses; like Cloud; reduces fixed costs
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Materials Requirement Planning
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Management knew what was needed when
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Materials Requirement Planning II
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included MRP and accounging and finance
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Decision support system
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Helps make decisions
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Legacy Information Systems
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massive long-term business investment in a software system with a single focus; often brittle, slow
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Intelligence
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diagnostic pahse - detect and interpret that something needs attention
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Design
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develop as many solutions as possible
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Choice
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examine options and select one
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Implementation
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apply selected option, monitor results, make corrections
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Graphin information system
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DSS method, displays map-based infor
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Moden management
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representation of a situation, statistical models or equations
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Data management
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database to organize and store info
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User interface
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the way for the decision maker to interact with the system
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structured query language
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Info is processed to give correct answer
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Unstructured
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several indefinate answers
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Semmi-structured
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some measurable elements, some not measurable
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Quality and Types of information
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Time, content, form
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Analytical modeling
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various scenarios are run mathematically, so decisions can be made (computers do this)
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Sensitivity Analysis
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Change one variable and see how the others change
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Goal seeking analysis
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makes repeated changes to variables until a chosen value is reached
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Optimization analysis
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finds optimal value given certain constraints
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Filtering
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hide data that don't matter
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Conditional formatting
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highlights individual cells that match criteria
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Pivot table
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summarizes by sorting, counting, totalling cells
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Data mining
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computer searches large quantities of data for unseen patterns
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Artificial Intelligence
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making systems that can imitate aspects of human resoning and motion, ex weather prediction
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Expert systems
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designed to apply human like reasoning to reach a conclusion
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Neural networks
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attempts to simulate human ability to classify items and recognize patterns, ex handwriting and speech recognition
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Fuzzy logic
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mathematical models for forming conclusions from vague information ex spam filters
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Genetic algorithms
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trian and error to develot increasingly better solutions to a problem
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Intelligent agents
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ex auto fill boxes
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Virtual reality
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simulation of the physical world, ex flight simulators
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Online Analytical Processing
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BI info about customers; uses analytics, integratd use of technology tools and stats to create real-time high quality info
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Data dictionary
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contains logical structure for the info in a database
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Demand prediction
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how much of something will be needed
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Replenishment frequency
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when to move products and where
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Basic reporting
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everyday stuff
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Integrity Constraints
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rules that help ensure the quality of the information
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Data definition subsystem
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helps create and maintain data dictionary and define structure of files in a database
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Data manipulation subsystem
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helps add, change, and delete info in a database and query it
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View
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helps see contents, make changes, sort, query
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Report generators
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quickly define formats of reports
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Query by example tools
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graphically design answer to a question
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Data generation sybsystem
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contains facilities to help develop transaction-intensive applications
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Data admin subsystem
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manage overall data base enfironment like security, backup/recovery
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Data mining
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a logical collection of information gathered from many different operational databases, used to create business intelligence
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Open systems
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hardwar and software standards that make it possible for many different devices to communicate
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website
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specific location
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website address
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unique name to identify a specific site
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uniform resource locater
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URL
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hyper text transfer protocol
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http
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Top level domain
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.com .net, etc.
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Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
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Keeps track of internet domains
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Web 2.0
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2nd generation of web focuses on online collaboration
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Network Access Point
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Where severalc onnections converge on internet
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Network Service Provider
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Owns Network access points
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Communications protocol
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set of rules every computer follows to transfer information
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Decision making model
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intelligence, design, choice, implementation
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Association or dependency modeling
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market basket analysis
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Clustering
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discovering how groups of people are similar
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Classification
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aka prediction, evaluate historical data to make current predictions
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Regression
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find a causal replationship between sets of data
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Summarization
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sums, averages, other stats
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Predictive Analysis
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uses infor and business analysis to build a predictive model for a given application
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Test analytics
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process of using statistical, artificial intelligence and linguistic techniques to convert info in textual sources into structured info (email, survey, etc)
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software agent
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small piece of software that acts on your behalf
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Autonomous agent
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can adapt and alter the manner in which it attempts to achieve its assigned task
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Distributed agent
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works on multiple distinct computer systems
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Mobile agent
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can relocate itself onto different computer systems
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Intelligent agents
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incorporates AI capabilities like learning and reasoning
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Biomimicry
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Learn how people based systems behave, predict how they will behave, improve human systems to make them more efficient and effective
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Swarm intelligence
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Collective behavior of groups of simple agents
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Operational feasibility
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does a decision fit the needs and mission of the organization
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economic feasibility
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Does a decision fit with the budget
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Technical feasibility
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Does it fit within employee skills, what about system maintenance
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Human factors feasiliby
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Is the decision accepted by staff
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Legal and political feasibility
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does it comply with laws?
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Systems design
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Once logical model is finished, translate into appropriate information technologies
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UI design
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User interface, keep end user in mind, get feedback from users to create clear, intuitive controls
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Data design
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User doesn't see it, analyst identifies the underlying structures of the system
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Process design
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Flow of application logic is determined; can't be overly complicated
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Prototyping
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Sample of final design, users try it and give feedback
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End-user development
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let users themselves create what they need; IT support is crucial!
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Component development
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Use existing pieces of development to combine their functionality to produce new output
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Systems development life cycle
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structured spproach for developing IS, Waterfall method
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Planning
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Define system to be developed, scope, and plan
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Analysis
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Gather business requirements, prioritize them
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Design stage
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Design technical architecture (hardware, software, telecommunications equipment), design system model, draw graphical representation of a design
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Development
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Build technical architecture, database and programs
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Testing
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Write test conditions, and perform testing (unit, system, integration, user acceptance)
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Implementation stage
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write detailed user documentation, provide training
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Maintenance
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Build helpdesk support, provide environment to support changeds
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Reliability
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how consistently a system performs
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Scalibility
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ability of a ssytem to meet increased service demands
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De-centralized
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share no systems between units, eaqch meets its own needs
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centralized
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all IT services are coordinate from one source; can be inflexible
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distributed model
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connect separate components at different locations or within different units
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Interoperability
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ability of 2 or more vomputer components to share info and resources, even if made by different manufacturers
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Request for proposal
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official request for bids from vendors
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Metrics
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measures used to indicate progress or quality
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Throughput
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amount of info that can pass through a system at once
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System aviailability
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measure of reliability; average amount of time a system is usable
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error rate
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number of mistakes a system generates per thousand or million transactions
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Transaction speed
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How fast the system operates, ie response time
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Effectiveness metrics
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CRM SCM Call center performance
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Financial metrics
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what is the financial impact
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access controls
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controls that restrict unauthorized individuals from using information resources and are concerned with user identification.
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adware
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alien software designed to help pop-up advertisements appear on your screen.
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alien software
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clandestine software that is installed on your computer through duplicitous methods.
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anti-malware systems (antivirus software)
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software packages that attempt to identify and eliminate viruses, worms, and other malicious software.
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audit
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an examination of information systems, their inputs, outputs, and processing.
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authentication
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a process that determines the identity of the person requiring access.
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authorization
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a process that determines which actions, rights, or privileges the person has, based on verified identity.
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back door
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typically a password, known only to the attacker, that allows the attacker to access the system without having to go through any security procedures.
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biometrics
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the science and technology of authentication (i.e., establishing the identity of an individual) by measuring the subject's physiologic or behavioral characteristics.
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blacklisting
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a process in which a company identifies certain types of software that are not allowed to run in the company environment.
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certificate authority
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a third party that acts as a trusted intermediary between computers (and companies) by issuing digital certificates and verifying the worth and integrity of the certificates.
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cold site
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a backup location that provides only rudimentary services and facilities.
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communications controls (network controls)
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controls that deal with the movement of data across networks.
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controls
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defense mechanisms (also called countermeasures).
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cookie
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small amounts of information that web sites store on your computer, temporarily or more or less permanently.
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copyright
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a grant that provides the creator of intellectual property with ownership of it for a specified period of time, currently the life of the creator plus 70 years.
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cybercrime
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illegal activities executed on the internet.
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cyberterrorism
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can be defined as a premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data that results in violence against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents.
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cyberwarfare
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war in which a countries' information systems could be paralyzed from a massive attack by destructive software.
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demilitarized zone (DMZ)
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a separate organizational local area network that is located between an organization's internal network and an external network, usually the internet.
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denial-of-service attack
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a cyber attack in which an attacker sends a flood of data packets to the target computer, with the aim of overloading its resources.
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digital certificate
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an electronic document attached to a file certifying that this file is from the organization it claims to be from and has not been modified from its original format or content.
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distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack
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a denial-of-service attack that sends a flood of data packets form many compromised computers simultaneously.
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employee monitoring systems
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systems that monitor employees' computers, e-mail activities, and internet surfing activities.
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encryption
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the process of converting an original message into a form that cannot be read by anyone except the intended receiver.
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exposure
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the harm, loss, or damage that can result if a threat compromises an information resource.
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firewall
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a system (either hardware, software, or a combination of both) that prevents a specific type of information from moving between untrusted networks, such as the internet, and private networks, such as your company's network.
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hot sites
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a fully configured computer facility, with all information resources and services, communications links, and physical plant operations, that duplicates your company's computing resources and provides near real-time recovery of IT operations.
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identity theft
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crime in which someone uses the personal information of others to create a false identity and then uses it for some fraud.
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information security
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protecting an organization's information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
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intellectual property
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the intangible property created by individuals or corporations, which is protected under trade secret, patent, and copyright laws.
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least privilege
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a principle that users be granted the privilege for some activity only if there is a justifiable need to grant this authorization.
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logic bombs
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segments of computer code embedded within an organization's existing computer programs.
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malware
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malicious software such as viruses and worms.
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network controls
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communications controls
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password
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a private combination of characters that only the user should know.
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patent
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a document that grants the holder exclusive rights on an invention or process for a specified period of time, currently 20 years.
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phishing attack
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an attack that uses deception to fraudulently acquire sensitive personal information by masquerading as an official-looking e-mail.
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physical controls
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controls that restrict unauthorized individuals from gaining access to a company's computer facilities.
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piracy
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copying a software program (other than freeware, demo software, etc.) without making payment to the owner.
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privacy
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the right to be left alone and to be free of unreasonable personal intrusion.
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privilege
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a collection of related computer system operations that can be performed by users of the system.
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public-key encryption
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(also called asymmetric encryption) a type of encryption that uses two different keys, a public key and a private key.
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risk
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the likelihood that a threat will occur.
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risk acceptance
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a strategy in which the organization accepts the potential risk, continues to operate with no controls, and absorbs any damages that occur.
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risk analysis
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the process by which an organization assesses the value of each asset being protected, estimates the probability that each asset might be compromised, and compares the probable costs of each betting compromised with the costs of protecting it.
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risk limitation
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a strategy in which the organization limits its risk by implementing controls that minimize the impact of a threat.
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risk management
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a process that identities, controls, and minimized the impact of threats, in an effort to reduce risk to manageable levels.
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risk mitigation
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a process whereby the organization takes concrete actions against risks, such as implementing controls and developing a disaster recovery plan.
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risk transference
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a process in which the organization transfers the risk by using other means to compensate for a loss, such as by purchasing insurance.
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secure socket layer (SSL)
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(also known as transport layer security) an encryption standard used for secure transactions such as credit card purchases and online banking.
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security
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the degree of protection against criminal activity, danger, damage, and/or loss.
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social engineering
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getting around security systems by tricking computer users inside a company into revealing sensitive information or gaining unauthorized access privileges.
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spam
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unsolicited e-mail.
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spamware
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alien software that uses your computers as a launch platform for spammers.
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spyware
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alien software that can record your keystrokes and/or capture your passwords.
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threat
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any danger to which an information resource may be exposed
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trade secret
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intellectual work, such as a business plan, that is a company secret and is not based on public information.
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transport layer security (TLS)
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see secure socket layer.
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trap doors
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see back doors.
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trojan horse
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a software program containing a hidden function that presents a security risk.
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tunneling
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a process that encrypts each data packet to be sent and places each encrypted packet inside another packet.
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visual private network (VPN)
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a private network that uses a public network (usually the internet) to securely connect users by using encryption.
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viruses
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malicious software that can attach itself to (or "infect") other computer programs without the owner of the program being aware of the infection.
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vulnerability
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the possibility that an information resource will be harmed by a threat.
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warm site
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a site that provides many of the same services and options of the hot site, but does not include the company's applications.
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whitelisting
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a process in which a company identifies acceptable software and permits it to run, and either prevents anything else form running or lets new software run in a quarantined environment until the company can verify its validity.
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worms
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destructive programs that replicate themselves without requiring another program to provide a safe environment for replication.
