WGU C182 – Flashcards
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Which risk assessment question is part of the Initiation Phase?
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Could the end user reject the outcome of the project?
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Planning
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In what phase of the project does estimation occur?
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Initiation Phase #
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Phase 1 of 4 in planning
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Planning Phase #
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Phase 2 of 4 in planning
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Executing & Controlling Phase #
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Phase 3 of 4 in planning
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Closing Phase #
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Phase 4 of 4 in planning
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Initiation key elements
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Problem definition, resource allocation and risk assessment
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Planning key elements
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Determine objectives and activities, organize the activities, and estimate time and cost required to successfully complete the project
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Executing & Controlling key elements
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Ensuring that the project is progressing properly and may involve hiring or training personnel, purchase hardware, and developing, testing, and deploying a product or service
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Closing key elements
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Once all deliverables are met, a project is considered closed. May include a final report detailing the processes strengths and successes and obstacles that were encountered
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Why is it important to ensure that data support business goals?
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To aid in making strategic decisions
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Data type needed to order names and numbers in a database
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String data
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What effect does scope creep have on a project?
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In increases unplanned costs for the project
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Scope Creep
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Additional features are needed or could be beneficial which can impact the allocation of resources (i.e., time and capital), and put the project at risk
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In which category of the DIKW hierarchy would BI be located?
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Knowledge
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DIKW
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Describes the transition for data, information, knowledge to wisdom
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D in DIKW
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Data, inputs directly received by a computer
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I in DIKW
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Information, transform data into a useful form (using algebraic laws)
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K in DIKW
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Knowledge, is gained experience from using information (knowing which algebraic laws to use in a given situation)
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W in DIKW
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Wisdom, social setting to knowledge or the understanding of "why". Wisdom is the ultimate goal for a human in that it improves the person's ability to function in the modern world and to make informed decisions that take into account beliefs and values.
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Which system requirement is an example of considering user needs in the design of an information system?
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Allowing easy access to customer account information
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Which field must contain a unique value in order for a relational database table to function?
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Primary key
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N-Tier
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Indicate that the number of tiers a system will be broken down into will vary between different software development projects. In typical n-tier development projects, the tiers are divided between the presentation tier, the logic tier, and the data tier
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Presentation N-Tier
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User interface is developed
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Logic N-Tier
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Where the system performs its logic processing
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Data N-Tier
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Where data is stored, retrieved, and updated from database tables
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Benefit of separating database from application?
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Data can change without the need to change the application, scale more easy, removes the need for users to interact directly with data
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How does a compiler work?
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It takes the most recent instructions and translated them into machine language
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What is the characteristic of high-level languages?
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Language translator programs are required
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Which is a type of two-factor authentication?
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Biometrics
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End users assisted by developers; systems tested with simulated data
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Alpha testing
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End user test the system in operational setting to see if it's useful
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User Acceptance
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End user tests the system without help from developers; using actual data
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Beta testing
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SDLC
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Software Development Life Cycle
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SDLC aka
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Staircase or most referred to as waterfall
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Preliminary Investigation Step #
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Step 1 in SDLC
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Analysis Step #
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Step 2 in SDLC
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Logical Design Step #
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Step 3 in SDLC
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Physical Design Step #
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Step 4 in SDLC
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Implementation Step #
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Step 5 in SDLC
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Maintenance Step #
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Step 6 in SDLC
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SDLC - Preliminary Investigation
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Problem or opportunity that a new system could be developed to address. During this first step, the team assesses the feasibility of the proposed project and selects a development methodology
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SDLC - Analysis
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Determine user requirements for new system and develop logical system models (i.e., graphic displays that demonstrate the relationships between resources, activities, and outputs and outcomes)
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SDLC - Logical Design
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Models developed during the second step are revised to ensure that the new system will meet the user requirements identified in the first step
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SDLC - Physical Design
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Logical models converted but are still abstractions of the system that will be built later, but they are now more complete and may include network maps and descriptions of servers and other devices to be used in the system
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SDLC - Implementation
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Programmers begin converting the models from the previous steps into the actual system, for instance, by developing databases and other software programs that will be needed. This step also includes installing hardware, testing the system, and training the end users
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SDLC - Maintenance
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Modifications or corrections to the system are made
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Three main categories of a database?
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Flat file, relational and hierarchical
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Flat file
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One large single table without the relations between tables that a relational format provides
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Relational Database
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Multiple tables (relations) with interrelated fields
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Hierarchical Databases
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Organizes data using a tree-like or organizational chart type structure (the child can only have one parent)
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MVC stands for?
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Model-View-Controller
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What is MVC?
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Software development technique used in the implementation of user interfaces which include the model, the view and the controller
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Model in MVC
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Software logic, business rules and application data
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View in MVC
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User interface (i.e.; colors, fields...ect)
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Controller in MVC
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Communication between the user and the model
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Which component facilitates communication between the other two components in the MVC architecture model?
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View
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Types of system conversion (SDLC)
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Direct, Parallel, Pilot, Phased
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Direct Conversion
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The old system is "turned off" and the new system is "turned on" at a specific date and time
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Parallel Conversion
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Period of time in which both systems (the old and the new) are operating concurrently
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Pilot Conversion
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Starting the conversion with a portion of the end users, for instance in a specific geographic region or a department in an organization
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Phased Conversion
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Deploys a subset of the system first, rather than deploying the whole system at once
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Which type of system conversion involves starting the conversion with a portion of the end users?
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Pilot
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What is the database administrator's role in security?
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To eliminate data redundancy when integrating old with new systems
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Administrator
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Someone who is in charge of some portion of the IT infrastructure
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System Administrator
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Process of maintaining the operating system of a computer system (including network of computers)
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Network Administrator
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Physically laying down cable, making connections, working with hardware (for instance, routers and switches) and configure the individual machines to be able to communicate via the network
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Database Administrator
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Design, development, support, installation, maintenance, performance analysis, and troubleshooting
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Difference between compiler and interpreter
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Translates an entire program into executable, which can be run at a later time, while other does it incrementally
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Which data communication medium is used over very long distances?
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Radio signals since cable is too expensive
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Most common form of network connection used today?
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UTP (Un-shielded Twisted [wire] Pair) and fiber optic cables
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Coaxial Cable & UTP have in common?
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Transmit information using electromagnetic waves
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Fiber Optic
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Transmit information using light pulses
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Radio signals
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Sent via radio towers, cell phone towers, and bounced off of satellites in orbit
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Types of network topographies
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Bus, Star, Mesh and Ring
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Bus Network
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Connected through a "T" connected along a single cable (simplest and most common)
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Star Network
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Connected to a central device, such as a hub or switch
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Mesh Network
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Connected directly to every other device in the network
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Ring Network
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Connected directly to its neighbors, and messages are forwarded from device to device until the proper destination is reached
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Which item is a storage device?
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Flash Drive
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Heat Sink
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Motherboard component helps to cool the CPU
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Two necessary elements of business continuity planning
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Identifying risks that may occur and ensuring continuity in the sequence of staffing schedules
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Real Time Data
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Data is gathered as soon as it's available
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Event-Driven Data
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Responds to preset conditions
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Batch
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Data accepted as a set of records and processed as a unit
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Languages used for automation vs software development
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COBOL & C++
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High Level Languages (write programs)
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BASIC, C, C++, Java and Python
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Types of programming language classes
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Assembly languages, high-level compiled languages, and high-level interpreted languages
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Types of language translators
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Assembler for Assembly, Compiler for high-level, and Interpreter for high-level interpreted languages
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Shareware Software
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Software permits free temporary use followed by long-term activation fee
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Proprietary Software
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Purchased from a vendor (software house)
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What 3 things are received with purchasing proprietary software?
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1) Executable 2) License to use (not yours to own) 3) Helpful resources like manuals or technical support
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Freeware Software
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Software that has become obsolete because a newer software has replaced it, or is software that the original producer (whether an individual or a company) no longer wishes to maintain and provide support for. You are bound by some agreements when you install it, but otherwise you are free to use it as if you purchased it
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Public Domain Software
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Software that has been moved into the public domain. Like freeware, this is software that no one wishes to make money off of or support. Anything found in the public domain can be used however you feel; no one is claiming any rights for it
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Open Source Software
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Made freely available as source code. You may obtain the software for free; you may enhance the software; you may distribute the software. However, you have to abide by the copyright (copyleft) provided with the software - must remain free (good faith)
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Application the is cloud-based
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Is provided by servers in the internal business network
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Proxy Server
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Used to route internet access including blocking of sites
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Linux
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Can run on both servers and workstations
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Requires support from an operating system
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Internet browser displays a web page
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Operating System
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Allows the user to control actions of the software, and through the software, to access hardware
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One computer will request information from another and will respond with requested info
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Client-Server
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Each computer is roughly equal to others
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Peer-to-Peer
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Software emulator program that permits a computer user to use multiple computers and platforms without the expense of purchasing multiple computers
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Virtual Machine
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Which disaster recovery strategy is used to save information to multiple hard drives at the same time?
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Data Mirroring
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Purpose of an IT dept
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Helps the organization achieve strategic goals
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True of databases and applications that interact with them
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They are independent
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IP Address
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Indicates a specific internet location
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Purpose of End User License Agreement
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Establish customer's right to use the software
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What action supports confidentiality?
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Updating security software
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Algorithm
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Formula that outlines how to execute a task
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DNS (Domain Name System)
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Translates human-readable aliases into IP's
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Security Breach Notification Law
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Since 2002, most U.S. states have adopted laws that require any company (including nonprofit organizations and state institutions) notify all parties whose data records may have been compromised, lost, or stolen in the event that such data has been both un-encrypted and compromised
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Privacy Act of 1974
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The earliest piece of legislation that pertains to the collection and usage of personal data, this act limits actions of the federal government by blocking disclosure of data without consent of the person the data pertains to. Also, agencies must publicly make available the data they are collecting, the reason for the collection, and the ability for any individual to consult the data collected on them to ensure its integrity
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The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA)
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Gives students the right to access their own educational records, amend those records should information be missing or inaccurate, and prevent schools from disseminating student records without prior authorization
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Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986
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Establishes regulations and requirements to perform electronic wiretapping over computer networks (among other forms of wiretapping)
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Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1988
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Amends the Privacy Act of 1974 by limiting the use of database and other matching programs to match data across different databases. Without this act, one agency could potentially access data from other agencies to build a profile on a particular individual.
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Drivers Privacy Protection Act of 1994
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Prohibits states from selling data gathered in the process of registering drivers with drivers' licenses (e.g., addresses, social security numbers, height, weight, eye color, photographs)
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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)
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Requires national standards for electronic healthcare records among other policies (such as limitations that a health care provider can place on an employee who has a preexisting condition). Needs individual's consent
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Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA)
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Implements two worldwide copyright treaties that makes it illegal to violate copyrights by disseminating digitized material over computer
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Digital Signature and Electronic Authentication Law of 1998 (SEAL)
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Permits the use of authenticated digital signatures in financial transactions and requires compliance of the digital signature mechanisms. It also places standards on cryptographic algorithms used in digital signatures. This was followed 2 years later with the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act.
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Role of driver between application and database
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Allow ODBC to be used for interactions with database and applications
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Protocol
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Part of Uniform Resource Locator (URL) that identifies the location of the document on a server
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URL
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Uniform Resource Locator
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Patent
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Gives author of software unauthorized duplication for 35 years
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Parts of information system
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Databases & Networks
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IT's role in globalization
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Allows companies to reach wider customer base
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Allows software to be used through the internet
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SaaS
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Low-level language corresponds one-to-one with assembly
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Translator language
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How can organizations assist employees with the ethical use of information technology?
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Developing policies for information usage
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IAS
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Information Assurance & Security
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Information Assurance & Security (AIS)
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The IAS model combines the three components of IT—communications, hardware, and software—with the information utilized by the three components. Focusing on how information is used, IAS prescribes three goals, commonly referred to as CIA: confidentiality, integrity, and availability
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Confidentiality (AIS)
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Requires that data be kept secure so that they are not accidentally provided to unauthorized individuals and cannot be obtained by unauthorized users
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Integrity (AIS)
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Requires that data are correct. This requires at a minimum three different efforts. First, data gathering must include a component that ensures the accuracy of the collected data. Second, data must be entered into the system accurately. Third, and most importantly, data modification must be tracked
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Availability (AIS)
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Requires that information is available when needed
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Difference between processing and storage
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Processing involves temporary information, while storage involves permanent information
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Writes laws dealing with information technology
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Outside the role of IT
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Find Data Type = Customer Janet Jones
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String
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Find Data Type = Date of order: 10/11/13
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Date
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Find Data Type = Product ordered (code): 10357924
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String
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Find Data Type = Price of the product: $14.75
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Floating-point
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Find Data Type = Shipping status: Shipped
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Boolean
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Packet Sniffing
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Technique that uses all possible combinations of letters and numbers to crack a password
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Dictionary Attack
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Uses all words in the dictionary to break a password
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Benefit of computer network
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Cost for hardware decreases
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In which generation were silicon chips first used in computers?
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Third
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Definition of information technology
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System of dependent parts working separately to accomplish information goals
