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The american colonists won their war of independence due to

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Generous military and financial aid from various european states, especially france

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The constitution of the United States of 1789

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Created a republic in which the branches of government provided checks on one another

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The most immediate cause of the French Revolution was

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The governments failure to resolve its debts and other economic problems

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Compared to the American Revolution, the French Revolution was

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More influential in Europe as a model of rebellion

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The chief reason for Napoleon's fast rise to power was/were his

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Series of stunning victories over the enemies of France

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Metternich's "principle of legitimacy" was another term for

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Unfettered monarchy

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The congress of Vienna

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Created policies that would maintain the European balance of power

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The growing movement of nationalism in nineteenth century Europe

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Was radical since it encouraged people to shift their political loyalty away from existing states and rulers

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The first industrial revolution was centered in

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Great Britain

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The main item produced during the first industrial revolution was

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Textiles

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The Catholic reformation's ultimate refusal to compromise with the Protestantism was exemplified by

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The Roman inquisition and the creation of the index

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The early fifteenth century religious reformer who was burned at the stake was

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John Hus

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Who started the Protestant reformation

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Martin Luther

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The appointment of family members to important political positions; derived from the regular appointment of nephews by Renaissance popes

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Nepotism

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Which ruler ushered in a period of Spanish greatness as well as militant, active Catholicism?

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King Philip II

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The primary motive for the European exploration during the Renaissance was

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Economic, the desire for the precious metals and new areas for trade

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The religious crusading motive for exploration was strongest in

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Spain and Portugal

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Prince Henry the navigator established the first school for Mariners at his court in

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Portugal

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The financial center of Europe in the seventeenth century was

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Amsterdam

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The first known circumnavigation of the earth is associated with

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Ferdinand Magellan

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The Treaty of Tordesillas divided

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The new world between Spain and Portugal

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The major European disease that resulted in high rates of morality among the natives of the new world was

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Smallpox

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Encomienda

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A Spanish system devised to collect tribute from natives and to use their labor

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The major critic of the Spanish treatment of the American natives was

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Bartolommeo de Las Casas

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Native Americans were not widely used as slaves on sugar plantations because

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Their populations were too small due to European diseases

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The witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

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Were often directed against old single women

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James I of England alienated most of the members of parliament by

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Insisting on his right to govern through divine right

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The Thirty Years War

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Is considered by most to be part of the larger bourbon-Habsburg struggle

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Gustavus Adolphus, who led the Lutheran armies in the Thirty Years' War until he was killed at Lützen, was king of

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Sweden

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Following the Thirty Years' War, what country became dominant in Europe?

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France

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Cardinal Ruchelieu understood that, in Louis XIV's France, the most important roadblock to building a strong monarchy was

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Resistance by the great nobles

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Absolutism means

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Ultimate authority rest solely in the hands of a king who rules by divine right

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The war of Spanish succession ended when Philip V of Spain

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Conceded to a permanent split between the French and Spanish thrones

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The overall practical political purpose of the court of Versailles was to

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Exclude the high nobility and total princes from real power

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After 1648, the holly Roman Empire

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Was not really an empire at all but rather a loose association of 300 German states

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The scientific revolution of the seventeenth century

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Although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries

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The general conception of the universe before Copernicus was that

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The earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it

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Galileo was convicted of heresy and sentenced to house arrest for life in 1633 for

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Ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print

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Isaac Newton's scientific discoveries

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Although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent

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Which one of the following comments best summarizes impact of the scientific revolution in western civilization?

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It was a major turning point

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Catherine the great of Russia

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Followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks

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European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicated on the idea that

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In a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another

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Which war do some historians regard as the First World War?

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The Seven Years' War

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An enlightenment thinker was known as a

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Philosophe

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The center of the enlightenment was

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Paris

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