question

The Law Code of Hammurabi:

answer

had most of its laws aimed at free commoners

question

Cave paintings, such as those found in Lascaux, France, are evidence of:

answer

development of language as well as religious and artistic ideas.

question

Jericho, one of the world's oldest villages, began an impressive building program of structures to protect their grain surplus around:

answer

6800 B.C.E

question

The earliest cities in Mesopotamia were founded by the:

answer

Ubaid peoples

question

One of the new approaches to the study of how humans lived before the development of cities and writing is:

answer

evolutionary biology.

question

To the peoples of the ancient world, the characteristic manifestations of civilization—government, literature, science, and art—were necessarily products of:

answer

city life

question

One of the notable characteristics of civilization was the development of:

answer

occupational specialization.

question

One of the contributors to the Neolithic revolution was:

answer

climate change

question

The switch from subsistence by food gathering to food production:

answer

was a momentous revolution that made stable settlements possible

question

An individual who successfully led the city-state's army in battles was:

answer

able to acquire prestige and power as a lugal

question

One of the significant technological achievements of the Sumerians was:

answer

the invention of the potter's wheel.

question

Sargon of Akkad (c. 2350 B.C.E.) is significant because he:

answer

subdued Sumer and exerted influence from Ethiopia to the Indus Valley.

question

Although early writing was produced using pointed sticks, Sumerian scribes c. 3100 B.C.E. advanced writing with durable reeds that:

answer

produced wedgelike script called cuneiform

question

The Egyptians made notable advances in:

answer

measuring time

question

Ur-Nammu built the great ziggurat at:

answer

Ur.

question

Historians typically divide ancient Egyptian history into _________ to facilitate the discussion of Egyptian politics and culture.

answer

kingdoms and periods

question

The Egyptian system of hieroglyphics was:

answer

deciphered by Champollion using the Rosetta Stone

question

The civilization that emerged in ancient Egypt arose:

answer

at the same time as that of ancient Sumer.

question

The Egyptians developed elaborate tombs and burial techniques:

answer

to provide the dead with all they would need in the afterlife

question

Which comparison between Egypt and Mesopotamian civilizations is false?

answer

Both enjoyed significant political and cultural interactions.

question

Hammurabi might have been the first ruler in history to:

answer

have most of his laws aimed at free commoners.

question

The Akkadian rulers of Sargon and Naram-Sin:

answer

ruled from cities and kept their empires through conquest and commerce.

question

The Egyptian book, _________, is an example of "wisdom literature" offering advice to those in public life.

answer

The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep

question

The Epic of Gilgamesh, the dramatic confrontation between Gilgamesh and Enkidu and its aftermath, illustrates:

answer

that the forces of nature cannot be overcome by civilization and death is inevitable.

question

By becoming a "lawgiver," Hammurabi:

answer

set a new standard of kingship.

question

The Eighteenth Dynasty in Egypt produced many strong pharaohs, among them:

answer

Hatshepsut

question

The Late Bronze Age:

answer

was an age of superpowers.

question

In Phoenicia's overseas colonies:

answer

power was wielded by a small number of elite families.

question

he accomplishments of King Darius of Persia included:

answer

building roads for transport and postal service

question

building roads for transport and postal service

answer

of a Last Day or a Day of Judgment.

question

Two of the foremost Hebrew prophets who emphasized the ethical demands God makes on humans were:

answer

Amos and Hosea.

question

The system of writing developed by the citizens of Ugarit:

answer

used an alphabet of about thirty symbols for the consonants

question

By 1500 B.C.E.:

answer

huge Mycenaean citadels were scattered across some of Greece.

question

A mysterious wave of invasions entered the Mediterranean world and destroyed almost all of the preexisting civilizations:

answer

in the second millennium B.C.E.

question

The culture of the Hittites was:

answer

strongly militaristic, prone to attacks on other peoples

question

The Minoans:

answer

wrote tablets in Linear A to record their economic transactions.

question

"Indo-European," as used in historical or anthropological texts, refers to:

answer

linguistic and cultural patterns found widely distributed from Ireland to India.

question

The New Kingdom, particularly the Eighteenth Dynasty, was marked by:

answer

the rise of a wealthy aristocracy.

question

In the 1100s B.C.E. a wave of destruction swept across the Near East and the Mediterranean world as a result of the invasions of the:

answer

Sea Peoples.

question

The Babylonian Captivity of the Hebrews affected Judaism by

answer

enabling the Hebrews to sustain an identity outside of a Hebrew kingdom.

question

The Phoenicians's greatest contribution to civilization was:

answer

their alphabet

question

Akhenaten represents one of the earliest moves, in Western history, toward

answer

monotheism in religious practices.

question

By the fourteenth century B.C.E., international relations were marked by:

answer

diplomatic standards, polite forms of address, gifts, and alliances.

question

The Hebrew cult of Yahweh:

answer

was significantly advanced by the Levites

question

The Mitannians introduced lighter chariots to carry archers, but:

answer

their opponents soon copied them and used protective armor.

question

The division of property and wealth in New Kingdom Egypt

answer

favored the pharaoh, the officer class, and the temples of the gods.

question

Philistine power was based in:

answer

the Pentapolis

question

In the Book of Judges, the Hebrew people:

answer

begin to settle and organize themselves into twelve tribes

question

The division of the ancient kingdom of Israel was:

answer

provoked by Solomon's oppressive regime

question

Ionians transmitted the Lydian invention of _________ to the Greek world.

answer

coinage

question

By the sixth century B.C.E., Greeks founded numerous colonies around the Mediterranean basin, the most significant of which were located where?

answer

Anatolia and Italy

question

A Greek aristocrat who seized power and ruled outside the traditional constitutional framework was called:

answer

a tyrant

question

Spartiates rejected innovation and change and were:

answer

forbidden to engage in trade or commerce.

question

Because of their successful colonial and trading activities, the Miletus:

answer

became extraordinarily wealthy.

question

Socrates urged his followers to

answer

understand the principles of proper conduct and one's actions.

question

Greeks made contact with the _____ in the ninth century B.C.E.

answer

Phoenicians.

question

One major result of the Persian wars was:

answer

the vindication of hoplites in battle and a boost to Athenian and Greek confidence

question

The Greeks referred to some people with whom they came into contact as barbarians because they:

answer

did not speak Greek

question

Hoplites were organized into formations called a:

answer

phalanx

question

Hubris is:

answer

excessive pride, which was punished by the gods.

question

The social center and organizational hub of the Greek polis was:

answer

the agora

question

A result of the defeat of the Athenian expedition to attack Syracuse was:

answer

the Athenian assembly replaced its democracy with oligarchy.

question

In the symposium, Archaic Age Greek aristocrats:

answer

enjoyed wine and listened to poetry.

question

The most militarized of all the poleis in Greece was

answer

Sparta

question

Milesian philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics:

answer

looked to physical explanations of the workings of the universe.

question

Greek sculpture evolved from the rather stiff likenesses resembling Egyptian statuary to a style labeled as

answer

naturalism

question

The origins of Greek democracy can be identified, in part, in the rule of the Athenian aristocrat

answer

Solon

question

After Hoplites were introduced in Greece:

answer

aristocrats lost their monopoly on military prowess.

question

Cleisthenes is important in the history of Athenian government because he:

answer

championed the cause of the demos and took steps to limit the power of aristocrats.

question

The Sophist claim that ?0ÒMan is the measure of all things?1Ó means:

answer

goodness, truth, and justice are not absolutes, but vary according to the needs and interests of human beings

question

The decisive Greek military victory over the Persians at Salamis was won by:

answer

the Athenian fleet

question

Homer's poetry describes a world in which

answer

warrior aristocrats competed for status and power and reinforced social ties through hospitality and gift-giving.

question

What made Greek battle formations and strategy formidable?

answer

the training and skill of the hoplites to stay together.

question

Following Sparta's victory in the Peloponnesian War:

answer

Sparta alienated the other Greek cities by trying to dominate them

question

Macedonian military reforms under Philip II most closely resemble earlier reforms undertaken by:

answer

Thebes

question

Macedonian rule in Egypt was characterized by:

answer

a revival of ancient traditions associated with the pharaohs

question

Central to the Skeptic worldview is the idea that:

answer

one must suspend judgment concerning everything

question

Aristarchus of Samos was unusual among Hellenistic astronomers because:

answer

he believed that the earth revolves around the sun.

question

A major influence on Epicurus and his school of Epicureanism was:

answer

Democritus

question

Whereas Plato conceived of politics as a means toward living the good life, Aristotle regarded politics as:

answer

an end in itself.

question

The chief characteristics of Hellenistic architecture were:

answer

grandeur and ornamentation

question

In invading Persia, Alexander began to follow the example of Cyrus the Great and:

answer

offered amnesty to cities that surrendered and no mercy to those that did not

question

Greek rational thought began to separate in the Hellenistic world

answer

and scientific inquiry began to be its own field of study.

question

With the expansion of population in Hellenistic world:

answer

Alexander's successors established some 200 cities

question

With the expansion of population in the Hellenistic world and the creation of larger cities:

answer

the average Greek male was less connected to his community and had little or no stake in society.

question

Herophilus of Chalcedon was an innovative _________ in the ancient Hellenistic world.

answer

anatomist

question

After the Corinthian War (395-387 B.C.E.), Sparta:

answer

was defeated by Thebes, under the leadership of Epaminondas

question

The beginning of the end of Alexander's conquests was his inability to fully subdue

answer

Afghanistan

question

Alexander sought to fuse his Greco-Macedonian Empire with Persia by

answer

arranging for hundreds of his officers to marry Persian noblewomen.

question

Alexander decided to make Egypt the capital of his empire:

answer

after he was proclaimed the ?0Òson of Ammon?1Ó by the sun god's oracle.

question

To highlight their authority and status in the former Persian Empire, Seleucid rulers

answer

used terms in proclamations reminiscent of earlier Mesopotamian rulers.

question

During the economic decline of Greece in the fourth century B.C.E.:

answer

former soldiers often worked as mercenaries who disrupted the household-based culture of the Greek poleis.

question

The most important cultural center in the Hellenistic world was:

answer

Alexandria.

question

Philip of Macedonia built his power base north of Greece partially by:

answer

multiple alliance marriages

question

After a period of instability, __________was finally able to establish rule over the homeland of Alexander's Empire—Macedonia and Greece

answer

Antigonus

question

The _________ believed that the cosmos is an ordered whole in which all contradictions are resolved for ultimate good

answer

Stoics

question

The Aetolian and Achaean Leagues differed from previous Greek attempts at political organization between poleis because:

answer

they represented a real political unification, with some centralization of government functions.

question

Why did autocratic rulers in the Hellenistic world encourage manufacturing industries?

answer

Manufacturing increased international trade revenues and therefore taxation and tariffs.

question

The myth of the rape of Lucretia appealed to Roman patriotism by emphasizing:

answer

the corruption of Etruscan morals and government

question

Roman law consisted of three branches: civil law, natural law, and:

answer

the law of nations

question

One of the things the Romans borrowed from the Greek settlers in southern Italy was:

answer

the derived Roman alphabet.

question

Central to Roman identity was a conservatism expressed in an unwritten code of

answer

mos maiorum

question

During the early Roman Republic, Rome:

answer

expanded slowly and extended the Latin right to many of the cities it conquered.

question

In the aftermath of the assassination of Julius Caesar, the second triumvirate took out its revenge on everyone opposed to them; one of the more prominent victims of the second triumvirate was:

answer

Cicero

question

The geographic site of Rome has many advantages, including

answer

hills that increase the defensibility of the city.

question

The Latin Right of the early Romans guaranteed that:

answer

contracts, marriages, and citizenship were valid across Latium

question

According to the patria potestas provision of the Twelve Tables, a Roman father

answer

had absolute power over his family, up to and including the power of life and death

question

The Twelve Tables of Law, approved in 450 B.C.E., represent:

answer

the codification of existing laws for all to see and obey.

question

Cultural and intellectual developments in Rome reached their pinnacle during:

answer

the Principate.

question

Traditional Roman religion included ancestor worship and:

answer

oligarchs who played dual roles as priests and politicians

question

One example of how Rome transformed the world into the Roman world would be:

answer

that Roman leaders who originated from everywhere within the empire would settle far from their place of birth.

question

The division between Roman patricians and plebeians was:

answer

between the wealthiest (2 percent) and the rest (98 percent) of the people.

question

The equestrian order (Roman knights) was established when

answer

businessmen who did not become senators wanted privileges.

question

Those who ruled Rome from 96 to 180 C.E. were called the "Five Good Emperors" because:

answer

they were capable administrators who governed successfully

question

The Romans were the first people to use ___ on a massive scale in their buildings.

answer

concrete

question

The Romans were able to support cities with large populations due, in no small measure, to the:

answer

construction of a system of aqueducts to allow a steady supply of potable water to the cities.

question

Tiberius Gracchus sought to protect small farmers and protect the pool of citizens from which the army could be drawn by reviving old laws from the republican days that limited the amount of land a person could hold; for this he was:

answer

murdered

question

Prior to Julius Caesar's appointment as "Dictator for Life," only one other Roman had been appointed to that position without the traditional six-month term, and he was:

answer

Sulla

question

Prior to the establishment of Rome as the dominant state in Italy:

answer

Etruscans, skilled metalworkers and artists, lived there

question

Once the Romans had effectively gained control of Italy (265 B.C.E.):

answer

they started a series of wars for control of the western Mediterranean

question

After Rome had twice defeated Carthage, a third Punic War:

answer

was provoked by war hawks who thought Carthage must be destroyed.

question

Cicero, one of the most famous Stoics of the later republic, believed in all the tenets of Stoicism except:

answer

withdrawal from public life.

question

The Augustan system of government

answer

is known as the early empire or Principate, because Octavian ruled as first citizen.

question

When it came to pagan literature:

answer

Jerome argued that it could and should be studied if it were first adapted to the Christian message.

question

When the emperor died in 192 with no heir apparent, civil war once again engulfed the Roman Empire with _________ eventually claiming the throne.

answer

Septimius Severus

question

Augustine's Confessions is:

answer

a series of autobiographical essays directed toward God

question

Romans regarded the Germans as barbarians because:

answer

German society was illiterate, and Germans did not live in cities.

question

Rome was threatened in the mid-fifth century by the Huns under their leader:

answer

Attila

question

Jesus is the central figure in Christianity, but Paul was important:

answer

as founder of the universal church, giving it theology and organization.

question

During the third century, Rome underwent a prolonged period that came very close to destroying the empire. This period is known as the time of

answer

the Barracks Emperors, when Rome had twenty-six emperors in about fifty years

question

The strategic defense of the Roman Empire changed significantly when

answer

the Goths were permitted to cross the Danube River and settle in Roman territory.

question

Which statement best describes the position of the Pharisees in Palestine during the first century C.E.?

answer

The Pharisees believed in life after death and a system of individual rewards and punishments.

question

Christianity went from being a persecuted faith in the early fourth century to being the recognized faith of the empire; this last step was the result of the action by the emperor:

answer

Theodosius, who prohibited pagan worship.

question

Most of what we know about Jesus was written down:

answer

between c. 70 and 100 C.E.

question

What made Jesus most controversial among the Jews was:

answer

the claim of his followers that he was the Messiah

question

The leader of the Goths who received support from the Eastern Emperor to drive the Huns from Italy and establish a Gothic kingdom was:

answer

Theoderic

question

Realizing that the Roman Empire had become too large for a single ruler to control it:

answer

Diocletian divided the empire in half, trusting a junior colleague to rule the western part

question

Severus disregarded what remained of the Roman Senate and its few remaining powers and ruled through the army while reforming it by:

answer

allowing Roman soldiers to marry, which allowed them to put down roots where they lived.

question

The monastic way of life in the West was influenced greatly by the establishment of a set of rules written by:

answer

Benedict

question

Ambrose helped establish the authority of the Church by

answer

forcing Theodosius to seek forgiveness from Ambrose for his sins.

question

By the end of the third century, the involvement of women in the Church had:

answer

shrunk to the point that they were completely excluded from all positions of power.

question

One result of the Council of Nicea was to:

answer

declare Arianism a heresy

question

The economic effects of the migrations of the fifth century on the northwestern provinces

answer

saw long-distance trade and skilled workers displaced from their occupations.

question

Unlike the common practices of many previous civilizations:

answer

early Christian monks practiced extreme forms of self-abasement.

question

Historians now refer to the period from 284 to 610 C.E. as Late Antiquity because:

answer

it is a period with its own themes and developments, neither wholly Roman and not yet medieval.

question

Unlike Cicero, Ambrose argued that the motive and goal of human conduct should be:

answer

reverence for God

question

Boethius's interest in logic while remaining thoroughly Christian:

answer

established a link between classical Greek thought and intellectual Christianity.

question

Plotinus and Neoplatonism, like Christianity, believed in a soul that could be liberated from earthly bondage and prepared for reunification with God by:

answer

asceticism

question

One difference between Islam and Christianity is that:

answer

Islam has no sacraments or priests.

question

The armies of Abu-Bakr were able to expand Islam northward out of Arabia largely because of:

answer

the weakness of Byzantine and Persian armies because of their wars against each other

question

Many of the local populations in Byzantium and Persia:

answer

viewed the Arab armies as deliverers

question

An important figure who founded several Merovingian monasteries was

answer

Columbanus.

question

Pope Gregory I:

answer

significantly advanced Benedictine monasticism as the major monastic movement in the West

question

A pandemic broke out in 541-42 which has come to be known as:

answer

the Justinianic Plague

question

The people who took advantage of the weakness of Italy due to Justinian's policies of reconquest were the:

answer

Lombards.

question

One result of the campaigns of Belisarius in North Africa and Italy was:

answer

the weakening of Constantinople against the Sassanids

question

The Byzantine economy in the early Middle Ages was

answer

highly regulated, including wage and price controls

question

The early Byzantine religion was known for its:

answer

intense interest in matters of doctrine and orthodoxy

question

Why did Justinian try to reconquer the western Roman Empire?

answer

He sought to revive and reconstruct wholly the old empire

question

Why did the Romans of Italy and North Africa resent Justinian's efforts to ?0Òliberate?1Ó them?

answer

There was a heavy cost in taxes and lives.

question

The stability of Byzantine government was the product of:

answer

an efficient bureaucracy

question

The Carolingian Empire collapsed during the ninth century:

answer

because of the division of the empire among all the legitimate heirs of Louis and the Frankish aristocracy's dissatisfaction with the fractured central authority.

question

It is difficult to date the beginning of Byzantine history with precision because:

answer

the Byzantine Empire was the uninterrupted successor of the Roman Empire.

question

As a result of the Iconoclastic Controversy:

answer

political legitimacy was fundamentally linked to the defense of religious tradition

question

In the late sixth century C.E., the economy of Arabia:

answer

became much more commercially sophisticated as a result of the wars between Byzantium and Persia changing trade routes

question

Prior to Muhammad beginning to teach his prophecy and his new faith the Arabs:

answer

had the concept of Allah as one of several gods

question

Byzantine monasteries were deeply involved in the Iconoclastic Controversy because:

answer

they were major producers of icons, so they supported the use of images in the faith

question

In 800 Charlemagne

answer

accepted the crown and title of Holy Roman emperor.

question

Why were so many convents (monastic houses for women) founded during the seventh century C.E.?

answer

Convents met a variety of social and spiritual needs for aristocratic families.

question

Local lords and chieftains often granted monasteries special privileges:

answer

because monasteries often played a key role in economic development and prosperity in a region.

question

Underlying the Carolingian Renaissance was the basic conviction that:

answer

classical learning was the foundation on which Christian wisdom rested

question

As a Christian king responsible for ruling a Christian society, Charlemagne

answer

took responsibility for reforming the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed its government.

question

Charlemagne was able to contain Umayyad power in Europe by

answer

maintaining diplomatic and trade relations with its rival the Abbasid Caliphate.

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