question

A major source of mechanical power in medieval Europe after 1050 was the

answer

water mill, which was used to grind grain, crush pulp, and press oil

question

In northern Europe, increasing use of the heavy-wheeled plow between 800 and 1050 coincided with

answer

fundamental changes in patterns of peasant settlement

question

Despite the potential advantages of the manorial system, _________ played the dominant role in creating it.

answer

lords

question

Serfs were treated like slaves in parts of medieval Europe with the major exception that:

answer

serfs could not be sold apart from their historic lands

question

The rotation of crops

answer

spread labor evenly over the course of the year

question

During the 11th century, the most spectacular developments in long-distance trade took place in

answer

northern Italy

question

Major towns and cities in the High Middle Ages

answer

sustained their population only through continuous immigration from the countryside

question

The two fundamental factors driving the high medieval European economy were

answer

population growth and an increasingly efficient market for goods

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Between 1000 and 1300 in western Europe, social mobility

answer

and social inequality both increased

question

Self-governing elites most frequently developed in areas of western Europe where

answer

royal authority was either weak or nonexistent

question

The monastic reform movement that began at Cluny in Burgundy was unique in that it

answer

undertook the establishment of a large number of subordinate "daughter houses" also free of control by local lords

question

In 1059, Pope Nicholas II issued a new decree on papal elections, which gave the power to elect future popes to the

answer

College of Cardinals

question

The importance of the investiture Conflict was that it

answer

formally, though not in practice, separated the "church" and the "state" in European politics

question

The expansion of the Byzantine empire during the 10th and early 11th centuries was assisted by

answer

Christian missionary activity in Russia and the Balkans

question

When Alexius Comnenus asked for Western help against the Seljuq Turks, he was hoping for a

answer

force of heavily armored knights to deploy against the lightly armored Turkish cavalry

question

The First Crusade

answer

weakened Byzantine control over trade in the eastern Mediterranean

question

When preaching the First Crusade, some churchmen in western Europe offered crusaders

answer

a plenary indulgence, promising that those who died would immediately go the heaven

question

The High Middle Ages witnessed the birth of a new political structure known as the

answer

national monarchy

question

By the early 14th century, the English Parliament had emerged as a

answer

representative assembly, legislative body, political body; financial body

question

The tradition of French administration that balanced local diversity of custom with bureaucratic centralization in Paris began

answer

Philip II, Augustus

question

To the territories he inherited from his father, Frederick Barbarossa, King Henry VI added

answer

Sicily

question

King Frederick II of Germany

answer

pursued his grandfather's policy of supporting the German princes while enforcing imperial rights throughout the empire

question

Compared to the popes active in the Middle Ages, popes in the High Middle Ages were

answer

more concerned with establishing a reputation for justice

question

Innocent III was the most successful pope in the High Middle Ages because he

answer

successfully disciplined kings and heretics, and defined the central dogmas of the Church

question

The emphasis on visible works of Christian piety and devotion in the High Middle Ages served to

answer

clearly distinguish Christian groups from their non-Christian neighbors

question

Which Christian figure became the center of a rapidly expanding "cult" in the 12th century and the namesake of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris as well as other places?

answer

the Virgin Mary

question

In addition to the expansion of "Inquisition" trials, what mechanism did the Latin Church use to control popular heresy in the 13th century?

answer

The Church launched a full-scale internal crusade against the Cathars

question

The increasing persecution of European Jews in the 13th and 14th centuries should be interpreted in the context of

answer

general Christian concerns about heresy and the growing suspicion of Jews at all levels of society

question

The growth of schools in the 12th century Europe can be attributed primarily to

answer

the general economic revival and the emergence of strong government

question

The rise of lay education in 12th and 13th century Europe was important because through it

answer

people were increasingly able to pursue nonreligious line of inquiry, and Western culture ultimately became more independent of religion than other cultures

question

Medieval scholastics taught that

answer

there was a fundamental compatibility between human reason and experience in the teachings in the Bible

question

The term university orginially meant a

answer

corporation or guild

question

Upon admission to university, medieval students typically studied the liberal arts, which meant

answer

advanced work in Latin grammar, rhetoric, and logic

question

Courtly love emphasized the ennobling effect of

answer

the love of a noble woman upon a knight

question

Wolfram von Eschenbach was a German poet known primarily for his

answer

story depicting the search for the Holy Grail

question

Dante's Divine Comedy stresses that

answer

the route to knowledge of the divine is through Christian wisdom

question

The essential features of the Romanesque architectural style are

answer

rounded arches, massive stone walls, and small windows

question

The "Renaissance of the 12th Century" should ultimately be considered a

answer

revival of classical texts creatively adapted to the unique Christian culture of the High Middle Ages

question

In the early 14th century, the agricultural economy in Europe had begun to

answer

fail due to climate change and excessive cultivation

question

The combined effects of famine, war, and plague in the 14th century reduced the total population of western Europe by

answer

at least one half

question

After 1450, European towns grew significantly in size and economic power because they

answer

attracted more people and developed specialized products and services

question

Which lower-class rebellion in the later Middle Ages involved the revolt of workers in the cloth industry who sought greater participation in local governments?

answer

the Floretine Ciompi revolt of 1378

question

In late-medieval France, which dynasty eventually replaced the capetians as rulers?

answer

the Valois

question

England's good fortunes in the Hundred Years' War turned for the bad when

answer

Edward III died, leaving a young Richard to rule

question

During the rise of national monarchies, which modern country resisted unification and remained divided among dozens of independent principalities throughout the later Middle Ages?

answer

Germany

question

The most important factor in the rise of Spain as a major European power was the

answer

unification of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile

question

The Golden Horde was the

answer

Mongol dynasty that controlled Russia

question

Moscow replaced _____ as the center of Russian power in the last Middle Ages

answer

Kiev

question

When it fought against Poland-Lithuania in the last 15th century, Moscow appealed to its citizens by

answer

emphasizing the Roman Catholicism of Poland-Lithuania

question

Before the fall of Constatinople in 1453, the Byzantine empire tried to shore up its defensive position against the Ottoman Turks by

answer

submitting to papal (Roman) authority in religious matters

question

During the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the 14th century, the papacy was

answer

moved to Avignon, France

question

The Great Schism ended in 1417 when the

answer

Council of Constance elected a new pope

question

Master Eckhart taught that

answer

there was a spark of the divine within every human soul

question

What is the central theme of Christine de Pisan's The City of Ladies?

answer

The book is an allegory that defends women against the misogynistic claims of men

question

A fresco painting is essentially

answer

pigment mixed with plaster that is applied to a wall

question

The medieval painter Giotto is remembered especially because he

answer

brought a deep humanity and naturalism to his religious images

question

The development of artillery in late-medieval Europe affected military strategy in that

answer

stone castles became less viable as defensive strongholds

question

During the High Middle Ages, fields were rotated over a ____________ cycle to increase overall agricultural production 50-67 percent.

answer

three-year

question

Although money lending was an important factor in the success of early Italian merchant activity

answer

The western church condemned the practice as usurious

question

Which of the following was NOT a goal Pope Urban II expressed for the First Crusade?

answer

To slay Christ's enemies wherever they could be found, especially Jews and Muslims

question

The Crusades marked a fundamental turning point in the relationship between

answer

Byzantium and western Europe

question

During the Fourth Crusade of 1201-1204, the Venetian navy:

answer

Sacked Constantinople and returned with an enormous booty.

question

Although the term feudalism has been defined in many ways by historians, Chapter 8 defines it as:

answer

An aristocratic social order bound together by mutual ties of land holding.

question

William the Conqueror was politically innovative in that he

answer

used the highly centralized English administrative authority combined with the feudal structures of France.

question

King Henry II's important dispute with Archbishop Thomas Becket was related to

answer

whoever ultimately had legal jurisdiction over priests and church courts.

question

At Canons in the winter of 1077:

answer

King Henry IV humiliated himself before Pope Gregory VII

question

By the end of the thirteenth century, ____________ had become the largest and most influential Spanish kingdom

answer

Castile

question

The tenth century was known for ineffective kingship throughout Europe and:

answer

an incompetent and largely corrupt papacy

question

The compromise that ended the Investiture Conflict was known as the

answer

Concordat of Worms

question

Taken literally, what did the term lay investiture mean to medieval Christians in the eleventh century

answer

the practice of appointing a bishop or abbot and dressing him with the symbols of his office

question

Peter Walde's reform movement in the late twelfth century was considered heretical by the church because the Waldensians did not

answer

accept the Church's authority and directives on the issue of lay preaching

question

St. Francis of Assisi emphasized which religious themes in his ministry and new monastic order?

answer

Apostolic poverty and an imitation of the life of Christ

question

Compared with early medieval Christianity, Catholic spirituality in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries seems more concerned with

answer

the intense identification with Christ his life, and his sufferings.

question

In the second half of the eleventh century, educated westerners vastly increased their knowledge when:

answer

important works of Greek and Arabic literature were translated into Latin

question

The author of the important medieval theological work Book of the Sentences was

answer

Peter Lombard

question

Compared to St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas seems to have:

answer

placed a greater value on the use of reason and the study of the physical universe to know God

question

Describing a European language as romance means that it:

answer

Derived from Latin

question

Late-medieval sumptuary laws can be interpreted as evidence of

answer

Class conflict

question

The English Lollards were the lay followers and successors of which late-medieval theologian

answer

John Wyclif

question

Compared to the Benedictine monasteries of the 6th and 7th centuries, the Cluniac monasteries of the 11th century were more

answer

obedient to the Pope in Rome.

question

The Black Plague probably originated in ________ and spread to western Europe along trade routes.

answer

Mongolia

question

The theological system called nominalism was based on William of Ockham's fundamental insight that:

answer

only individual things, not collective entities, can be known and understood

question

Which event occurred first in the history of European seagoing exploration?

answer

discovery of the West Indies

question

By 1300, nobles in Western Europe did not enjoy the luxury of

answer

private bedrooms with their own fireplaces and chimneys

question

To preserve their political independence, the popes of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries

answer

fled to France and abandoned Italy to the Staufen emperors of Germany

question

The medieval society depicted by vernacular epic poems in the 11th century can be best described as

answer

bloody and violent

question

Dante's Divine Comedy depicts the poet's mythical journey through

answer

hell, purgatory, and heaven

question

High medieval drama took its primary inspiration from

answer

emerging vernacular languages and themes in popular piety

question

The patron saint of Venice is

answer

Saint Mark

question

Compared to their Carolingian predecessors, the kings of tenth and eleventh century Germany

answer

did not exercise much control over the church within their kingdom

question

The general peace and prosperity of Italy was broken in 1494 when it was invaded by

answer

France

question

The twelfth-century Renaissance made it possible to speak of Europe as a reading public because of

answer

of the translations of texts from other cultures

question

Compared to the Western Europe of 1300, the Western Europe of 1450 and had _________ people and a _________ standard of living

answer

proletariat and higher

question

The Crucifixion, by Matthias Grunewald, is a late medieval painting depicting

answer

The crucifixion of Christ

question

The late medieval fascination with death and dying can be most readily seen in

answer

Europe during the time of the black death

question

After 1300, the Mongols ruled Russia by

answer

collecting tributes but not meddling

question

Boccaccio's Decameron is historically significant because it

answer

demonstrates life in 14th century Italy

question

An important early scholar who used eyeglasses to continue his work into old age was

answer

Sandra di Popozo

question

The rapid growth of monastic houses, such as the Cistercians, in the twelfth century meant that more men were becoming monks, and that

answer

The severe asceticism of the monasteries was widely popular in Europe

question

Why did the masters at the University of Paris condemn Joan of Arc for wearing men's clothing?

answer

they said it was a representation of Heresy

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