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Rome was a crucial factor in the development of European civilization because

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Rome connected Europe to the cultural heritage of the Near East

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Vigil's Aeneid built on Homer's epic literature by

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connecting Roman history to the heroic narrative of the Trojan War

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In terms of geography and natural resources, the Italian peninsula

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was more fertile than ancient Greece.

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Prior to the establishment of Rome as dominant state in Italy,

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Etruscans, skilled metal workers, and artists, lived there.

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One way that Romans were influenced by the Greeks was by

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observing the many Greeks who lived in Sicily and Southern Italy

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The geographic site of Rome has many advantages, including

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-Trading ships could navigate the river as far as the city -Its position across the Tiber made it a good crossroads -Strategic advantages to the seven hills that ringed it

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"The Latin Right" of the early Romans guaranteed that

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Neighbors would have trading rights (known as commercium), intermarriage rights (known as connubium), and full citizenship after a year of residence, following emigration (known as migratis)

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Which legend explains the end of the Roman monarchy and the founding of the Republic?

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The Rape of Lucretia

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During the early Roman Republic, Rome

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expanded slowly and extended the Latin Right to many of the cities it conquered.

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The division between Roman patricians and plebeians was

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between the wealthiest and the rest of the people

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After the plebeian rebellion in the early fifth century B.C.E.

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the patricians accepted the elected tribunes and written laws

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The Twelve Tables of Law, approved in 450 B.C.E., represent

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the codification of existing laws for all to see and obey

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To limit the influence of wealth in Roman politics, new laws were passed

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-Stoicism, decisions of judges, and the edicts of magistrates called praetors.

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The equestrian order (Roman Knights) was established when

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businessmen who did not become senators wanted privileges

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In the early Roman Republic, Rome was technically a democracy but

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the Roman constitution essentially ensured oligarchic rule

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One important difference between Roman religion and Greek religion was the Roman interest in

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household gods

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Traditional Roman religion included ancestor worship and

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Oligarchs who played dual roles as priests and politicians

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The greatest honor a Roman could hope to achieve was

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to sacrifice himself, his family and his friends for the state

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Once the Romans had effectively gained control of Italy (265 B.C.E.)

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they started a series of wars to gain control over the Mediterranean

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Why did the Romans regard Carthage as a threat?

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The Carthaginian Empire in Sicily and Spain was encroaching on Rome

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During the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal

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brought his entire army, including elephants, over the alps

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After Rome had twice defeated Carthage, a Third Punic War

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marked the breaching of the wall of Carthage, where all the citizens were butchered and the survivors were sold into slavery.

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Since the Romans employed slaves for all forms of manual labor

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no industrial revolution took place and urban underemployment was common

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Changes in the Roman law of marriage in the second century B.C.E. meant that

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Women had more rights in the marriage, such as property control, and innovate divorce proceedings.

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In "On the Nature of things," Lucretius argued that

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humans must separate mind from matter and accept that all things must pass

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The greatest Roman Stoic, Cicero, believed that

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virtue leads to happiness and peace of mind in the highest goal

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Social tensions in the late Roman Republic were made worse by the

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Third Punic War

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When Julius Caesar adopted Octavian as his heir

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Octavian had to fight his rivals and kill his republican opponents.

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The Augustan system of government

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is known as the early empire or Participant, because Octavian ruled as first citizen

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Those who ruled Rome from 96 to 180 C.E. were called the "Five Good Emperors" because:

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they were capable administrators who governed successfully.

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Pax Romana refers to the

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Romans

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Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius were all

answer

Stoics

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Roman law consisted of three branches

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Civil law, natural law, and law of the people

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The Romans were a military society almost from the moment they settled in Italy because

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they were continually forced to defend their own conquests against invaders.

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Historians now refer to the period from 284 to 610 C.E. as Late Antiquity because

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It is a period of its own themes and developments, neither wholly Roman and not yet medieval.

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The "fall" of the Roman Empire in the fifth century A.D. has been much exaggerated because

answer

many Roman institutions continued to function

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Which sentence best describers the historical concept of "late antiquity" introduced in Chapter 6?

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The continuing influence of Greek, Roman, and Near Eastern Cultural motifs in Europe.

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New cultural influences in late antiquity included:

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splitting Empires into two halves.

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When high culture is "watered down" for a wider public, the process is called:

answer

vulgarization

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Realizing that the Roman Empire had become too large for a single ruler to control it

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Diocletian divided the empire in half, trusting a junior colleague to rule the western part

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Economic reforms introduced by the early fourth century Roman Empire included

answer

wage and price controls fixed by government

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As a ruler, Diocletian was known for:

answer

embracing the reality of Rome as a multicultural entity that could not be governed from one place by one person with one centralized bureaucracy

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The realism and vividness of Roman portrait sculpture before before Diocletian

answer

meant that figures often looked alike, even though they were unrelated

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The differences between the eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire

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In culture, economy, and language were great, and grew larger over time

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The Dead Sea Scrolls have helped historians to understand the religious climate of the first century C.E. by

answer

demonstrating the diversity of JEwish religious practice and belief

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According to Chapter 6, it is probably best to assume that

answer

Jesus was a historical figure described by numerous first century sources

question

The gospel accounts of Jesus' life:

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Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John

question

Which statement best describes the position of the Sadducees in Palestine during the first century C.E.?

answer

Sadducees believed that religious law pertained primarily to the temple of priesthood

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Which statement best describes the position of the Pharisees in Palestine during the first century C.E.?

answer

Pharisees believed in life after death and a system of indicidual rewards and punishments

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Jesus is the central figure in Christianity, but Paul was important

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because he was the founder of the universal church, giving it theology and organization

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Once Constantine I and his successors had converted to Christianity

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it gained power and was designated the only official religion by Theodosius

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What point was in dispute between the Arians and the Euthanasias?

answer

Whether Jesus was of the same being and substance as God the Father

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What were the general results of the doctrinal quarrels of the early centuries?

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The dogmas of the Christian Church slowly became fixed

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In terms of organization, the fourth-century Christian church was

answer

more defined in hierarchical terms, with clergy disputed among patriarchs, bishops, priests, and deacons.

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The roots of the papacy lie in

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A passage from the New Testament Gospel of Matthew

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St. Benedict's monastic rule differed from St. Basil's rule

answer

because it was less austere and more moderate in its demands for monastic life

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During late antiquity, attitudes toward women changed in Roman society because

answer

Christians asserted that their bodies belonged not to the state but to God.

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Romans regarded the Germans as barbarians because

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German society was illiterate, and Germans did not live in cities

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Jerome's most lasting contribution to western Christian culture was

answer

his translation of the bible into Latin

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Why did Justinian try to reconquer the western Roman Empire?

answer

because he sought to revive and reconstruct the empire of Augustus

question

Why did Justinian's reconquest of the western Roman Empire fail?

answer

The costs associated with conquering and defending the vast western empire was too great

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The traditional date for the fall of Rome is:

answer

476 B.C.E.

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The seventh century C.E. was a turning point in the history of western civilizations because

answer

the Greco-Roman world of antiquity divided into Byzantine, Islamic and Latin Christian realms.

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It is difficult to date the beginning of Byzantine history with precision because

answer

the Byzantine empire was the uninterrupted successor of the Roman Empire

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Between 610 and 1071, the major security threats to the Byzantine Empire came from

answer

Persia, then the Umyyad and the Abbasids

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The stability of the Byzantine government was the product of

answer

-Highly centralized government -Predictable system of succession to the imperial throne -Efficient bureaucracy

question

Early Byzantine religion was known for its

answer

intense interest in matters of doctrine and orthodoxy

question

When Diocletian took power:

answer

he followed Augustus' image of princeps rather than domus to alleviate fears of his imperial ambition and worked along side the senate and military to at least give the illusion of a republican government.

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The Iconoclastic Controversy of the eighty century C.E. was about the

answer

use or prohibition of images in church, where people might worship the objects

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Although the Iconoclastic Controversy was eventually resolved, its lasting effects included

answer

the destruction of nearly all pre-eighth-century religious art in the Byzantine empire

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In Byzantine schools, classical Greek literature was

answer

the basis of the curriculum, with much study of the epics of Homer

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Women from wealthy Byzantine families

answer

were educated at home by tutors, and some became literary figures of notes

question

Which was the most significant event in creating Byzantine hostility toward the Latin Christian world?

answer

the Coronation of the Charlemagne as Roman emperor on Christmas Day, 800

question

The Byzantine church of Santa Sophia was influential in the history of architecture because it

answer

placed a massive dome on a building with a square shape

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In the late sixth century C.E., the economy of Arabia

answer

became much more commercially sophisticated as a result of changing trade routes

question

The Hijrah (Hegira) refers to the prophet Muhammad's move from

answer

Mecca to Medina

question

The word Islam means

answer

Submission

question

In their worship of Allah, Muslims worship

answer

Muhammad

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The Qur'an contains

answer

revelations sent by God to Muhammad

question

Islam spread so quickly in the seventh and eighth centuries because

answer

the Byzantines and Persians had become exhausted by their long wars against each other

question

The Shiite party arose among Muslims became

answer

of a dispute about the proper succession of caliphs in 7th century Arabia

question

The Arabian Nights describes the extravagant behavior of the Abbasid caliph

answer

Heron al-Rushed

question

Charlemagne and Harun al-Rashid formed an alliance partially because of their shared enemy, the

answer

Umayyad

question

The economic base of the Abbisid caliphate lay in

answer

Tigris-Euphrates basin of Mesopotamia

question

The overall unity of the Muslim world disintegrated during the tenth and eleventh centuries because of

answer

ethnic tensions among Arabs, Turks, Berbers, and Persians

question

Muslim art is most strikingly different from the Byzantine, Persian, and Hellenistic models upon which it drew

answer

because Muslim art did not portray the human body

question

Compared to medieval Europe in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the Islamic world was

answer

more advanced in technological sophistication, science, and philosophy

question

The gradual conversion of the early medieval European countryside to Christianity was carried out primarily by

answer

Lay Missionaries commissioned by the Pope

question

Why were so many convents (monastic houses for women) founded during the seventh century C.E.?

answer

Convents met a variety of social and spritual needs for aristocratic families

question

The key figure in creating an alliance between the Carolingian family, the papacy, and Benedictine monasticism was

answer

St. Boniface

question

As a Christian King responsible for ruling a Christian society, Charlemagne

answer

took responsibility for reforming the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed tits goverment

question

Underlying the Carolingian renaissance was the basic conviction that

answer

classical learning was the foundation on which Christian wisdom rested.

question

Why did the Carolingian empire collapse during the ninth century?

answer

-Because of the structural limits of its expansion had been reached -Because of Viking raids -Because of the division of the empire among all legitimate heirs of Louis

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