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The Old Stone Age | Paleolithic Age

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* Cities weren't arisen without certain preceding innovations * Human beings lived as nomads in small communities * Humans hunted and gathered for their substance * Humans used fire, crude tools fashioned from wood and stone to assist in their survival * The Bow and Arrow was the most advance tool which may have been in use by 25,000 B.C.E

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The New Stone Age | Neolithic Age

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* Started around 8,000 B.C.E * Stone tools were refined, animals were domesticated, and agriculture was aided greatly against the ever-present threat of starvation. * Agriculture required vast amounts of labor * Humans abandoned nomadism for a settled way of life * Small villages started up

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The Bronze Age

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* Humans learned how to work with metals * Tools were made with an alloy of tin and copper aka bronze * In the Fertile Crescent, the Bronze Age started around 3,000 B.C.E.

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What other features are most notable for being in the Bronze Age?

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* Irrigation * Writing * Recording of History

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Recite the Ages in descending order

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* Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) * Mesolithic Era (Middle Stone Age) * Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) * Bronze Age * Iron Age All these "ages" arose at different times in different places around the world

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When did cities arise in Sumer?

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The earliest cities arose about 3,200 B.C.E. In the Tigris-Euphrates Valley, known as Mesopotamia

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What were the dynasties of Mesopotamia?

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* The Akkadians * Third Dynasty of Ur * Amorites * Hittites ( Not exactly a ruler, more of a plunder ) * Kassites * Hurrians

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Akkadians

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Akkadians were a semi-nomadic people. They spoke a Semitic language. They left the western deserts of Mesopotamia and settled in the central region of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley during the 4th Millennium B.C.E. The Akkadians were led by their king Sargon (c. 2371 - 2316 B.C.E.). They were able to conquer the various Sumerian city-states. They established an empire that unified Mesopotamia which allowed expansion into the Iranian plateau, as far as Lebanon. Sargon's dynasty ruled Akkad and Sumer for about 200 years.

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Third Dynasty of Ur

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Started from the resentment of Akkadian rule. Around 2100 B.C.E., the Sumerian city or Ur attained control of Mesopotamia. After the Akkadian empire was weak from outsider attacks. The Third Dynasty Of Ur ruled for about 100 years. From 2000-1900 B.C.E, dissension led to a period of chaos during which no single dynasty controlled the entire region. The Sumerians had lost their identity by the time unity was restored.

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Amorites

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Mesopotamia was reunified once again under the Amorites. Their empire was the Old Babylon, since they established a capital on the Euphrates with the name \"Babylon\". The Amorites ruled for about 300 years (1900-1600 B.C.E.). Their greatest king was Hammurabi (c. 1792-1750 B.C.E.).

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What is King Hammurabi's Code?

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Hammurabi's Code was a collection of old and new legal judgements. It was the most comprehensible body of law from ancient Mesopotamia. It contained harsh punishments for violators based on an \"eye for an eye\" idea. The code was given authority by Hammurabi and ultimately from the gods that Hammurabi claimed to be a representative for.

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Hittites

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The Old Babylon disintegrated around 1600 B.C.E. Mainly from the attacks lead by the Hittites from Anatolia (Asian Minor) from the north. The Hittites main attacks were only meant to be raids to plunder the Old Babylon Empire.

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Kassites

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The Kassites helped in the destruction of the Old Babylon Empire. They attacked from the east, the region known now as Iran. The Kassites established themselves as rulers and they ruled for 300 years.

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Hurrians

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The Hurrians established the kingdom of Mitanni in the upper Tigris-Euphrates Valley around 1500 B.C.E. and it lasted till 1400 B.C.E, when the Hittites conquered them.

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What were the main features of Mesopotamian Culture?

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* Cuneiforms * Mathematics * Engineering * Religion * Literature

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Cuneiforms - Mesopotamian Culture

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* Started by about 3000 B.C.E. * Marks on a clay tablet initially used to keep track of goods. * Comes from the Latin \"cuneus\", or \"Wedge\" * Marks were initially pictographs, but later joined by ideograms. Ideograms were symbols that represented ideas.

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Engineering - Mesopotamian Culture

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* Used to construct irrigation and canals * Most importantly used for the construction and invention of the wheel (invented around 3500 and 3000 B.C.E.) * Used to build Ziggurats, multi-terraced, pyramid like, constructions with a temple at the summit.

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Religion - Mesopotamian Culture

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* The Sumerians and their successors worshiped an anthropomorphic pantheon of gods. Gods who were thought to be have like humans. * The gods were wielders of natural forces, they had to be appeased, lest their wrath would destroy society.

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Literature - Mesopotamian Culture

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* The poem \"Gilgamesh\" was inscribed about 2000 B.C.E.

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Egypt

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Egypt unified the Nile valley before Sargon of Akkad imposed unity on Mesopotamia.

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Egyptian Dynasties

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- A series of 31 royal families, or dynasties, ruled Egypt over the course of its first 3,000 years, which is divided into the following periods: * Archaic or Early Dynastic Period * Old Kingdom * The First Intermediate Period * Middle Kingdom * The Second Intermediate Period * New Kingdom The dynasties came to an end with Cleopatra in 30 B.C.E., when the Romans incorporated Egypt into their empire. The Kings of Egypt where titled \"Pharaohs\", which in Egyptian, means \"Great House\".

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Archaic | Early Dynastic Period - Egypt

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* First two dynasties governed Egypt from about 3100 to 2700 B.C.E., unifying the Nile valley. * It had a centralized government where the economy was carefully planned and it led to a very effective practice of agriculture. This prosperity strengthened the political and religious aura of the Pharaoh.

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Old Kingdom - Egypt

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* The Old Kingdom lasted from about 2700-2200 B.C.E. * The Pharaohs were very powerful in this time, they weren't recognized as just representatives of the gods, but actual gods themselves. * Ancient Egyptian government was theocracy. * The entire country was considered to be the Pharaoh's personal possession. And the economy to be completely under his control. * The greatest pyramids were constructed at this time. * Pharaohs were thought to be immortal and were therefore mummified.

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First Intermediate Period - Egypt

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* From about 2200-2050 B.C.E. * The Pharaohs failed to assert themselves. Allowing the nomarchs(nobles) to control the government system. * Decentralization of power caused civil wars resulting in lack of coordination and widespread famine.

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Middle Kingdom - Egypt

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* From about 2050-1700 B.C.E. * Centralized government restored and maintained * Ended by foreigners known as Hyksos, who invaded the Nile delta and overran the Egyptian army.

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Second Intermediate Period - Egypt

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* The Hyksos dominated Egypt from about 1700-1550 B.C.E. * The Hyksos were expelled by a nobleman name Ahmose, who inaugurated the New Kingdom.

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The New Kingdom - Egypt

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* From about 1550-1100 B.C.E. * Pharaohs reasserted their power * Expansion towards the eastern shoreline of the Mediterranean (Syria and Palestine). * Many battles fought with the Hittites over several centuries to claim the eastern shoreline. Which only amassed to a treaty since neither side could win.

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The Amarna Period

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Amenhotep IV adopted the name Akhenaton (c. 1375-1358). He only worshiped the sun god(Ra). He suppressed the worship of all other gods.

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Minoans

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* Flourishing On Crete by 2000 B.C.E. * Relied on powerful navy ships which rammed opponents * They generated a lot of wealth, which allowed them to build grand palaces and bring peace over the area.

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The Mycenaeans

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* Villages as early as 6500 B.C.E. * By about 3000 B.C.E., they were in their bronze age * Most likely not Greek * Amassed their wealth by trading * Invaded and conquered Crete around 1550 B.C.E

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The Assyrians

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* Armed themselves with Iron * Invented siege machines * First power to control all of the Nile as well as the Tigris-Euphrates. * They Applied a systematic policy of terror to discourage rebellion. * Their capital was Ninveah.

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Neo-Babylonians | Chaldeans

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* Arose late 7th century B.C.E. * Nebuchadnezzar II ruled and deported the Hebrew people into captivity (605-562 B.C.E.). * The empire was short lived

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The Persians

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* Founded by Cyrus the Great (559-530 B.C.E.) aka the Achaemenid empire. * Conqoured the Medes in 550 B.C.E. * Cyrus was a great ruler, he allowed the Jews to return home and was a great army strategist.

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Rome

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* Founded in the 8th century (753 B.C.E) * Borrowed many things from the Greeks ex: The alphabet * They formed a Republic, where the government belonged to the people

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The Twelve Tables - Rome

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* Published in 450 B.C.E. * They were among the earliest codes of law for the Romans

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Army - Rome

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* Used groups of 5,000 men instead of 8,000 * The groups of men were called Legions * They were more flexible and able to outmaneuver other armies

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Wars - Rome

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* The 1st Punic War - (264-241 B.C.E.) * The 2nd Punic War - (218-201 B.C.E.) * The 3rd Punic War - ( 149-146 B.C.E.) * Jugurthine War - (111-106 B.C.E.)

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Classical Feudalism

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Where land was granted by a lord to a lower member (vassal). The lord and vassal entered a personal relationship that involved contractual obligations on both sides.

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Manorialism

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The economic form of organization associated with feudalism. Manorialism describes the relationship between the owner of the fief and his laborers.

Western Civ 1 – College Plus

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