West Coast University Pathophysiology Week 1: Ch. 1, Ch. 2, Ch.4, Ch.7 – Flashcards
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Etiology
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The known cause for the disease. The study of causes/reasons for phenomena. Identify's causal factors acting in concert that provoke a particular disease or injury.
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Pathophysiology
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The study of disease process.
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Idiopathic
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The cause of the disease is unknown
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Iatrogenic
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Causes results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment. Example: Mistakes made in surgery, or dispensing the wrong medication.
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Risk factor
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Is the likelihood of the disease.
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Pathogenesis
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Development or evolution of disease, from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestation of disease.
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Symptoms
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Subjective feeling of abnormality in the body.
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Signs
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Objective or observed manifestation of disease, can be measured.
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Syndrome
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A set of signs and symptoms not yet determined to delineate a disease.
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Modifiable risk factors
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Hygiene Diet Exercise Smoking Drinking Preexisting condition (if condition can be managed by diet, exercise, etc.)
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Non-modifiable risk factors
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Family history Age Gender Race/ethnicity
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SOAP note
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The SOAP note (an acronym for subjective, objective, assessment, and plan) is a method of documentation employed by health care providers to write out notes in a patient's chart, along with other common formats, such as the admission note.
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Latent period
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Time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of symptoms.
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Prodromal period
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Time during which first signs and/or symptoms appear or onset of disease occurs.
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Latent period
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Refers to a period during an illness when signs/symptoms temporarily become mild or silent.
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Subclinical stage
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Patient functions normally; disease processes are well established.
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Acuteclinical state
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Short-lived, may have severe manifestation.
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Chronic clinical course
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May last months to years, sometimes following an acute course.
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Exacerbation
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Increase in severity of signs or symptoms.
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Remission
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Decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured.
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Convalescense
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Stage of recovery after disease, injury, or surgical procedure.
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Sequelae
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Subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an acute illness. Ex: An example of sequelae is poor blood flow to the feet as a result of having diabetes.
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Cultural considerations
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Each culture defines health and illness in a manner that reflects their experience.
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Age and biological factors linked
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a normal value for a person at one age may not be normal for a person at another age. Ex: Wrinkles (loss of collagen) in an elderly woman is normal. Wrinkles in a 10 year old girl is not normal.
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Gender differences
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Relevant in both health and disease. Ex: Boys have more muscle biologically, girls have more fat biologically... regardless of gender expression preferences.
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Situational differences
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Determine whether a derivation from normal should be considered abnormal or an adaptation mechanism. Ex: It is normal for a pregnant female to have a swollen abdomen and experience frequent urination. It is abnormal for a non-pregnant female to have a swollen abdomen and experience frequent urination.
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Time variations
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May impact how the body responds from day to night at varying times.
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Epidemiology
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Study of the patterns of disease involving populations.
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Endemic disease
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Native to a local region.
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Pandemic disease
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Spread to large geographic areas.
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Epidemic disease
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Spread to many people at the same time.
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Factors affecting patterns of disease
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Age Ethnic group Gender Socioeconomic factors/lifestyle considerations Geographic location
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What are the three levels of prevention?
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Primary: altering susceptibility; reducing exposure for susceptible persons. Secondary: early detection, screening, and management of disease. Tertiary: rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning following disease.
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homeostasis
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state in which all symptoms are balance
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What are some complications of chemotherapy and radiation therapy?
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Hair loss, mucositis (pain/aches), anorexia, may provide portal for infections.
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What are some emerging cancer therapy?
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Immunotherapy, targeted molecular therapies, stem cell transplant.
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What are main forms of cancer therapy?
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Surgery, radiation therapy, chemo, drug therapy.
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Thrombocytopenia can be managed by what?
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Blood replacement therapy.
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Thrombocytopenia
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Deficiency in circulating platelets.
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What is the cause of leukopenia?
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Primarily caused by invasion of bone marrow; also malnutrition, chemotherapy.
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Leukopenia
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Deficiency in circulating white blood cells.
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Immune system deficits in cancer
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Suppressed by cancer cell secretions some cancer can elude immune detection.
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Cachexia in cancer
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Overall weight loss and generalized weakness loss of appetite, increase metabolic rate, nausea/vomiting.
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Cachexia
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A general state of ill health involving marked weight loss and muscle loss.
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Warning signs of cancer in children? (CHILDREN)
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Continued, unexplained weight loss Headaches with vomiting in the morning Increased swelling/persistent pain in bones/joints Lump/mass in abdomen, neck, etc Development of whiteish appearance in pupil of eye Recurrent fevers not caused by infection Excessive bleeding/bruising Noticeable paleness/prolonged tiredness
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Warning signs of cancer in adults? (CAUTION)
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Change in bowel/bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding/discharge Thickening/lump in body Indigestion/difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart/mole Nagging cough/hoarseness
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Grading tumors depends on what?
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1. Histologic characterization of tumor cells 2. Degree of anaplasia 3. 3/4 classes of increasing degrees of malignancy
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Anaplasia
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A condition of cells in which they have poor cellular differentiation, losing the morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells.
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Histology
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the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
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Staging tumors depend on what?
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1. Location and patterns of spread within host 2. Tumor size, extent of local growth, lymph node/organ involvement, distant metastasis
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What is the purpose of grading and staging tumors?
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To predict clinical behavior of malignant tumor and guide therapeutic management.
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Angiogenesis
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Cancer forms new blood vessels in order to grow usually not develop until late stages of development.
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What do tumor markers useful for?
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To identify parent tissue of cancer origin.
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How are cancer cells generally spread?
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Via circulatory or lymphatic systems.
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What enables metastasis?
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Specialized enzymes and receptors.
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metastasis
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Cancer cells escape tissue of origin and initiate new colonies of cells in distant sites.
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Allostatic
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Mechanisms for body to maintain homeostasis.
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Increase in antioxidants does what?
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Prevent diseases.
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Promoter carcinogen causes what?
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Promotes tumor growth.
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Initiator carcinogen causes what?
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Causes genetic damage.
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What are the two types of carcinogens are found in tobacco?
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1. Initiator 2. Promoter
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Epidemiology of cancer.
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There is no one cause of cance, usually attributed to lifestyle choices.
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Exception of -oma rule
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lymphoma, Melanoma
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Leukemia
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Malignant growth of white blood cells.
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-soma suffix
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Indicates malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin (bone/ligaments).
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-carcinoma suffix
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Indicates malignant tumor of epithelial origin
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Benign
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not cancerous growth does not have potential to kill host, many are encapsulated grows slowly, little vascularity, rarely necrotic, retains original function
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-oma suffix
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Indicates benign tumor.
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Malignant
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Cancerous growth can kill host if untreated, tissue specific differentiation grows fast, frequently necrotic, dysfunctional.
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Neoplasia
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"new growth" abnormality of cellular growth/tumor.
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Hormonal hyperplasia
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Change in hormone level--> increase prostate cells.
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Physiological hyperplasia
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From constant use/friction. i.e. calluses
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Pathophysiologic hypertrophy
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Example increase heart size.
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Example of physiologic hypertrophy
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Lifting-->muscle gain.
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Dysplasia
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Disorderly growth.
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Metaplasia
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Conversion of one cell type to another.
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Hyperplasia
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Increase cell number due to mitotic division usually response to increased physiologic demands or hormonal situations.
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Atrophy
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Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in response to normal and injurious factor. i.e. disuse
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Whats the most common site for intracelllar accumulation?
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The liver.
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What can intracellular accumulation lead to?
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Cellular injury due to toxicity, immune response, taking up cellular space.
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Intracellular accumulation
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Excess accumulation of substances in cells.
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What are the functions of the liver?
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Stores vitamins, makes blood coagulation factors, detoxifies, produce bile.
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Hypertrophy
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Enlargement of cells/tissues accompanied by augmented functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathologic demands.
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Hydropic swelling characterized by what?
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Large, pale cytoplasm; dilated endoplasmic reticulum; swollen mitochondria.
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Megaly
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Enlargement of organ, indicates swelling of cell.
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Why does hydropic swelling occur?
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Lack of ATP leading to pump water out of cell malfunction.
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Hydropic swelling is what?
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Cellular swellingdue to accumulation of water.
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Oxytocin role during stress?
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Produced during childbirth and lactation; associated with bonding and social attachment; thought to moderate stress response.
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Prolactin role during stress?
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Similar to growth hormone; role in immune response.
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Stress
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Physical, chemical, or emotional factor resulting in tension of body/mind.
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Growth hormone role during stress?
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Increase during stress to enhance immune function.
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What do endorphins do for the body during stress response?
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Body's natural pain relievers; raise pain threshold, produce sedation and euphoria.
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What do adrenocortical steroids do during stress response?
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Critical for homeostasis/synergize/antagonize effects of catecholamines
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What two adrenocortical steroids are linked with stress response?
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Cortisol and aldosterone.
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What does catecholamines due during stress?
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Mediates fight/flight response.
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What catecholamines are release during stress response?
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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Allostatic overload is what?
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Cost of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response.
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Stage of exhaustion is what?
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The point where body can no longer return to homeostasis.
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Alarm reaction
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Fight/flight response due to stressful stimulus.
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Stage of resistance
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Activity of nervous and endocrine systems in returning the body to homeostasis.
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Stress is linked to which two body system?
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Nervous and endocrine.
