VVC Microbiology – Flashcards
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| Characteristics of Gram Positive Bacteria |
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| Stains Purple has excessive layers of Peptidoclycan low g + c high g + c |
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| Low g + c gram positive bacteria |
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| spheres - staphylococuss, streptococuss, enterococcus Rod shaped - bacillus, clostridium, listeria Pleomorphic - mycoplasmas (lack cell wall, stain pink) |
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| High g + c gram positive bacteria |
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| Rod shaped - corynebacterium, mycobacterium, propionibacterium Filmentous - Nocardia, Actinomycetes |
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| Staphylococcus |
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| Staphylococcus low g + c gram positive cocci faculative anaerobe(uses O2 or fermentation) sphere shape grape like clusters salt tolerant - lives on skin can synthesize catalase(hydrogen peroxide to H2O and O2) |
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| Pathogenic Staphylococcus |
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| Staphylococcus defenses Pathogenic Staphylococcus evades phagocytosis produces enzymes produces toxins S. aureus - more virulent, has protein A S. epidermidis - opportunistic infections |
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| Staphylococcus defenses |
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| Staphylococcus defenses Protein A - inhibits opsonization, inhibits complement cascade synthesize polysaccharide slime layer - inhibits chemotaxis and phagosytosis, facilitates attachment |
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| Staphylococcus Enzymes |
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| Staphylococcus Enzymes coagulase - triggers blood clotting hyaluronidase - breaks down hyaluronic acid between cells staphylokinase - dissolves blood clots freeing S. aureus lipases - digest lipids allows attachment to skin B-lactanase -breaks down penicillin |
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| Staphylococcus toxins |
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| Staphylococcus toxins cytotoxic toxins - alpha, beta, gamma, delta, disrupts cytoplasmic membranes exfoliative toxins - interferes with desmosomes (attachment proteins) toxic shock syndrome toxin - causes TSS enterotoxins - symptoms of food poisiong |
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| Staphylococcus disease |
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| Staphylococcus disease noninvasive - food poinsoning scalded skin syndrome - skin rash, blisters impetigo - red patches on skin w/ pus, crusty follicluitis - infection of hair follicle |
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| Staphylococcus systemic disease |
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| Staphylococcus systemic disease staph toxic shock syndrome(TSS)- wound or vagina absorbed in blood bactermia - bacteria in blood affect organs endocarditis - attack lining of heart pneumonia - infection in lungs osteomyelitis - infection in bones |
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| Streptococcus |
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| Streptococcus gram positive cocci low g + c facultative anaerobe pairs or chains has peroxidase group A pyogenes group B agalactiae |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes Group A components |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes Group A components protein M - destabilizes complement hyaluronic acid capsule - camaflouged from wbs, avoids phagocytosis |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes Group A enzymes |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes Group A enzymes streptokinases - breaks blood clots deoxyribonucleases - depolymerize DNA, reduces cell firmness C5a peptidase - breaks up protein C5a |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes Group A Toxins |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes Group A Toxins pyrogenic toxin - stimulates leukocytes to release cytokines, stimulates rash/fever streptolysis - membrane proteins lyse rbc, wbc, platelets, interferes with clotting |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes Group A diseases |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes Group A diseases pharyngitis - strep throat scarlet fever - pharyngitis followed by rash on chest and body TSS - toxic shock syndrome necrotizing fasciitis - flesh eating rheumatic fever - untreated pharyngitis affects heart antigens glomerulophritis - antibodies bind to strep, accumulate in glomerulus(kidneys) |
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| Streptococcus Agalactae Group B |
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| Streptococcus Agalactae Group B Group specific cell wall antigens Smaller zone of beta-hemolysis Resistant to bacitracin |
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| Streptococcus Agalactae Group B pathogenicity |
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| Streptococcus Agalactae Group B pathogenicity infects newborns causes neonatal bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia identified by ELSA test and treated with penicillin |
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| Alpha hemolytic Streptococci |
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| Alpha hemolytic Streptococci Viridans Group lack group specific carbohydrates Hemolysis produces green pigment grows in mouth, pharynx, GI tract, urinary tract cause of dental plaque |
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae gram positive cocci low g + c forms unpigmented alpha hemolytic colonies |
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenicity |
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenicity **occurs from polysaccharide capsules phosphorycholine - stimulates phagocytosis where they hide and travel protein adhesin - binds to epithelial cells in pharynx Secretes IgA protease - destroys IgA pneumolysin - lyses epithelial cells |
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae diseases |
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae diseases pneumococcal pneumonia - 85% of cases, travels from pharynx to lungs sinusitis/otitis media - upper resp. infection bacteremia/endocarditis - strep enters blood travels to heart pneumococcal meningitis - strep infect meminges |
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| Enterococcus |
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| enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium gram positive cocci low g + c forms chains and pairs opportunistic lacks capsule DOES NOT contain catalase non hemolytic have resistant plasmids found in colon |
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| Bacillus |
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| Bacillus gram positive rod shaped low g + c nonmotile bacilli singular, pairs, or chains forms endospores |
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| Bacillus pathogenicity |
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| Bacillus pathogenicity contracted by inhalation of spores spores in break on skin ingestion of spores |
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| Bacillus disease |
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| Bacillus disease bacillus anthracis - only cause of anthrax gastrointestinal anthrax - intestinal hemorrhages cutaneous anthrax - produces ulcers, and eschar(black ulcer) inhalation anthrax - inhaled toxins result in toxemia, high death rates |
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| Clostridium |
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| Clostridium gram positive rod shaped low g + c anaerobic form spores found in soil, water, and GI |
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| Clostridium perfringens |
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| Clostridium perfringens toxins cause irreversible tissue damage food poisoning gas gangrene - endospores germinate, causing necrosis |
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| Clostridium difficile |
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| Clostridium difficile common intestinal microbiota opportunistic causes explosive diarrhea pseudomonas colitis- portions of colon fall off |
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| Clostridium botulinum |
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| Clostridium botulinum common in soil and water anaerobic produces botulism toxins affecting nuerotransmitters |
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| Clostridium botulinum disease |
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| Clostridium botulinum disease food borne botulism - can cause death from asphixiation infant botulism - ingestion of endospores wound botulism - contamination of wound by endospores |
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| Clostridium tetani |
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| Clostridium tetani gram positive bacilli forms endospores obligate anaerobic produces tetanus toxins which contract muscles treated with immunoglobulin and tetanus toxoid |
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| Listeria |
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| Listeria gram positive baccilli low g + c *lives inside cells (Listeriolysin O) invades CSF does not produce toxins found in soil, water, mammals, birds, fish, insects |
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| Mycoplasmas |
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| Mycoplasmas gram positive pleomorph lacks cell wall stains pink! low g + c smallest free living organism lack cytochromes(proteins in ETC) have sterols in cytoplasmic membrane can colonize mucous membranes of resp tract and urinary tract |
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| Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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| Mycoplasma pneumoniae attaches to epithelial cells causes walking pneumonia |
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| Mycoplasma hominis |
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| Mycoplasma hominis can cause PID infects uterus and fallopian tubes |
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| Mycoplasma genitalium Ureaplasma urealyticum |
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| Mycoplasma genitalium Ureaplasma urealyticum causes inflammation of urethra |
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| Corynebacterium |
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| Corynebacterium gram positive rod shaped high g + c causes diptheriae - resp disease easily transmitted diptheria toxin - causes endocytosis then kills the cell from the inside |
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| Myobacterium |
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| Myobacterium gram positive rod shaped high g + c cell wall has mycolic acid (waxy lipid) slow intracellular growth resistant to gram staining, detergents, many antimicrobial drugs |
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| Myobacterium diseases |
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| Myobacterium diseases tuberculosis - virulent resp disease, produces cord factors(connected daughter cells) M. leprae - causes leprosy tuberculoid leprosy - cell mediated, infected regions lose sensation lepromatus leprosy - tissue loss on face and digits |
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| Propionibacterium |
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| Propionibacterium gram positive rod shaped high g + c propionibacterium acne- causes acne |
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| Nocardia and Actinomyces |
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| Nocardia and Actinomyces gram positive high g + c has fillaments |
