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nurse

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to nourish

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nursing in its present form

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began to emerge only in the 19th century

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contemporary nursing

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continues to evolve as society and its healthcare needs and expectations change

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what type of profession is nursing?

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a practical and noble one

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Nursing attributes

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a strong sense of responsibility and the highest standards of integrity

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who do nurses interact with?

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a vast assortment of individuals including numerous and varied healthcare personnel who have their own fields of expertise

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what was nurses originally responsible for?

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nutrition and diets, that are today broken down into specialties, nutritionist, dietitian, physical therapist, or occupational therapist

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during the 20th century instead of being a passive participant, the patient became

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more knowledgeable consumer of healthcare and as in other service industries, the consumer became a "client" of the primary care provider, nurse, and healthcare system

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the term client

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reflects the roles of the nurse who actively interacts with individuals, families, and the healthcare system

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what did people often attribute illness to in ancient times?

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punishment for sins or to possession by evil spirits

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medicine man/shaman

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performed rituals using various plants, herbs, and other material, to heal the sick

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care of the sick in ancient times were recorded in

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the Bible, the Talmud, and other ancient text

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Caduceus and the staff of Aesculapius

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mythical figures that are modern symbols of medicine

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Hippocrates

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born in 460 BC, on the Greek Island of Kos, is the acknowledged "Father of Medicine" who denounced the idea of mystical influence on disease

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holistic healthcare

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emphasizes the importance of caring for the whole person

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Hippocrates laid the ground work for

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nursing and medicine

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Hippocratic oath

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principles are recited by healthcare practitioners when graduating from a school of medicine

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The Florence Nightingale pledge and Practical Nurses pledge

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are based on the Hippocratic oath

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the first recorded history of nursing begins with

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Biblical women who cared for the sick and injured.

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Phoebe

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mentioned in the Epistle to the Romans, is known as the first deaconess and visiting nurse

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Fabiola

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Roman woman, who is credited with influencing and paying for the construction of the first free hospital in Rome in 390 AD.

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Saint Marcella

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converted her beautiful home into a monastery, where she taught nursing skills, she is considered the first nursing educator

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Saint Paula

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credited with establishing inns and hospitals to care for pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem

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Saint Helena

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the mother of the Roman Emperor Constantine, is credited with establishing the first gerontological facility, or home for the aged

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During the Crusades

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Male military personnel, such as the Knights Hospitalers of St. John in Jerusalem, conducted most nursing care

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The dark ages of nursing

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During the 1800s, the few women who cared for the sick were prisoners or prostitutes. Nursing was considered the most menial of all tasks, and the least desirable

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Pastor Theodor Fliedner

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in 1836 established the Kaiserswerth School for Nursing in his parish in Kaiserswerth, Germany. Its most famous student was Florence Nightingale.

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Florence Nightingale

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born in Italy in 1820 to wealthy English parents. In 1844, an American doctor visited the family, and Nightingale asked him if entering the field of nursing would be appropriate for her

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In 1851

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Nightingale entered the Deaconess School in Kaiserswerth at Age 31, her family and friends were strongly opposed to her becoming a nurse

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After graduation in 1853

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Nightingale became the superintendent of a charity hospital for governesses.

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in 1854

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the Crimean War began. Nightingale gained fame during this conflict, by entering the battlefield near Scutari, Turkey, with 38 other nurses and cared for the sick and injured.

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During the Crimean War

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Nightingale insisted on establishing sanitary conditions and providing quality nursing care which immediately reduced the mortality rate.

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Nightingale and her nurses made rounds carrying

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oil lamps, that created a public image of the lady with the lamp

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Nightingale lamp

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the "Lamp of Learning" became a symbol of nursing and nursing education.

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The light of the lamp symbolizes

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the striving for excellence. The oil represents the energy and commitment of the nurse to heal others

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Building on the respect she had established in the Crimean War, Nightingale

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opened the first nursing school outside a hospital in 1860

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Students at the Nightingale school did their clinicals at

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St. Thomas Hospital in London

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Some principles of the Nightingale School for Nurses are still taught today

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*Cleanliness is vital to recovery *Prevention is better than cure *Teaching is part of nursing *A nurse does not graduate but continues to learn throughout his or her career

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in 1849 Pastor Fliedner

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Extended his school to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and became involved with the Pittsburgh Infirmary, the first Protestant hospital int the United States.

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The Pittsburgh Infirmary

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was the first real school of nursing in the United States

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In 1873

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Three nursing programs based on the Nightingale plan were formally established: 1. Bellevue Hospital School of New York. 2. Connecticut Training School in New Haven. 3. Boston Training School at Massachusetts General Hospital

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Dorothea Lynde Dix

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(1802-1887) the Union army appointed her Superintendent of Female Nurses. She is especially remembered for her campaign against the inhumane treatment of the mentally ill.

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Clara Barton

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(1821-1912) In 1881 founded the organization now known as the American Red Cross

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Melinda Ann (Linda) Richards

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(1841-1930) was the first trained nurse in the United States

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Isabel Hampton Robb

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(1860-1910) the founder of the the school of nursing at Johns Hopkins University, and two national nursing organizations 1. the American Nurses Association(originally called Alumnae Association). 2. The National League for Nursing.

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Isabel Hampton Robb also wrote

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one of the earliest nursing textbooks, Materia Medica for Nurses, and coauthored a four-volume History of Nursing. She initiated the idea of graduate nursing study in the late 1800s

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Lillian Wald

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(1867-1940) is considered the founder of American public health nursing. She is best known for founding the Henry Street Settlement Visiting nurse Society(VNS) in New York City in 1893.

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Lillian Wald also convinced

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New York City schools to have a nurse on duty during school hours

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Mary Breckinridge

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(1881-1965) was a pioneer as a visiting nurse-midwife to the mountain people of Kentucky in the early 1900s. She started one of the first midwifery schools in the US.

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Mary Adelaide Nutting

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(1858-1947) and Isabel Robb in 1907 were instrumental in establishing the first college based nursing program at Teachers College of Columbia University

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Curricula in all of the early practical nursing schools included:

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child care, cooking, and light housekeeping, in addition to care of the sick at home

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Ballard School

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in 1892, Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) opened the first practical nursing school in the US in Brooklyn, NY.

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Later the YWCA was named

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the Ballard School because Lucinda Ballard provided the funding. This program was a 3-month course to train women in simple nursing care, emphasizing care of infants and children, older adults, and the disabled in the own homes

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Thompson Practical Nursing School

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Thomas Thompson, a wealthy man who lived in Vermont during the Civil War, learned that women were making shirts for the army at only a dollar a dozen.

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In Thomas Thompson will

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Thomas Thompson left money to help the women in his will. Richard Bradley, his executor, was a public-spirited man and determined that the local citizens needed nursing service

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In 1907 Richard Bradley

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Thompson's executor used some of Thompson's money to establish the Thompson Practical Nursing School in Brattleboro, Vermont. This school still exists today

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in 1908, The American Red Cross

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began offering home nursing education to teach lay women appropriate nursing care for illnesses within their own families. Jane Delano(1862-1919) was an Army nurse who was instrumental in this movement

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In the early part of the 20th Century

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nursing schools--training both practical nurses and registered nurses--were traditionally located in or affiliated with hospitals.

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Nursing during wartime has long been important

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From Florence Nightingale in the Crimea to the American Civil War, Spanish-American War, Korea, Vietnam, and continuing to the wars of the 21st century, nurses have always played a vital role

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The U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps

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established during WWII, with Lucile Petry Leone(1902-1999) as Director. 14,000 volunteer nurses graduated in about 2 years

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Katherine Densford

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(1890-1978)Director of the School of Nursing at the University of Minnesota. She promised to train expanded numbers of nurses in a short time. More than 1200 cadets graduated from that school alone

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Many factors influenced rapid trends of Nursing in the 21st century

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1. Higher client acuity in hospital and long-term settings 2. Shift to community based care(chronic or longterm) 3. Technology 4. Social factors (AIDS, TB) 5. Lifestyle factors and greater life expectancy 6. Changes in nursing education

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insignia

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a distinguishing badge of authority or honor (ex. The "Nightingale lamp" "Lamp of Nursing", or "Lamp of Learning" remains a standard of nursing insignia

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Mary E. Mahoney

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(1845-1926) promoted fair treatment of African Americans in healthcare. She was the first African American graduate nurse, and promoted integration and better working conditions for minority healthcare workers in Boston

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Nursing pen

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a pen given at graduation that symbolizes your school of nursing

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