Viruses – Microbiology – Flashcards

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viruses with 1-2 week incubation
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enteroviruses, polimyelitis, measles, smallpox, chickenpox, mumps, rubella
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viruses with 2+ weeks incubation
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mononucleosis, Hep-A, Hep-B, rabies, papilloma (warts), HIV
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Adenoviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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DNA double strand
Icosohedral symmetry
Replicate in nucleus
Naked
Adenovirus
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Arenoviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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RNA single strand (-)
Spherical
Envelope
Lassa fever, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
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B19 key features
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parvo, small, naked, icos, linear ssDNA
1/5 childhood diseases
erythemia infectiosum
aplastic crisis in chronically anemic
associated witha cute polyarthritis
in utero transmission --> spon abort
only 1 serotype
"slapped-face" or "lace-like" rash
no vaccine
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Bunyaviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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RNA single strand -
Helical symmetry
Replicates in cytoplasm
Envelope
California encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever virus, hanta virus
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CMV drugs
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ganciclovir, valganciclovir, cidofovir, phosphonoformate (foscarnet)
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CMV key features
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herpes-beta, large, enhv, linear dsDNA, icos
most common cause of viral congenital defects
opportunistic pathogen
transmission: blood, body fluids, transplant, STD, in utero, birth, nursing
heterophile-negative mono
can present like Hep w/ neg HepA/B/C
causes many transplant failures
no vaccine
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Coronaviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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RNA single strand +
Helical symmetry
Replicates in cyroplasm
Envelope
Coronavirus, SARS
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DNA viruses
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Herpes, Hepadna, Adeno, Papova, Parvo, Pox
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Dengue key features
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flavi, env, (+)ssRNA, icos
vector aedes, host = humans/monkeys
break-bone fever
no vaccine
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EBV key features
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herpes-gamma, large, env, linear dsDNA, icos
B cell parasite, stim growth and immortalize
heterophile Abs psositive infectious mono
binds to C3dR/CR2/CD21
harry cell leukoplakia
Downey cells (atypical T cells)
IgM to VCA, monospot, lymphocytosis
no vaccine
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Fiber protein
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Virus attachment protein for adenovirus
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Filoviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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(-) ssRNA
Filamentous
Envelope
Ebola
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Flaviviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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RNA single strand +
Icosohrdral symmetry
Replicates in cytoplasm
Envelope
Yellow fever, dengue, west nile, hep-C, st. Louis enceohalitis
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G protein gp
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Virus attachment protein for rabies virus
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HA gp
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Virus attachment protein for influenza A and paramyxovirus
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HHV6/7 = Roseola
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herpes-beta, large, env, linear dsDNA, icos
1/5 childhood diseases
rapid high fever, general rash
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HHV8
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herpes-gamma, large, env, linear dsDNA, icos
Kaposi's sarcoma
produce homologues of IL-6, Bcl-2, chemokines and their receptors
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HIV drugs
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NARTI: AZT, ddI, ddE, d4T, 3TC
NNRTI: nevirapine, delaviridine
protease inhibit: saquinavir, ritanavir, indinavir, nelfinavir
Fusion inhibit: enfuvirtide
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HIV key features
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retro, env, 2x (+)ssRNA, RT, integrase [gag, env, pol]
binds to CD4R, CCR5, and CXCR4
syncytia forming
Tx: NARTI, NNRTI, FusionI, ProteaseI, HAART
no vaccine
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HPV key features
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papilloma, naked, circular dsDNA
koilocytes, cauliflower warts
types 16 & 18 = cervical cancer risk
E6 inhbits p53, E7 inhibits pRB
does have vaccine (give to teen female)
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HSV and VZV drugs
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acyclovir, valacyclovir, penciclovir, famciclovir, iododeoxyuridine, trifluridine
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HSV-1 key features
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herpes-alpha, large, env, linear dsDNA, icos
DR and IR brack UL and US segments
syncytia forming virus
associated with above waist infections
most common cause of sporadic encephalitis
no vaccine
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HSV-2 key features
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herpes-alpha, large, env, linear dsDNA, icos
DR and IR surround UL and US segmetns
syncytial forming
associate with infection below waist
viremia possible
neonatal transmission
no vaccine
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HTLV-1
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retro, env, 2x(+)ssRNA, RT, integrase, [gag, pol, env]
long latency period
tax - transactivates IL-2 and IL-2R
ATLL
flower cells = pleomorphic and lobulated nuclei
Tx: AZT and interferon-alpha
no vaccine
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Hepadnaviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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DNA double stand
Icosohedral symmetry
Replicate in nucleus
Envelope, spherical
Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E
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Herpesviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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DNA double strand
Icosohedral symmetry
Replicate in nucleus
Envelope
HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV6/7, HHV8
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LCM key features
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lymphocytic choriomeningitis
arena, env, 2 ssRNA circles, ambisense
vector: hamster/mouse
more often flu-like than meningitis
pervascular infiltrates in all neurons
no vaccine
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Lassa fever
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arena, env, 2 ssRNA circles, ambisense
vector = rodent (fecal/oral, aerosol, direct contact) and human/human
coagulopathy, visceral hemorrhage
50% mortality
tx: ribavirin
no vaccine
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Negri bodies (associated with...)
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rabies
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Noroviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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RNA single strand +
Icosohedral symmetry
Replicates in cytoplasm
Naked
Norwalk, calcivirus
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Orthomyxoviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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RNA single strand -
Helical symmetry
Replicates in cytoplasm
Envelope
Influenza A, B, C
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Papovaviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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DNA double strand
Icosohedral symmetry
Replicate in nucleus
Naked
Polyoma and papilloma
JC virus, BK virus, SV40
papillomavirus
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Paramyxoviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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RNA single strand -
Helical symmetry
Replicate in cytoplasm
Envelope
Parainfluenza, measles, mumps, RSV
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Parvoviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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DNA single strand
Icoshedral symmetry
Replicate in nucleus
Naked
ParvoB19, adeno-associated virus
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Picornaviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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RNA single strand +
Icosohedral symmetry
Replicates in cytoplasm
Naked
Rhino, polio, echo, coxsackie, hep-a
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Poxviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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DNA double stranded, complex
No icoshedral symmetry
Replicates in cytoplasm
Envelope, brick-shaped
Smallpox
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RSV and Lassa virus drug
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ribavirin
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RSV key features
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paramyxo, (-)ssRNA, env
fatal acute respiratory tract infection
syncytia forming
low fever, tachypena and cardia, wheeze
ribavirn for severe and immunoglobulin for premies
no vaccine
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Reoviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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RNA double strand
Icosohedral symmetry
Replicates in cytoplasm
Naked
Rotavirus
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Retroviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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RNA single strand +
Helical symmetry
Replicates in nucleus
Envelope
Human T-cell leukemic type I & II, HIV
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Rhabdoviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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RNA single stand -
Helical symmetry (bullet shape)
Replicates in cytoplasm
Envelope
Rabies
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Sigma-1 and VP7
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Virus attachment protein for reoviruses (rotavirus)
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Togaviridae
(genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members)
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RNA single strand +
Icosohedral symmetry
Replicates in cytoplasm
Envelope
Rubella, WEE
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VP1-VP2-VP3 complex
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Virus attachment protein for Rhinovirus
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VZV key features
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herpes-alpha, large, env, linear dsDNA, icos
1/5 classic childhood diseaes
"dew drop on rose petal" rash (seen on scalp)
adult 1* infec--> interstitial pneumonia
syncytia forming virus
vaccine (live attenuated) give to children and elderly
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WEE and EEE key features
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alphaviruses, (+)ssRNA, env
vectors: aedes(E), culiseta, culex(W)
host: birds
decreased consciousness with enceph
chikungunya (arthritis)
vaccine for at risk
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adenovirus key features
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adeno, linear dsDNA, nakid, icos, hemagglutinin
E1A and E1B inhibit pRN and p53
dense, intranuclear inclusion w/o cytomegaly
diarrhea in infants (type 40 and 42)
vaccine for type 4 and 7, give to military
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aerosol transmission
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RSV, measles, mups, rubella, coxsackie B, rhino, adeno, B19, HSV-1, parainfluenza, coronavirus, influenxa A/B/C, VZV
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amantadine, rimantadine
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: influenza A
step: penetration and uncoating
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animal transmission
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rabies, LCM, Lassa fever, hantavirus
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antisense oligonucdleotides
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: papillomavirus
step: transcription
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arboviruses
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dengue, EEE, WEE, yellow fever, WNV, California encephalitis
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arildone, disoxaril, plecornaril
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: picornavirus
step: penetration and uncoating
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viruses with birth canal transmission
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hep-B, HIV, HPV, HSV-2
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viruses with blood transmission
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hep-C, hep-B, HTLV-1, HIV, CMV
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california encephalitis key features
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bunya, env, L/M/S segments, (-)ssRNA
vector:L aedes, culiseta
flu-like or encephalitis (50% seizures)
no vaccine
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coronavirus key features
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corona, env, (+)ssRNA
2nd most cause of common cold
causes SARS (trans: aero, urine, stool, sweat; high fever, cramps, dizzy, diff breathing, diarrhea)
transmission through aero or fecal/oral even though env virus
optimal temp = 33-35*C
quarantine SARS pts
no vaccine
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coxsackie A key features
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picorna, small, icos, (+)ssRNA, naked
binds to ICAM-1 and CD55
more severe in adults
vesicular lesion on uvula/soft palante
herpangia (anorexia), hand-foot-mouth disease, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
no vaccine
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coxsakie B key features
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picorna, small, icos, (+)ssRNA, naked
bind to ICAM-1 and CD55
severe in infacnts, transplacental transmission possible
myocarditis, pleurodynia
looks like MI with a fever
no vaccine
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viruses with direct contact transmission (infected body fluids)
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RSV, measles, mumps, Kaposi's, rhino, adeno, HPv, hep-A, roseola, CMV, EBV, parainfluenza, influenza A/B/C, VZV, HSV-2
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ebola key features
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filo, filamentous, env, (-)ssRNA
severe/fatal hemorrhagic fever --> edema, hypovolemic shock
transmission: animal resevoirs, blood/body fluids, injection
90% mortality
Dx: BSL4
quarantine
no vaccine
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echovirus key features
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picorna, small, icos, (+)ssRNA, naked
binds to CD55
aseptic meningitis is the worst case scenario
no vaccine
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enfuvirtide (Fuzeon)
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: HIV
step: penetration and uncoating
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viruses with fecal/oral transmission
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noro, rota, hep-A, hep-E, adeno, coxsackie A/B, polio
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foscarnet
(target virus, step stopped)
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pyrophosphate analog
non-nucleotide RT inhibitor
Tx for HIV and CMV retinitis
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viruses with genetic transmission
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prions, retroviruses
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gp120
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Virus attachment protein for HIV
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gp350 and gp220
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Virus attachment protein for EBV
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guanidine
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: picornavirus
step: RNA synthesis
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hantavirus key features
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bunya, env, L/M/S segments, (-)ssRNA
vector: rodents (close contact/aerosol)
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (interstitial edema, death via resp failure)
no vaccine
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hemagglutinin
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viral attachment protein
binds to sialic acid on epithelial cell surface receptors
promotes fusion of viral envelope to cell membrane
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hep-B drugs
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lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil
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hep-C drugs
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interferon-alpha, ribavirin
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heparan, dextran sulfate
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: HIV, HSV
step: attachment to cell
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hydrophobic substrate analogues
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: HIV
step: assembly
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imiquimod, resiquimod, CpG oliogeoxygnucleotides
(immune activation mechanism)
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bind TLRS, stimulate release of cytokines
activate NK cells
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influenza A and B drugs
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zabamivir, oseltamivir
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influenza A drugs
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amantadine, rimantadine
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influenza key features
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orthomyxo, env, (-)ssRNA, 8 segments
antigenic drifts and shifts (mainly type A)
steal methylated cap from cell mRNA
HA and NA antigenes, Abs are protective
vaccine, annual 2 type A, 1 type B
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inhibit cellular protein synthesis
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polioviruses, HSV, togaviruses, and poxviruses
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inhibit cellular protein synthesis and degrades cellular DNA
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HSV
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interferon
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: Hep-A, B, and C; papillomavirus
step: transcription, protein synthesis
endogenous or exogenous
relapse after tx stopped
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interferon, ampligen, poly rI:rC
(immune activation mechanism)
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exogenous interferons or induce interferon production
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isatin-Beta-thiosemicarbazone
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: poxvirus
step: induces mRNA degradation
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koilocytes
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characteristic of HPV
enlarged keratinocytes with clear haloes around shrunken nuclei
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maternal-neonatal transmission
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rubella, CMV, B19, echovirus, HSV, VZV
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measles key featrues
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paramyxo, only 1 serotype, (-)ssRNA, env
syncytial forming, combined HA and NA form protein
3C's: cough, coryza, conjunctiva; photophobia, maculopapular rash; Koplick spots
complications: SSPE and giant cell pneumonia
lifelong immunity after recovery
MMR vaccine
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mumps key features
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paramyxo, (-)ssRNA, env
bilateral parotitis, testes inflamation, fever
50% chance of meninge involvment
only one serotype
MMR vaccine
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neuraminidase
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glycoprotein
cleaves sialic acid
prevents virion clumping and facilitates the release of virus from infected cells
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neutralizzing antibodies
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: most viruses
step: attachment to cell
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non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (list)
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nevirapine, delavirdine
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nonoxynol-9
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: HIV, HSV
step: virion integrity
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norovirus key features
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noro, (+)ssRNA, naked
includes Norwalk, norwalk-like, calciviruses and more
six-point star, cup-indentations, or ragged outline cells
cruise ships
blunt villi, cytoplasmic vacuolations
no vaccine
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nucleoside analogues
(list)
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ACV, AZT, GCV, valacyclovir, penciclovir, famciclovir, adefovir, cidovovir, adenosine arabinoside, lamivudine, ddE, ddI, idoxuridine, trifluidine
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nucleoside analogues
(target virus, step stopped)
two methods
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target: herpesviridae, HIV, hepatitis B, poxvirus
step: DNA replication (polymerase)
2nd target: HSV, VZV
2nd step: nucleoside scavenging (thymidine kinase)
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owl's eye inclusion body
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CMV histologic characteristic
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papillomavirus drugs
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interferon-alpha
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parainfluenza key features
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paramyxo, (-)ssRNA, env
#2 cause of URT infection in kids
laryngeotracheobronchitis (croup)
synytia forming
"seal bark" and "subglottal narrowing"
tx: nebulizer
no vaccine
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peptide analongues
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: HIV
step: attachment to cell (gp120/CD4 recetor)
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phosphonoformate, phosphoacetic acid
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: herpes viruses
step: DNA replication (polymerase)
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picornavirus drug
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pleconaril
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poliovirus key features
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picorna, small, naked, (+)ssRNA, icos
attach to cell via PVR/CD155
asymptomatic, abortive poliomyelitis, aseptic meningitis, or paralytic polio
postpolio syndrome
asymmetric motor loss with no sensory loss
vaccine, erad in WestHemi, IPV and OPV forms
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rabies key features
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rhabdo, env, bullet-shape, (-)ssRNA
hydrophobia, focal/generalized sezeisures, hallucinations, disoriented, paralysis
Negri bodies
non much inflammatory response
long incubation
vaccine: for animals and at-risk (workers, lab, endemic travel)
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rhinovirus key features
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picorna, icos, small, (+)ssRNA, naked
most important cause of common cold and URT infections
infection can be initiated with 1 virion particle
runny nose due to bradykinin and histamine release by immune
no vaccine
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ribavirin
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: RSV, lassa fever virus, hantavirus
step: nuscleoside biosynthesis
safety concerns (carcinogenic)
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rotavirus key features
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(reovirus), 10-12 segments, dsRNA, naked, db capsid
cause human infantile gastroenteritis
cause 50% of diarrhea in kids (dehydrated hospitalized)
intermediate/infectious subviral particle (ISVP) = VAP
NSP4 acts as toxin
no vaccine
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rubella key features
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toga, (+)ssRNA, env, 1 serotype
1/5 childhood diseases
aka German measles
transplacental trans --> birth defects (cataracts, mental retardation, deafness)
MMR vaccine
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saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: HIV
step: protease inhibitors
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sexual transmission
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hep-B, HIV, HTLV-1, Kaposi's HSV-2, HPV,
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smallpox (variola) key features
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poxvirus, largest, brick-shape, linear dsDNA
replicates in cytoplasm (carries necessary poylmerases)
characteristic rash
vaccine, give to suspectible, reduced administration since 1980
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toxic virion components
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adenovirus fibers, reovirus NSP4 protein
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transplacental transmission
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HIV, coxsackie B, B19, CMV
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tromantadine
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: HSV
step: penetration and uncoating
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tumorogenic: continual stimulation of cell growth due to damage induced by presence of virus
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Hep-B and Hep-C
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tumorogenic: encodes growth-promoting cytokines
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HHV8 = Kaposi's sarcoma
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tumorogenic: proteins that inactivate tumor suppressor genes
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papillomavirus, SV40 virus, and adenovirus
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tumorogenic: stimulates cell growth by bcl-2 inductionh
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EBV
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tumorogenic: transactivates genes for growth-stimulating cytokines
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HTLV-1
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virus vectors for vaccines
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vaccinia and canarypox
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viruses that cause syncytia
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HSV, VZV, paramyxoviruses, HIV
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viruses with anti-viral treatments
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HSV, VZV, CMV, HIV, influenza A and B, RSV, hep-B and hep-C, paillomavirus, picornavirus
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viruses with week or less incubation time
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influenza, common cold, bronchiolitis (croup), adenoviruses, dengue, herpes simplex
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west nile key features
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flavi, (+)ssRNA, env
vector = culex, host = birds
fever encephalitis, hepatits
no vaccine
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yellow fever key features
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flavi, (+)ssRNA, env
vector = aedes, host = human/monkey
causes hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever
degen of liver, kidney, and heart
black vomit
live vaccine for at risk, cross-acting, lifelong
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zanamivir (relenza), oseltamvir (tamiflu)
(target virus, step stopped)
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target: influenza
step: budding of progeny (inhibits neuraminidase)
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zoonoses (animal/insect) transmission
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togaviruses (alpha), flaviviruses, bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, hantaviruses, rabies, influenza A, pox
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