Viruses – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| viruses with 1-2 week incubation |
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| enteroviruses, polimyelitis, measles, smallpox, chickenpox, mumps, rubella |
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| viruses with 2+ weeks incubation |
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| mononucleosis, Hep-A, Hep-B, rabies, papilloma (warts), HIV |
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| Adenoviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| DNA double strand Icosohedral symmetry Replicate in nucleus Naked Adenovirus |
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| Arenoviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| RNA single strand (-) Spherical Envelope Lassa fever, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus |
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| B19 key features |
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| parvo, small, naked, icos, linear ssDNA 1/5 childhood diseases erythemia infectiosum aplastic crisis in chronically anemic associated witha cute polyarthritis in utero transmission --> spon abort only 1 serotype "slapped-face" or "lace-like" rash no vaccine |
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| Bunyaviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| RNA single strand - Helical symmetry Replicates in cytoplasm Envelope California encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever virus, hanta virus |
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| CMV drugs |
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| ganciclovir, valganciclovir, cidofovir, phosphonoformate (foscarnet) |
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| CMV key features |
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| herpes-beta, large, enhv, linear dsDNA, icos most common cause of viral congenital defects opportunistic pathogen transmission: blood, body fluids, transplant, STD, in utero, birth, nursing heterophile-negative mono can present like Hep w/ neg HepA/B/C causes many transplant failures no vaccine |
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| Coronaviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| RNA single strand + Helical symmetry Replicates in cyroplasm Envelope Coronavirus, SARS |
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| DNA viruses |
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| Herpes, Hepadna, Adeno, Papova, Parvo, Pox |
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| Dengue key features |
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| flavi, env, (+)ssRNA, icos vector aedes, host = humans/monkeys break-bone fever no vaccine |
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| EBV key features |
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| herpes-gamma, large, env, linear dsDNA, icos B cell parasite, stim growth and immortalize heterophile Abs psositive infectious mono binds to C3dR/CR2/CD21 harry cell leukoplakia Downey cells (atypical T cells) IgM to VCA, monospot, lymphocytosis no vaccine |
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| Fiber protein |
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| Virus attachment protein for adenovirus |
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| Filoviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| (-) ssRNA Filamentous Envelope Ebola |
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| Flaviviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| RNA single strand + Icosohrdral symmetry Replicates in cytoplasm Envelope Yellow fever, dengue, west nile, hep-C, st. Louis enceohalitis |
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| G protein gp |
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| Virus attachment protein for rabies virus |
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| HA gp |
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| Virus attachment protein for influenza A and paramyxovirus |
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| HHV6/7 = Roseola |
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| herpes-beta, large, env, linear dsDNA, icos 1/5 childhood diseases rapid high fever, general rash |
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| HHV8 |
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| herpes-gamma, large, env, linear dsDNA, icos Kaposi's sarcoma produce homologues of IL-6, Bcl-2, chemokines and their receptors |
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| HIV drugs |
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| NARTI: AZT, ddI, ddE, d4T, 3TC NNRTI: nevirapine, delaviridine protease inhibit: saquinavir, ritanavir, indinavir, nelfinavir Fusion inhibit: enfuvirtide |
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| HIV key features |
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| retro, env, 2x (+)ssRNA, RT, integrase [gag, env, pol] binds to CD4R, CCR5, and CXCR4 syncytia forming Tx: NARTI, NNRTI, FusionI, ProteaseI, HAART no vaccine |
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| HPV key features |
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| papilloma, naked, circular dsDNA koilocytes, cauliflower warts types 16 & 18 = cervical cancer risk E6 inhbits p53, E7 inhibits pRB does have vaccine (give to teen female) |
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| HSV and VZV drugs |
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| acyclovir, valacyclovir, penciclovir, famciclovir, iododeoxyuridine, trifluridine |
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| HSV-1 key features |
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| herpes-alpha, large, env, linear dsDNA, icos DR and IR brack UL and US segments syncytia forming virus associated with above waist infections most common cause of sporadic encephalitis no vaccine |
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| HSV-2 key features |
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| herpes-alpha, large, env, linear dsDNA, icos DR and IR surround UL and US segmetns syncytial forming associate with infection below waist viremia possible neonatal transmission no vaccine |
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| HTLV-1 |
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| retro, env, 2x(+)ssRNA, RT, integrase, [gag, pol, env] long latency period tax - transactivates IL-2 and IL-2R ATLL flower cells = pleomorphic and lobulated nuclei Tx: AZT and interferon-alpha no vaccine |
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| Hepadnaviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| DNA double stand Icosohedral symmetry Replicate in nucleus Envelope, spherical Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E |
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| Herpesviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| DNA double strand Icosohedral symmetry Replicate in nucleus Envelope HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV6/7, HHV8 |
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| LCM key features |
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| lymphocytic choriomeningitis arena, env, 2 ssRNA circles, ambisense vector: hamster/mouse more often flu-like than meningitis pervascular infiltrates in all neurons no vaccine |
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| Lassa fever |
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| arena, env, 2 ssRNA circles, ambisense vector = rodent (fecal/oral, aerosol, direct contact) and human/human coagulopathy, visceral hemorrhage 50% mortality tx: ribavirin no vaccine |
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| Negri bodies (associated with...) |
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| rabies |
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| Noroviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| RNA single strand + Icosohedral symmetry Replicates in cytoplasm Naked Norwalk, calcivirus |
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| Orthomyxoviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| RNA single strand - Helical symmetry Replicates in cytoplasm Envelope Influenza A, B, C |
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| Papovaviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| DNA double strand Icosohedral symmetry Replicate in nucleus Naked Polyoma and papilloma JC virus, BK virus, SV40 papillomavirus |
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| Paramyxoviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| RNA single strand - Helical symmetry Replicate in cytoplasm Envelope Parainfluenza, measles, mumps, RSV |
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| Parvoviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| DNA single strand Icoshedral symmetry Replicate in nucleus Naked ParvoB19, adeno-associated virus |
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| Picornaviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| RNA single strand + Icosohedral symmetry Replicates in cytoplasm Naked Rhino, polio, echo, coxsackie, hep-a |
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| Poxviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| DNA double stranded, complex No icoshedral symmetry Replicates in cytoplasm Envelope, brick-shaped Smallpox |
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| RSV and Lassa virus drug |
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| ribavirin |
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| RSV key features |
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| paramyxo, (-)ssRNA, env fatal acute respiratory tract infection syncytia forming low fever, tachypena and cardia, wheeze ribavirn for severe and immunoglobulin for premies no vaccine |
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| Reoviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| RNA double strand Icosohedral symmetry Replicates in cytoplasm Naked Rotavirus |
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| Retroviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| RNA single strand + Helical symmetry Replicates in nucleus Envelope Human T-cell leukemic type I & II, HIV |
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| Rhabdoviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| RNA single stand - Helical symmetry (bullet shape) Replicates in cytoplasm Envelope Rabies |
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| Sigma-1 and VP7 |
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| Virus attachment protein for reoviruses (rotavirus) |
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| Togaviridae (genetics, symmetry, replication site, envelope or naked, members) |
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| RNA single strand + Icosohedral symmetry Replicates in cytoplasm Envelope Rubella, WEE |
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| VP1-VP2-VP3 complex |
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| Virus attachment protein for Rhinovirus |
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| VZV key features |
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| herpes-alpha, large, env, linear dsDNA, icos 1/5 classic childhood diseaes "dew drop on rose petal" rash (seen on scalp) adult 1* infec--> interstitial pneumonia syncytia forming virus vaccine (live attenuated) give to children and elderly |
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| WEE and EEE key features |
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| alphaviruses, (+)ssRNA, env vectors: aedes(E), culiseta, culex(W) host: birds decreased consciousness with enceph chikungunya (arthritis) vaccine for at risk |
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| adenovirus key features |
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| adeno, linear dsDNA, nakid, icos, hemagglutinin E1A and E1B inhibit pRN and p53 dense, intranuclear inclusion w/o cytomegaly diarrhea in infants (type 40 and 42) vaccine for type 4 and 7, give to military |
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| aerosol transmission |
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| RSV, measles, mups, rubella, coxsackie B, rhino, adeno, B19, HSV-1, parainfluenza, coronavirus, influenxa A/B/C, VZV |
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| amantadine, rimantadine (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: influenza A step: penetration and uncoating |
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| animal transmission |
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| rabies, LCM, Lassa fever, hantavirus |
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| antisense oligonucdleotides (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: papillomavirus step: transcription |
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| arboviruses |
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| dengue, EEE, WEE, yellow fever, WNV, California encephalitis |
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| arildone, disoxaril, plecornaril (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: picornavirus step: penetration and uncoating |
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| viruses with birth canal transmission |
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| hep-B, HIV, HPV, HSV-2 |
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| viruses with blood transmission |
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| hep-C, hep-B, HTLV-1, HIV, CMV |
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| california encephalitis key features |
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| bunya, env, L/M/S segments, (-)ssRNA vector:L aedes, culiseta flu-like or encephalitis (50% seizures) no vaccine |
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| coronavirus key features |
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| corona, env, (+)ssRNA 2nd most cause of common cold causes SARS (trans: aero, urine, stool, sweat; high fever, cramps, dizzy, diff breathing, diarrhea) transmission through aero or fecal/oral even though env virus optimal temp = 33-35*C quarantine SARS pts no vaccine |
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| coxsackie A key features |
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| picorna, small, icos, (+)ssRNA, naked binds to ICAM-1 and CD55 more severe in adults vesicular lesion on uvula/soft palante herpangia (anorexia), hand-foot-mouth disease, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis no vaccine |
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| coxsakie B key features |
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| picorna, small, icos, (+)ssRNA, naked bind to ICAM-1 and CD55 severe in infacnts, transplacental transmission possible myocarditis, pleurodynia looks like MI with a fever no vaccine |
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| viruses with direct contact transmission (infected body fluids) |
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| RSV, measles, mumps, Kaposi's, rhino, adeno, HPv, hep-A, roseola, CMV, EBV, parainfluenza, influenza A/B/C, VZV, HSV-2 |
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| ebola key features |
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| filo, filamentous, env, (-)ssRNA severe/fatal hemorrhagic fever --> edema, hypovolemic shock transmission: animal resevoirs, blood/body fluids, injection 90% mortality Dx: BSL4 quarantine no vaccine |
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| echovirus key features |
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| picorna, small, icos, (+)ssRNA, naked binds to CD55 aseptic meningitis is the worst case scenario no vaccine |
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| enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: HIV step: penetration and uncoating |
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| viruses with fecal/oral transmission |
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| noro, rota, hep-A, hep-E, adeno, coxsackie A/B, polio |
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| foscarnet (target virus, step stopped) |
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| pyrophosphate analog non-nucleotide RT inhibitor Tx for HIV and CMV retinitis |
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| viruses with genetic transmission |
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| prions, retroviruses |
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| gp120 |
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| Virus attachment protein for HIV |
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| gp350 and gp220 |
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| Virus attachment protein for EBV |
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| guanidine (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: picornavirus step: RNA synthesis |
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| hantavirus key features |
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| bunya, env, L/M/S segments, (-)ssRNA vector: rodents (close contact/aerosol) hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (interstitial edema, death via resp failure) no vaccine |
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| hemagglutinin |
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| viral attachment protein binds to sialic acid on epithelial cell surface receptors promotes fusion of viral envelope to cell membrane |
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| hep-B drugs |
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| lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil |
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| hep-C drugs |
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| interferon-alpha, ribavirin |
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| heparan, dextran sulfate (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: HIV, HSV step: attachment to cell |
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| hydrophobic substrate analogues (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: HIV step: assembly |
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| imiquimod, resiquimod, CpG oliogeoxygnucleotides (immune activation mechanism) |
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| bind TLRS, stimulate release of cytokines activate NK cells |
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| influenza A and B drugs |
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| zabamivir, oseltamivir |
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| influenza A drugs |
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| amantadine, rimantadine |
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| influenza key features |
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| orthomyxo, env, (-)ssRNA, 8 segments antigenic drifts and shifts (mainly type A) steal methylated cap from cell mRNA HA and NA antigenes, Abs are protective vaccine, annual 2 type A, 1 type B |
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| inhibit cellular protein synthesis |
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| polioviruses, HSV, togaviruses, and poxviruses |
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| inhibit cellular protein synthesis and degrades cellular DNA |
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| HSV |
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| interferon (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: Hep-A, B, and C; papillomavirus step: transcription, protein synthesis endogenous or exogenous relapse after tx stopped |
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| interferon, ampligen, poly rI:rC (immune activation mechanism) |
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| exogenous interferons or induce interferon production |
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| isatin-Beta-thiosemicarbazone (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: poxvirus step: induces mRNA degradation |
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| koilocytes |
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| characteristic of HPV enlarged keratinocytes with clear haloes around shrunken nuclei |
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| maternal-neonatal transmission |
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| rubella, CMV, B19, echovirus, HSV, VZV |
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| measles key featrues |
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| paramyxo, only 1 serotype, (-)ssRNA, env syncytial forming, combined HA and NA form protein 3C's: cough, coryza, conjunctiva; photophobia, maculopapular rash; Koplick spots complications: SSPE and giant cell pneumonia lifelong immunity after recovery MMR vaccine |
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| mumps key features |
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| paramyxo, (-)ssRNA, env bilateral parotitis, testes inflamation, fever 50% chance of meninge involvment only one serotype MMR vaccine |
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| neuraminidase |
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| glycoprotein cleaves sialic acid prevents virion clumping and facilitates the release of virus from infected cells |
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| neutralizzing antibodies (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: most viruses step: attachment to cell |
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| non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (list) |
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| nevirapine, delavirdine |
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| nonoxynol-9 (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: HIV, HSV step: virion integrity |
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| norovirus key features |
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| noro, (+)ssRNA, naked includes Norwalk, norwalk-like, calciviruses and more six-point star, cup-indentations, or ragged outline cells cruise ships blunt villi, cytoplasmic vacuolations no vaccine |
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| nucleoside analogues (list) |
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| ACV, AZT, GCV, valacyclovir, penciclovir, famciclovir, adefovir, cidovovir, adenosine arabinoside, lamivudine, ddE, ddI, idoxuridine, trifluidine |
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| nucleoside analogues (target virus, step stopped) two methods |
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| target: herpesviridae, HIV, hepatitis B, poxvirus step: DNA replication (polymerase) 2nd target: HSV, VZV 2nd step: nucleoside scavenging (thymidine kinase) |
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| owl's eye inclusion body |
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| CMV histologic characteristic |
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| papillomavirus drugs |
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| interferon-alpha |
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| parainfluenza key features |
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| paramyxo, (-)ssRNA, env #2 cause of URT infection in kids laryngeotracheobronchitis (croup) synytia forming "seal bark" and "subglottal narrowing" tx: nebulizer no vaccine |
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| peptide analongues (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: HIV step: attachment to cell (gp120/CD4 recetor) |
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| phosphonoformate, phosphoacetic acid (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: herpes viruses step: DNA replication (polymerase) |
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| picornavirus drug |
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| pleconaril |
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| poliovirus key features |
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| picorna, small, naked, (+)ssRNA, icos attach to cell via PVR/CD155 asymptomatic, abortive poliomyelitis, aseptic meningitis, or paralytic polio postpolio syndrome asymmetric motor loss with no sensory loss vaccine, erad in WestHemi, IPV and OPV forms |
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| rabies key features |
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| rhabdo, env, bullet-shape, (-)ssRNA hydrophobia, focal/generalized sezeisures, hallucinations, disoriented, paralysis Negri bodies non much inflammatory response long incubation vaccine: for animals and at-risk (workers, lab, endemic travel) |
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| rhinovirus key features |
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| picorna, icos, small, (+)ssRNA, naked most important cause of common cold and URT infections infection can be initiated with 1 virion particle runny nose due to bradykinin and histamine release by immune no vaccine |
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| ribavirin (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: RSV, lassa fever virus, hantavirus step: nuscleoside biosynthesis safety concerns (carcinogenic) |
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| rotavirus key features |
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| (reovirus), 10-12 segments, dsRNA, naked, db capsid cause human infantile gastroenteritis cause 50% of diarrhea in kids (dehydrated hospitalized) intermediate/infectious subviral particle (ISVP) = VAP NSP4 acts as toxin no vaccine |
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| rubella key features |
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| toga, (+)ssRNA, env, 1 serotype 1/5 childhood diseases aka German measles transplacental trans --> birth defects (cataracts, mental retardation, deafness) MMR vaccine |
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| saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: HIV step: protease inhibitors |
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| sexual transmission |
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| hep-B, HIV, HTLV-1, Kaposi's HSV-2, HPV, |
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| smallpox (variola) key features |
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| poxvirus, largest, brick-shape, linear dsDNA replicates in cytoplasm (carries necessary poylmerases) characteristic rash vaccine, give to suspectible, reduced administration since 1980 |
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| toxic virion components |
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| adenovirus fibers, reovirus NSP4 protein |
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| transplacental transmission |
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| HIV, coxsackie B, B19, CMV |
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| tromantadine (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: HSV step: penetration and uncoating |
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| tumorogenic: continual stimulation of cell growth due to damage induced by presence of virus |
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| Hep-B and Hep-C |
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| tumorogenic: encodes growth-promoting cytokines |
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| HHV8 = Kaposi's sarcoma |
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| tumorogenic: proteins that inactivate tumor suppressor genes |
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| papillomavirus, SV40 virus, and adenovirus |
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| tumorogenic: stimulates cell growth by bcl-2 inductionh |
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| EBV |
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| tumorogenic: transactivates genes for growth-stimulating cytokines |
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| HTLV-1 |
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| virus vectors for vaccines |
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| vaccinia and canarypox |
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| viruses that cause syncytia |
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| HSV, VZV, paramyxoviruses, HIV |
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| viruses with anti-viral treatments |
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| HSV, VZV, CMV, HIV, influenza A and B, RSV, hep-B and hep-C, paillomavirus, picornavirus |
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| viruses with week or less incubation time |
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| influenza, common cold, bronchiolitis (croup), adenoviruses, dengue, herpes simplex |
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| west nile key features |
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| flavi, (+)ssRNA, env vector = culex, host = birds fever encephalitis, hepatits no vaccine |
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| yellow fever key features |
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| flavi, (+)ssRNA, env vector = aedes, host = human/monkey causes hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever degen of liver, kidney, and heart black vomit live vaccine for at risk, cross-acting, lifelong |
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| zanamivir (relenza), oseltamvir (tamiflu) (target virus, step stopped) |
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| target: influenza step: budding of progeny (inhibits neuraminidase) |
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| zoonoses (animal/insect) transmission |
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| togaviruses (alpha), flaviviruses, bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, hantaviruses, rabies, influenza A, pox |
