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Harry Truman

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Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb. Start of Vietnam War. Did not want to lose to Communism. 1945-1953

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Green Berets

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President Kennedy gave enthusiastic support to the expansion of the Special Forces, soldiers who trained specifically to fight guerrilla conflicts and other limited wars. Elite anti-guerrilla military units expanded by Kennedy as part of his doctrine of "flexible response"

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Robert S. McNamara

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Was the secretary of defense under Kennedy. He helped develop the flexible response policy. He was against the war in Vietnam and was removed from office because of this.

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Dean Rusk

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American Secretary of State from 1961-1969. Rusk was very militant, advocating military force in combating communism. As secretary of state in the Johnson administration, he argued for US escalation in Vietnam, claiming that abandoning the South Vietnamese would cause "disaster to peace"

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Great Society (& all that goes with it)

answer

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

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War on Poverty

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1965 - Johnson figured that since the Gross National Profit had risen, the country had lots of extra money "just lying around," so he'd use it to fight poverty. It started many small programs, Medicare, Head Start, and reorganized immigration to eliminate national origin quotas. It was put on hold during the Vietnam War.

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Norman Morrison

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Quaker, set himself on fire as a style of protesting the Vietnam War, he set an example.

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17th Parallel

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Line of latitude that separated North and South Vietnam

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Saigon

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Capital of South Vietnam, capture of this city marks the conclusion of the civil war in 1975

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Hanoi

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Capital of North Vietnam

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Mao Zedong

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(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

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Joseph Stalin

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Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

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Korean War

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The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. (1950-3) A conflict between UN forces (primarily US and S Korea) against North Korea, and later China; Gen. Douglas MacArthur led UN forces and was later replaced by Gen. Ridgeway; Resulted in Korea remaining divided at the 38th parallel.

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Viet Minh

answer

Communist-dominated Nationalist Movement. Ruled Vietnam when Japanese rule ended. Leader was Ho Chi Minh.

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"First Indochina War"

answer

1946-1954. was fought in French Indochina between French and Vietnamese. End result was division of Vietnam at Geneva Conference.

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Dien Bein Phu

answer

the site of a major French military defeat in 1954 in Vietnam; French pulled out of Indo China; other countries from the West had to take a stand on Communism in Vietnam

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Napalm

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Highly flammable chemical dropped from US planes in firebombing attacks during the Vietnam War.

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Agent Orange

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A chemical herbicide used to clear jungle growth in the Vietnam War

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Domino theory

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A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

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TV War

answer

first American war with television coverage and many news reporters told of the war. However, eventually people realized that the reporters weren't getting the whole story, and were upset. They lost faith in their leaders, and voices against President Johnson became more numerous

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Walter Cronkite

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A newscaster who was known for his objectivity and trustworthiness, who said that the war in Vietnam would end in stalemate. Johnson knew that if even Cronkite didn't support him, nobody in Middle America supported him.

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Indochina

answer

a peninsula of southeastern Asia that includes Myanmar and Cambodia and Laos and Malaysia and Thailand and Vietnam

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Free Speech Movement

answer

led by Mario Savio it protested on behalf of students rights. It spread to colleges throughout the country discussing unpopular faculty tenure decisions, dress codes, dormitory regulations, and appearances by Johnson administration officials. An anti establishment New Left organization that originated in a 1964 clash between students and administrators at the University of California at Berkeley

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Ho Chi Minh

answer

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used guerrilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it un-winable, (1890-1969) Vietnamese leader who is responsible for ousting first the French, then the United States from his country. Supported by both communist China and the Soviet Union, he guided Vietnam through decades long warfare to emerge as a communist nation. Uncle Ho.

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Ngo Dinh Diem

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American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.

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Jane Fonda

answer

Oscar-winning actress and political activist who was against Vietnam War. In 1972, she visited North Vietnam and made supportive broadcasts for North Vietnamese. People think she committed treason, and millions of servicemen have never forgiven her.

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Bob Dylan

answer

60's musician. Part of counterculture revolution through music. anti-war and anti-government, A twentieth-century American folksinger and songwriter. His music, with its strong note of social protest, was especially popular during the 1960s, when he wrote songs such as "Blowin' in the Wind," "The Times They Are A-Changin'," and "Like a Rolling Stone."

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Geneva Accords

answer

A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

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SEATO

answer

Southeast Treaty Organization: Includes USA, UK, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand, Alliance designed to prevent Soviet expansion in Southeast Asia

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NLF (Vietcong--VC)

answer

National Liberation Front, it was in South Vietnam, including the Vietcong, it is made up of political and religious groups. During Vietnam. It had both guerrilla and regular army in it. It was established in 1960. It encouraged non-communists in the insurgency. best know action was the Tet Offensive. Ended in 1976.

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USS Maddox & Turner Joy

answer

US destroyers that were allegedly fired upon by the North Vietnamese in the Gulf of Tonkin. No one really sure if they were fired on, nonetheless, leads U.S to step up forces in Vietnam.

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Gulf of Tonkin

answer

1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam

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William Westmoreland

answer

A United States Army General, who commanded US military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak (1964-68), during the Tet Offensive. He adopted a strategy of attrition against the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam and the North Vietnamese Army. He later served as U.S. Army Chief of Staff from 1968 to 1972.

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Ho Chi Minh Trail

answer

A network of jungle paths winding from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam, used as a military route by North Vietnam to supply the Vietcong during the Vietnam War.

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Tet Offensive

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1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

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My Lai

answer

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

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Cambodia campaign

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Nixon begins bombing in attempt to cut off supplies to Ho Chi Minh trail, after he promises to stop bombing and get us out, secretly escalating the war in Cambodia

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Pentagon Papers

answer

(RN), , a classified study of the Vietnam War that was carried out by the Department of Defense. An official of the department, Daniel Ellsberg, gave copies of the study in 1971 to the New York Times and Washington Post. The Supreme Court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the documents. In response, President Richard Nixon ordered some members of his staff, afterward called the "plumbers," to stop such "leaks" of information. The "plumbers," among other activities, broke into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist, looking for damaging information on him. r Defense Secretary Robert McNamara , revealed among other things that the government had drawn up plans for entering the war even as President Johnson promised that he would not send American troops to Viet.

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Statistics on the war

answer

Of the 2.6 million in the war, between 1 and 1.6 million (40-60%) either fought in combat, provided close combat support or were at least fairly regularly exposed to enemy attack. 7,484 women served in Vietnam, of whom 6,250 or 83.5% were nurses. Peak troop strength in Vietnam was 543,482, on 30 April 1969. Total death: 58,156 Severely disabled: 75,000, 23,214 were classified 100% disabled. 5,283 lost limbs, 1,081 sustained multiple amputations. Amputation or crippling wounds to the lower extremities were 300% higher than in WWII and 70% higher than in Korea. Multiple amputations occurred at the rate of 18.4% compared to 5.7% in WWII. MIA: 2,338 Draftees vs. volunteers: 25% (648,500) of total forces in country were draftees. (66% of U.S. armed forces members were drafted during WWII) Draftees accounted for 30.4% (17,725) of combat deaths in Vietnam. 12.5% (7,241) black soldiers The average age of the G.I. in 'Nam was 19 (26 for WWII)

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War Powers Act 1973

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Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress.

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"teach-ins"

answer

Special session of lecture and discussion on a controversial topic that often occurred during the Vietnam War era

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Mario Savio

answer

Free speech activist in Berkeley and other places during 1960's. Berkeley Free Speech Movement activist and raised awareness for free speech, the just simply the right to protest simply everything in society

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SDS ("new Left")

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Students for a Democratic Society-an anti establishment New Left group, founded in 1960, this group charged that corporations and large government institutions had taken over America; they called for a restoration of "participatory democracy" and greater individual freedom

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Columbia University takeover

answer

students staged takeover of med school to protest segregation SDS - Mark Rudd

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Port Huron Statement

answer

Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace., 1962; adopted by 60 students determined not to be a "silent generation," it was a broad critique of American society and called for more genuine human relationships; proclaimed a "new left" and formed the "Students for a Democratic Society" envisioning a nonviolent youth movement transforming the US into a "participatory democracy" as an end to materialism, militarism, and racism; demonstrated the feelings of a disillusioned generation (JFK's death, police brutality) that made them work for change in the second half of the 20th century

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Hawks

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Americans who pushed for increased military spending and involvement in the Vietnam War.

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Doves

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Americans who opposed the Vietnam War.

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J. William Fulbright

answer

Along with being a journalist, this Senator and chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, turned against the war in Vietnam and in January 1966 began to stage highly publicized and occasionally televised congressional hearings to air criticisms of it.

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Eugene McCarthy

answer

American politician, he was a U.S. senator who vied for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination against President Johnson. He was a little known Democratic Senator from Minnesota, he represented the Democratic party in the 1968 presidential election. He was a devout Catholic and a soft-spoken, sometimes poet. He used a group of antiwar college students as his campaign workers. He, with the help of his "Children's Crusade", got 42% of the democratic votes and 20 out of 24 convention delegates.

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Robert Kennedy

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He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans.

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Martin Luther King, Jr.

answer

1929-1968. Pivotal leader of the American Civil Rights movement. Non-violent leader, became youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination. Led Montgomery Bus Boycott, helped found Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and led March on Washington in 1963 where he delivered "I have a Dream" speech.

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Richard Daley

answer

Chicago mayor and political boss 50s-70s. Credited with helping elect JFK in Illinois and for using force against protestors during Democratic convention in 1968.

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1968 Democratic Convention

answer

Bloody riot in 1968 in Chicago to protest the Democratic National Convention because of Democratic support of the Vietnam war. Led to Republican win for the presidency.

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Hubert Humphrey

answer

A prominent liberal senator from Minnesota dedicated to the promotion of civil rights, he served as Johnson's vice-president from 1964-68 and ran an unsuccessful personal campaign for the presidency in 1968.

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George Wallace

answer

Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot

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Chicago Eight

answer

Members of various protest groups accused of inciting riots at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1968. , seven defendants charged with conspiracy, inciting to riot, and other charges related to protests that took place in Chicago on the occasion of the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Bobby Seale, the eighth man charged, had his trial severed during the proceedings, lowering the number from eight to seven.

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Abbie Hoffman

answer

lead protesters at Chicago Democratic nominating convention (nominate pig for president); co-founder of the yippies- Youth International Party

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Weathermen

answer

group that branched off of the SDS; advocated terrorism in the US to stop another Vietnam from happening; name came from Bob Dylan lyrics "don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows"; dwindle away after 4 of them die in an explosion in Greenwich Village

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Black Panthers

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A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

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Bobby Seale

answer

African-American political activist, founder, along with Huey Newton, and national chairman of the Black Panther Party. Seale was one of a generation of young African-American radicals who broke away from the traditionally nonviolent Civil Rights Movement to preach a doctrine of militant black empowerment

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Henry Kissinger

answer

Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Adviser and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and fascism from spreading throughout South America.

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Apollo 11

answer

1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became first people to walk on the moon. 'Merica.

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Kent State University

answer

Kent State (in Ohio) was the location of one of the many college student protests against the Vietnam War. The protest ended with a clash against the police and the death of several students. The incident greatly decreased the support for U.S. involvement in Vietnam and caused even more protest and resentment. (There was a song written about this "Four Dead in Ohio", I believe)

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Assassinations

answer

JFK-1963 Robert Kennedy-1968 Ngo Dinh Diem-1963

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Yippies

answer

Youth International Party; anarchist party headed by Abbie Hoffman that opposed the Vietnam War & conformity; poured bags of dollars onto the New York Stock Exchange and carried pictures of LBJ upside down

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Vietnamization

answer

A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". As applied to Vietnam, it was labeled "Vietnamization".

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Betty Friedan The Fem. Mystique

answer

An American feminist, activist and writer, best known for starting what is commonly known as the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of a book. An author who, in her book, gave the women's movement a new direction by encouraging middle-class women to seek fulfillment in pro careers rather than confining themselves to the roles of wife, mother, and homemaker.

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Gloria Steinam

answer

launched "Ms." magazine in 1972 to spread the message of the National Organization for Women (NOW)

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Title IX

answer

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

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Roe-v-Wade

answer

established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state interference in 1st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd; state may regulate to protect health or unborn child in 3rd. inferred from right of privacy established in Griswold v. Connecticut

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Phyllis Schaffley

answer

female critic of the women's equal rights movement new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s. She stopped the ERA from being passed, seeing that it would hinder women more than it would help them.

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ERA

answer

The Equal Rights Amendment Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.

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The pill

answer

first approved in 1960 becoming a very popular form of birth control; argued to have been one of the factors which increased the presence of women in the labor force because it allowed them to maintain a sexual relationship while pursuing a career, thus given the credit of being one of the factors in the quite revolution

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NOW

answer

National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan first president, wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination

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Rachel Carson

answer

"Silent Spring", sparked a real environmentalist movement: which introduced the adverse environmental effects of DDT and the fact that it would kill the environment and there would be no birds to sing.- a silent spring

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Gay Liberation Front

answer

(1969): revolutionary group, rejected hetero normative societal restrictions, roles of straight and gay—homosexuality was a potential that could be unleashed in anyone; claimed that sexual liberation for all people cannot come about until existing sexual institutions are abolished

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AIM & Alcatraz

answer

American Indian Movement - Minneapolis, 1968 - Intent: Native American Pride and Self-Defense; Tribes from all over country come to this visit; Alcatraz - defunct federal prison taken over by a militant band of native Americans in 1969to dramatize condition of them. turned it int a cultural and educational center, run out by fed officials in 1971

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Cesar Chavez & UFW

answer

Caesar Chavez - Mexican-American migrant farm worker & founder of the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee in 1963; helped exploited Chicano workers with his successful "boycott grapes" movement that led to better pay, limits on the use of toxic fertilizers, and recognition of farm workers' collective bargaining right "United Farm Workers" - organization of Mexican field hands, gained rights for migrant farm workers

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Latino Movement

answer

There was a growing number of Latinos, especially Puerto Ricans in the country. It led to this movement strengthening ethnic identity and electing several Mexican Americans into congress.

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Counterculture

answer

A mode of life opposed to the conventional or dominant, that rejects established social values and practices, esp. among the young.

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Haight-Ashbury

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In San Francisco, Hippie formed community, famous center of counterculture. Young people flocked there., Haven for young people seeking an alternative to the straight world in 1965. Was located in San Francisco

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Woodstock

answer

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field

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"Tune in, turn on, drop out"

answer

Timothy Leary, Harvard professor conducted studies on LSD told kids to do this. Hippie motto.

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Republic of Indonesia

answer

a republic in southeastern Asia on an archipelago including more than 13,000 islands; achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1945; the principal oil producer in the Far East and Pacific regions

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Bandung Conference

answer

The conference in which representatives from twenty-nine governments of Asian and African nations gathered in Bandung, Indonesia to discuss peace and the role of the Third World in the Cold War, economic development, and decolonization. The conference denounced colonialism in all its manifestations and said that all countries in attendance would not align with either communism (USSR) or capitalism (US)

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"Colonialism in all of its manifestations"

answer

US talking about Vietnam and the French

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French Indochina

answer

(DDE) a French colony that included Vietnam , Laos, and Cambodia, but Vietminh captured the fRench fortress of Dien Bien Phy, North was a Communist State, south independent, they wanted to resist of Communism

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Viet Minh

answer

Communist-dominated Nationalist Movement. Ruled Vietnam when Japanese rule ended. Leader was Ho Chi Minh.

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Ho Chi Minh

answer

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

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Democratic Republic of Vietnam

answer

Basically, South Vietnam. The non-commusit good guys, if you will

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First Indochina War

answer

1946-1954. was fought in French Indochine between French and Vietnamese. End result was division of Vietnam at Geneva Conference. Recognizing Minh's government in Hanoi, France after the war sought to reestablish Indochina in Cambodia, Laos, and the southern half of Vietnam, which it did successfully. The French put Bao Dai in power in South Vietnam

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Bao Dai

answer

Puppet Emperor for the Japanese. Ruler who was unable to exercise any of his powers without the support of French regime. Became premier of independent vietnam: ngo din diem outmaneuvered bao dai

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Geneva Accords

answer

A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

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Dulles, mutual defense agreements for southeast Asia

answer

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization , (DDE), A regional defense pact pulled together by Dulles to prevent the "fall" to communism of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

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Viet Cong

answer

A Communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam.

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National Liberation Front

answer

Ho Chi Minh wanted to unite Vietnam under Northern rule and aided what group of communist rebels trying to overthrow Diem in the south. Official title of the Viet Cong. Created in 1960, they lead an uprising against Diem's repressive regime in the South.

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"sink or swim with Ngo Dinh Diem"

answer

Eisenhower Admin.'s motto towards the beginning of the Vietnam War

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Communist Pathet Lao

answer

The insurgents who were helped by the Soviets in trying to take over Laos

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Royal Laotian Army

answer

The weak military of the government of Laos

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Kennedy (Laos)

answer

neutral coalition gov't that included Pathet Laos representatives yet prevented a Pathet Lao victory and avoided US military involvement

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Ho Chi Minh Trail

answer

A network of jungle paths winding from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam, used as a military route by North Vietnam to supply the Vietcong during the Vietnam War.

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Buddhist Demonstration in Vietnam

answer

Burning, self immolation, Saigon. Protesting Vietnam War.

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1963 coup d'etat

answer

On Nov 22, 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson became President of the United States of America. On that same date, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated at Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas. Government insider says JFK autopsy material altered. "Magic Bullet" theory.

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Lyndon B. Johnson

answer

(1963-1965) and (1965-1969) The 24th Amendment is added in 1964. In 1965 the 25th Amendment is passed and in 1967 it is added to the Constitution., 1963-1969, Democrat , signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

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McGeorge Bundy

answer

was United States National Security Adviser to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson from 1961 through 1966. Known for role in involving U.S. in Vietnam War. was one of Kennedy's "wise men". He played a crucial role in all of the major foreign policy and defense decisions of the Kennedy and part of the Johnson administration. These included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and, most controversially, the Vietnam War. From 1964 he was Chairman of the 303 Committee, responsible for coordinating government covert operations. Former dean of faculty at Harvard. Undergrad at Yale.

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Maddox & C. Turner Joy

answer

The alleged attack on this US vessel caused wide spread panic and led to giving the President blanket support for policies in Vietnam. USS Turner Joy (DD-951) was one of 18 Forrest Sherman-class destroyers of the United States Navy. She was named for Admiral Charles Turner Joy USN (1895-1956). Commissioned in 1959, she spent her entire career in the Pacific. She participated extensively in the Vietnam War, and was one of the principal ships involved in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident.

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Operation Rolling Thunder

answer

bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight

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Gen. William C. Westmoreland

answer

made up the 10:1 body count, believed that US will beat communism, South Vietnam will take over, and we can take troops home. Told people that the light is at the end of the tunnel; ended up being wrong

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"Westy's War"

answer

fought with helicopter gunships, chemical defoliants, and napalm; became like trench warfare of WWI-war of attrition

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War of Attrition

answer

A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses

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Domino Effect

answer

The fear that if Vietnam fell to communism, so would the surrounding countries.

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Robert McNamara

answer

The US Secretary of Defense during the battles in Vietnam. He was the architect for the Vietnam war and promptly resigned after the US lost badly

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The Tet Offensive

answer

A large attack by communist forces on American strongholds throughout Vietnam taking place on January 31, 1968 in which a few cities fell to communist forces. This offensive revealed to many Americans the brutality of the fighting in Vietnam as it was documented through television and photographs. Although this was a military victory for the United States, it significantly hindered the Johnson administration.

question

Eugene McCarthy

answer

a little known Democratic Senator from Minnesota, he represented the Democratic party in the 1968 presidential election. He was a devout Catholic and a soft-spoken, sometimes poet. He used a group of antiwar college students as his campaign workers. He, with the help of his "Childrens Crusade", got 42% of the democratic votes and 20 out of 24 convention delegates.

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March 31

answer

Halt Bombing of North Vietnam

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Revenue Act of 1964

answer

This act was able to revive an economy that had stagnated under Kennedy by reducing taxes to increase discretionary spending

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"The Other America"

answer

(1962)-This novel was an influential study of poverty in the U.S, published by Michael Harrington & it was a driving force behind the "war on poverty." 1/5 of U.S was living below poverty line.

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Job Corps

answer

a work training program for young people between the ages of 16 and 21

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Head Start

answer

a preschool program for children from low-income families that also provides healthcare, nutrition services, and social services

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Volunteers to Service America

answer

JFK-VISTA was founded as Volunteers in Service to America in 1965 as a national service program designed specifically to fight poverty in America. In 1993, VISTA was incorporated into the AmeriCorps network of programs.

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Community Action Program

answer

Invited local communities to establish community action agencies (CAA's) to be funded through the office of economic opportunity; allowed poor to run antipoverty programs in their own neighborhoods.

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"Great Society"

answer

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

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Election of 1964

answer

LBJ beats Senator Goldwater who voted against the civil rights act and was a conservative republican, Barry Goldwater (R) vs. LBJ (D) Signaled important political changes. Last time democrats could win by proposing New Deal-ish programs that increased government power, John was the 1st Democrat since the Civil War to lose the south

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"me-too" candidates

answer

Candidates in the '64 election that said "I want to do that, too!" as a way to get people to vote for them. Not a very persuasive way of creating a platform

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Barry Goldwater

answer

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history

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Hubert Humphry

answer

Democratic presidential candidate in 1968, lost narrowly to Nixon in an election bid hurt by support for the Vietnam War and by third-party candidate George Wallace

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American Medical Association

answer

AMA, National professional society, called for strict, scientific standards for admission to the practice of medicine

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Medicade

answer

the government insurance program for low-income individuals & familys that is funded both by the federal government & each individual state

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Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1966

answer

Created to prevent poverty in Appalachia by investing in programs that foster development.

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Housing & Urban Development Act of 1965

answer

LBJ-Helps improve run-down neighbors

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Department of Housing & Urban Development

answer

The Department of Housing and Urban Development administers programs that provide housing and community development assistance. The Department also works to ensure fair and equal housing opportunity for all.

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Robert C. Weaver

answer

This man, head of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, was the first black cabinet member, and was such under LBJ

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Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

answer

(also known as the Hart-Celler Act or the INS Act of 1965) abolished the national-origin quotas that had been in place in the United States since the Immigration Act of 1924. An annual limitation of 170,000 visas was established for immigrants from Eastern Hemisphere countries with no more than 20,000 per country. By 1968, the annual limitation from the Western Hemisphere was set at 120,000 immigrants, with visas available on a first-come, first-served basis. The democratic controlled Congress (House of Representatives voted 326 to 69) in favor while the Senate passed the bill by a vote of (76 to 18). President Lyndon Johnson signed the legislation into law.

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Election of 1968

answer

1968; McCarthy challenged LBJ, who was politically wounded by the Tet Offensive and the Vietnam War; LBJ stepped down from the running, and Kennedy and McCarthy were left on the Democratic ballot; but Americans turned to Republican Nixon to restore social harmony and end the war

question

All in the Family

answer

1971, Norman Lear the shows creator felt that TV comedy should not only funny, but provocative and stimulating. It was the first show to commonly used topics such as racism, sexism, and religious bigotry, as the basis for plots. Show attracted and held a large audience holding the number one spot for 5 years.

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Silent Majority

answer

A phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s

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Nixon Policy in Vietnam

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VIETNAMIZATION- turn responsibility of war over to the south Vietnamese, "peace with honor"

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Vietnamization

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turn responsibility of war over to the south Vietnamese, A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". As applied to Vietnam, it was labeled "Vietnamization".

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Draft Lottery System

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purposed to correct the imbalance in the drafting situation (blacks accounted for more than 20 percent of American combat deaths despite representing only about 10 percent of U.S. population)

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Madman theory bombing

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Just bomb the crapola out of North Vietnam, and we're good. Yup.

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April 30, 1970

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"incursion" into "neutral" Cambodia

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Richard R. Daley

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Governor of Chicago during the 1968 Democratic Convention riots

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Curtis Le May

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General in US air force who was considered the "father of strategic air command"

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Peace with Honor

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A phrase U.S. President Richard M. Nixon used in a speech , to describe the Paris Peace Accord to end the Vietnam War., as the election of 1972 approached, the Nixon administration changed their plans, they stopped insisting on removal of North Vietnamese troops from the south, and focused more on a breakthrough in negotiations with the North Vietnamese.

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New Left

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Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.

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Tom Hayden

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leader of Students for a Democratic Society

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Al Haber

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founded SDS (students for a Democratic Society) in 1960

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SDS

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Students for a Democratic Society-an antiestablishment New Left group, founded in 1960, this group charged that corporations and large government institutions had taken over America; they called for a restoration of "participatory democracy" and greater individual freedom

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Port Huron Statement

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1962; adopted by 60 students determined not to be a "silent generation," it was a broad critique of American society and called for more genuine human relationships; proclaimed a "new left" and formed the "Students for a Democratic Society" envisioning a nonviolent youth movement transforming the US into a "participatory democracy" as an end to materialism, militarism, and racism; demonstrated the feelings of a disillusioned generation (JFK's death, police brutality) that made them work for change in the second half of the 20th century, Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace.

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College Students Drafted into VW

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1966

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"Hey hey LBJ, how many kids have you killed today?"

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Popular protest chant from the youth revolt after 1966 draftings of college kids

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Colombia University and Mark Rudd

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Kidnap the Dean, Free Speech Movement (kind of related, still under that category)

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Richard R. Daley

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Governor of Chicago during the 1968 Democratic Convention riots

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Californios

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Descendents of Spanish and Mexican conquerors; Spanish speaking inhabitants of California they were culture of Mexico carried to California.

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Tejanos

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Mexican residents of Texas. Many fought with the Americans in the Revolution, but after Texas was independent, the Americans didn't trust them. The Americans feared they were spies and drove many out of Texas.

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Young Chicanos for Community Actions

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also known as the Brown Berets; social-service group designed to promote greater self-reliance and local involvement within Mexican American neighborhoods; members protested disproportionate number of Hispanics being killed in Vietnam War; demanded improvements in their neighborhood schools

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UFW

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"United Farm Workers" - organization of Mexican field hands, gained rights for migrant farm workers

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Cesar Chavez

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leader of hispanic civil rights mvmt and was president of the united farm workers, 1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

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Community Service Organization

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Founded in 1947 and based primarily in California. Their goals included fostering civil rights, improving health care and living conditions, and developing leadership skills in urban Mexican communities. Half of the CSO's members were women, most of them who participated with their husbands.

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National Labor Relations Act of 1935

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No protection for Mex-Am farm workers

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National Farm Workers Association

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cesar chavez-united farm workers-gain union recognition and increase conditions for mex amer-non violent and religion protest, organized for better pay and working conditions for migrant farm workers through nonviolent protests, hunger strikes, and media attention

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Native Americans, 2 points

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1. Guilt of the whites 2. Plight is more desperate

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George Mitchell

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Name the man who is referred to as the father of shale gas, due to his exploitation of the barnett shale in the 1990s.

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Dennis Banks

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b. 1937. Native American leader, teacher, lecturer, activist and author. Anishinaabe tribe member born on the Leech Lake Indian Reservation. Participated in the Occupation of Alcatraz, the Trail of Broken Treaties, and led the Occupation of Wounded Knee. Wanted to protect the traditional ways of native peoples and to engage in legal cases to protect the treaty rights of natives. In 1978 established the first Sacred Run - meant to spread messages from tribe to tribe in the traditional ways. Began acting in movies in 1988.

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American Indian Movement

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(AIM) A Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

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Bureau of Indian Affairs

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A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans.

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1973 American Sioux at Wounded Knee

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The Wounded Knee incident began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 Oglala Lakota and followers of the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The protest followed the failure of an effort of the Oglala Civil Rights Organization (OSCRO) to impeach tribal president Richard Wilson, whom they accused of corruption and abuse of opponents. Additionally, protestors attacked the United States government's failure to fulfill treaties with Indian people and demanded the reopening of treaty negotiations.

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Silent Spring

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Rachel Carson, 70s, pesticide use (DDT)

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Endangered Species Act

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(1973) identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations

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National Environmental Policy Act

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promotes enhancement of the environment and the set up of procedural requirements regarding statements of environmental effects and proposed actions

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NOAA

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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, an agency in the Department of Commerce that maps the oceans and conserves their living resources

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OPEC energy crisis

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What: oil crisis started when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries or the OAPEC proclaimed an oil embargo, Cut off oil shipments to U.S

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John Elrichman

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President of Domestic Affairs, also counselor to Richard Nixon, major role in Watergate Scandal.

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Nixon's southern strategy

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His attempt to woo conservative white voters from the democratic party by promising not to support new civil rights legislation. "The silent majority" of white suburbanites in the South

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Alexander vs. Holmes BOE

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"Delays in desegregation school systems are no longer tolerable".

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Swann vs. Charlotte Mecklenburg BOE

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Supreme Court decided that busing students outside their district to create racial balance in the schools is constitutional

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Milliken vs. Bradley

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1974 Supreme Court case a. Dealt with desegregation of busing to students across 53 school districts in Detroit b. Court ruled that desegregation could only extend across district lines when multiple districts had deliberately engaged in segregation and evidence of such is presented.

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New Federalism

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A policy in 1969, that turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems)

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New American Revolution

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Nixon in office. Environmental Legislation. EPA- 1970. Signs clean air act of 1970. Passes OSHA. Wants to dismantle great society and lets civil rights programs die. Opposes school busing and passes first affirmative action program "Philadelphia Plan"

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26th Amendment

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18 year olds can vote

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OSHA

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment

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Clean Air Act

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(RN), 1970 reaction to Rachel Carson in her 1962 in Silent Spring, It describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of smog and air pollution in general. The legislation forced the country to enforce clean air standards to improve health and showed that American was moving towards certain environmentalist measures.

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Clean Water Act

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Federal Law setting a national goal of making all natural surface water fit for fishing and swimming by 1983, banned polluted discharge into surface water and required the metals be removed from waste

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Federal Election Campaign Act

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established the main rules for campaign finance today and created the Federal Election Commission

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Stagflation

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During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth.

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3 causes of economic malaise

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A. increased government spending through the 1960s without a major tax increase. C. the oil shortage. D. the stiff competition American goods faced on the international market.

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Neil Armstrong

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1st person to walk on the moon; U.S. Apollo 11; July, 1969; his famous words - "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

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Who replaced the US as USSR's most threatening competitor?

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China!

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Nixon Doctrine

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During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

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SALT

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negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons

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6 day war of 1967

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Israel launched a preemptive strike against Egypt. Israeli victory; control over Gaza Stripe, Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, Golan Heights, and East Jerusalem.

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Yom Kippur War of 1973

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war between Israel and Arabs where Sadat wanted to flex his new muscles and regain the Arab prestige that was lost during the Six-Day War. Arabs lose the war in a matter of weeks.

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shuttle diplomacy

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In the 1970s, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger began an intensive campaign in which he moved back and forth from Israel to Egypt to Syria to try to reach a peace settlement

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Election of 1972

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Placed Nixon against Democrat George McGovern, with the former being the embodiment of the radical movements Nixon's "silent majority" of middle-class Americans opposed, resulting in a landslide victory for Nixon

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James W. McCord

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one of the defendants in the Watergate case who agreed to cooperate with the jury and released a testimony revealing dark secrets about the White House

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Watergate

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1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down

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Judge Sircia

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Judge for Watergate & Nixon Tapes (Us vs. Nixon)

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CREEP

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Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.

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John Dean

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He testified against Nixon as well as other cabinet members in the Watergate hearings. His testimony helped led to the removal of several White House officials and the resignation of Nixon. Before his testimony he had been a White House lawyer.

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Ervin Committee

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The Senate Committee that conducted televised investigation into the Watergate scandal. Chaired by Senator Sam Ervin (D-NC),(pictured right)

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Nixon Tapes

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a collection of recordings of conversations between U.S. President Richard Nixon and various White House staffice in February 1971. Nixon withheld them from the trials, citing executive privilege, as long as he could until the Supreme Court in July of 1974 in United States v Richard M Nixon made him give up the tapes unanimously, which were then destroy in part by his private secretary. What remained on the tapes still shocked the nation, and crippled Nixon who would resign in two weeks

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Saturday Night Massacre

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dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973

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Firing of Cox

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"Saturday Night Massacre"

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US vs. Richard Nixon

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Nixon released tapes of Watergate to prosecutor Jaworski-->impeachment (1)obstruction of justice (2)misused fed agencies to violate citizens' rights (3)defied Congress. Nixon quit., Rejected Richard Nixon's claim to an absolutely unqualified privilege against any judicial process

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President Ford

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Following Vice President Spiro Agnew's resignation in 1973, President Nixon selected this man to be the first vice president appointed according to the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment. As vice president, he defended Nixon throughout the long Watergate scandal ordeal. Upon Nixon's resignation in August 1974, he assumed the presidency. In September, he granted "a full, free and absolute pardon" to Nixon. Facing a depressed economy at home, he ineffectively acted to curb inflation and lower the deficit. In foreign affairs, he oversaw the withdrawal of U.S. forces from a defeated South Vietnam. He lost his bid to be elected president in 1976 when he was defeated by Democrat Jimmy Carter.

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War Powers Act

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1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

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1966 Freedom of Information Act

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Ruled that citizens have a right to know what government is doing

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Gulf of Tonkin Incident

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Alleged attack of US ships by North Vietnamese torpedoes in the Tonkin Gulf on August 4, 1964. Prompted the escalation of the War in Vietnam.

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