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type of research in which the same people are studied at various ages in thier lives to determine age related changes

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longitudinal design

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type of research in which different people at different ages are studied to determine age related differences

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cross sectional design

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your characteristics as referred to by heredity (genetically)

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nature

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your characteristics as referred to by environmental influences

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nurture

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the egg in a woman

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ovum

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when pregnancy begins

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conception

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fertilized egg

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zygote

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weeks 2-8 in pregnancy

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embryonic stage

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8 weeks-birth in pregnancy

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fetal stage

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the study of behavior through genetics

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behavioral Genetics

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the idea of injecting certain genes into people to give your baby the traits you want them to have

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Genetic Engineering/Therapy

question

alcohol, cigarettes, std's, x-rays are dangerous to this

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the fetus

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actions include rooting, sucking, swallowing, startling, steping, etc.

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motor reflexes for newborns

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conducted study on baby monkeys to see how they reacted to different types of affection

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Mary and Harry Harlow

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distress that most children develop when they are separated from their parent

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seperation anxiety

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type of attachment when a mother leaves a baby it cries, but then is happy when she returns

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secure attachment

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type of attachment when a mother leaves a baby and a baby doesn't care

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avoidant attachment

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type of attachment in which a baby is sad when a mother leaves but not happy when she returns

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anxious/ambivalent attachment

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an active system that receives information from the senses, puts the info into a usable form and organizes it as it stores it away, then retrieves the info form storage

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memory

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part of cognitive development around 2 months in which the baby will start to make vowel sounds

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cooing

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part of cognitive development around 6 months when a baby can make consonant and vowel sounds and start to sound like words

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babbling

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part of cognitive development around 1 year of age when the baby can begin to say words

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one word speech

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part of cognitive development around 18-24 months . toddler will say short simple sentences

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telegraphic speech

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four step Theory that As children develop, they must make constant mental adaptations to new observations and experiences.

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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

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part of piaget's theory in which the baby uses concrete actions to learn about the world

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sensorimotor state (birth-2)

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understanding something exists even when you can't see it or feel it

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object permanence

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part of piaget's theory in which the use of symbols and language accelerates. Children at this stage lack the cognitive ability to understand abstract principles and mental operations.

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preoperational stage (2-7)

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part of piaget's theory in which Children become capable of conservations and reversible thinking. Not able to deal with abstract concepts (Ex. Freedom).

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Concrete Operations Stage (7-12)

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part of piaget's theory in which children become capable of abstract reasoning. able to reason about situations they have not experienced firsthand.

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Formal Operations stage (12- adulthood)

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Period of development between puberty and adulthood

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adolescence

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theory in which over time your cells stop repairing themselves as well. this leads to signs of aging

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cellular clock theory

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theory that points to outside influences such as stress, physical exertion and bodily damage. Body organs and cell tissues wear out with repeated use

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wear and tear theory

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theory that old people adjust more positively to aging when they remain active

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activity theory

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intelligence that is deductive reasoning, the ability to use new information to solve problems

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fluid intelligence

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intelligence that consists of knowledge and skills that are built up over a lifetime

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crystallized intelligence

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denial anger bargaining depression acceptance

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five stages of reactions to death

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stage of memory in which information enters the nervous system through the sensory system

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sensory memory

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type of sensory memory in which someone asks you a question and you don't remember it for a second. Ex. "what?... oh yeah I want some"

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echoic sensory memory

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memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used. - memory is held for about 30 seconds, it is either stored in long term memory or the info is lost

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short term memory

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part of the memory process in which you take information in

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encoding

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part of the memory process that involves keeping memories in.

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storage

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part of memory process in which you get the information out

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retrieval

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stage of memory in which all information is to be kept more or less permanently. Hippocampus is highly involved in this process

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long term memory

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long term memory that involves knowing how to do something

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procedural memories

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memories knowing something is true

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declarative memories

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type of memory that is conscious, intentional recollection of an event or information

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Explicit memory

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memory in which you retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier Ex. short term answers

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recall

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memory in which you identify information you have previously observed. Ex. multiple choice exams

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recognition

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A stimulus for remembering things.

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retrieval cues

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part of serial position effect, remembering info that came first

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primacy effect

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part of serial position effect, remembering info that came last

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recency effect

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effect involved with remembering things. includes primacy and recency effect

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serial position effect

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a memory so vivid that the event seems to be frozen in time, with all the details intact. despite their intensity, they are not always complete or accurate

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Flashbulb Memory

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distinct pattern in which forgetting something is very common after the first hour of learning. lose 44% after one hour of hearing something

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Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

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forgetting- information is not attended to and fails to be encoded

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encoding failure

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forgetting- information is remembered but not used so it is forgotten

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decay or disuse

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forgetting- old information interferes with new information so you don't remember it

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proactive interference

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forgetting- new info interferes with old information so you don't remember it

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retroactive interference

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partial or complete loss of personal information as a result from a brain injury or brain disease

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Amnesia

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disease that includes memory loss and overall decreased cognitive ability. NOT a normal part of aging. Not a cure for it

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Alzheimers

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process by which activities are started, directed and continued so that physical or psychological needs and wants are met

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motivation

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type of motivation in which a person does something because it leads to something they get for their action

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extrinsic motivation

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type of motivation in which a person does something because it is rewarding or satisfying internally

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intrinsic motivation

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approach to motivation that people are governed by instincts similar to that of animals such as eating, and reproducing

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instinct motivation

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approach to motivation in which people use internal drives that arise from physiological needs.

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drive reduction motivation

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approach to motivation in which people have a desired level of tension that they seek to maintain by lowering or raising stimulation

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arousal approach to motivation

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approach to motivation that is a response to external stimulus and its rewarding properties. Ex. eating pie, even though you are full.

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incentive approach to motivation

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basic requirements of human body. food water sex sleep

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physiological needs

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desire of someone to feel safe

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safety needs

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desire to give and receive affection and be in the company of others

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belongingness and love needs

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desire for self confidence and sense of self worth

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esteem needs

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desire to understand learn and explore things

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cognitive needs

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desire of things being in symmetry, appreciation of beauty

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aesthetic needs

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desire for self fulfillment

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self actualization needs

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desire to help others achieve their goals

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transcendence needs

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when a person is 20% heavier than the ideal body weight

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obesity

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a condition where a person reduces eating to a point where they lose 15% of their bodies desired weight

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anorexia nervosa

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a condition when someone eats then forces themselves to lose the weight

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bulimia

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the "feeling" aspect of consciousness

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emotion

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part of the brain largely involved in anger and fear

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amygdala

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brain cells that fire when you see someone else carrying out an action. Ex. you think a spider is crawling on you after you see one

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mirror neurons

question

mimicking other peoples facial expressions and/or mood

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mood contagion

question

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

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learning

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learning in which a person's environment determines behavior. people don't have free will

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behaviorism

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learning process when an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response

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classical conditioning

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founding father of classical conditioning

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ivan pavlov

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process that establishes or strengths a conditioned response

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acquisition

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time difference between the CS and the UCS.

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latency

question

decrease of conditioned response

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Extinction

question

the extension of a conditioned response rom the training stimulus to similar stimulus

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stimulus generalization

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being able to differentiate between two conditioned stimuli because they produce different outcomes

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stimulus discrimination

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stimulus that elicits a response without training Ex. food

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unconditioned stimulus

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stimulus that creates a response when paired with a UCS. Ex. sound of a bell

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conditioned stimulus

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voluntary behavior and the effects of consequences on the behavior

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operant conditioning

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if the outcome of an action is pleasurable, it will tend to be repeated and vice versa

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law of effect

question

this person insisted thoughts and feelings cannot be explained

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B.F. Skinner

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neihter increases or decreases the probabablity that the response will reoccur.

answer

neutral consequence

question

strengthens the response and makes it more likely to reoccur

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reinforcement

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weakens response adn makes it less likely to reoccur

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punishment

question

type of punishment in which you remove the pleasurable stimulus. Ex. losing your liscense

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punishment by removal

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type of punishment that you create an unpleasant stimulus. Ex. spanking a child

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punishment by application

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an operant conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced

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shaping

question

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

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latent learning

question

learning by which others do and what happens to them for doing it

answer

observational learning

question

this person believed that people go through 8 stages of emotional crisis in their lives

answer

erik erikson

UWO Psych 101 Interim Exam 3 – Flashcards

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