US History since 1877-2 – Flashcards
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THE TWENTIES
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Reaction to change from WW1
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Nativism, Restrictive Laws, Sacco and Venzetti, The Klan, Fundamentalism in religion, Scopes Trial, Prohibition, Women's suffrage
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Nativism
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the belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners
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Immigration Laws
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Emergency Immigration Act, Immigration act of 1924
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Sacco and Venzetti
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two men wrongly- accused of murder and robbery because they were radical anarchists immigrants, finally sentenced to death in 1927
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The Klan
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New trend brought on by sentiments on immigration, not just against African Americans
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Fundamentalist Religion
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Literal interpretation of the Bible, Billie Sunday
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Scopes Trial
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a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. Debated by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan
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Prohibition
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18th Amendment, movement started in the progressive era, difficult to enforce, repealed in 1933.
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Reason for Prohibition
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War time spirit sacrafice and need for grain, Hostility to German immigrants, fundamentalism in religion
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The New Women
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Womens suffrage, Alice Paul- equal rights amendment, increase in women in workforce
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Flappers
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Short hair, short skirts, new attitudes, popular by Hollywood
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African American Rights
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NAACP, enforcement of 14th & 15th amendments, anti-lynching laws, testing laws in court
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Harlem Renaissance
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a flowering of African American pride and, artistic creativity during the 1920's centered in the Harlem community of NYC. With poets like Langston Hughes
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Jazz
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Followed great migration, originated from ragtime and blues, syncopated, Louis Armstrong,
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Marcus Garvey
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African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.
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Modern Scientists
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Albert Eisenstein, Planck, Heisenberg
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Modern Artists
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Margaret Meade, T.S Elliot, Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway
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New kinds of Art
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dadaism, atonal music, stream of consciousness
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Prospering areas of the economy
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Airlines, Automobiles, Construction, Labor
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Reasons for Prosperity
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post war demands for goods, pro business attitude of the government, effectiveness in production, availability of credit, new technologies and industries.
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Henry Ford
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a factory owner famous for his Model T. He developed the assembly line, which quickened production in factories, as well as the Model T.
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Coolidge and Harding economic philosophy
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Reduce taxes, Reduce spending, Protective tariffs, Little regulation
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Teapot dome scandal
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Albert Fall accused of accepting bribes for access to government oil in Teapot Dome, Wyoming
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Election of 1928
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Herbert Hoover (Republican), John Davis (Democrat). Hoover Wins
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The Thirties and the Great Depression
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Reason for Depression and stock market crash
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speculation in the market: stock above market over confidence in the market, market saturation, unequal distribution of wealth, global trends, government politics
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Hoover's response to the depression
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Glass Stegal Banking Act, Emergency relief Act, Reconstruction Finance Corporation
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Critics of hoovers response to the depression
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World War One Vets- wanted bonuses, marched on Washington DC,
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Reconstruction finance Corporation
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Emergency loans to banks and life insurance companies.
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Emergency relief Act
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Relief loans to the states, local construction
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The Bonus Army
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Group of WWI veterans who had been promised their bonuses for fighting in WWI/ they marched on Washington D.C. and camped out on the White House lawn/ Hoover commanded Douglas MacArthur with the army to get rid of them/ some were killed and others wounded
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Roosevelt's Philosophy
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Recovery, Relief, Reform
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New Deal Programs
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Economy Act, Public Works Administration, AAA, CCC, NIRA, Social Security, Tennessee Valley Authority
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Economy Act
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Cutting salaries and benefits of government workers, Reorganizing of government agencies to save money
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Public Works Administration
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Plump Priming: putting money into economy to help it grow,
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AAA (Agriculture Adjustment Act)
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Reducing Agriculture Output, Paying farmers to reduce output, Plowing under fields,
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CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)
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Conservation Jobs for young unemployed men, housing provided in camps, required to send some of their pay home
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NIRA (National Industry Recovery Act)
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Setting fair competition prices and codes, End unfair business practices, National laborer, Critics claimed reduced free competition
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Social Security
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federal program of disability and retirement benefits that covers most working people
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Tennessee Valley Authority
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Independent Public Corporation to create dams in the Tennessee to generate electricity for rural areas, and control flooding.
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Huey Long
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Critic of new deal, share our wealth, guarantee certain incomes, pension for the ages
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Father Coughlin
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Critic of new deal, Radio show, National Union for Social Justice
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Francis Townsend
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Critic of new deal, Townsend recovery program, Pensions for the aged
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Court Packaging plan
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Courts hard on the new deal, adding more federal judges, fear of presidential control
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African Americans and the new deal
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Disproportionate aid, Tenet farmers hurt in particular, fear of alienating south
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Dust Bowl
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Added to Misery of the 1930's for farmers, due to bad farming practices, and drought
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World War Two
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Isolationism
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a policy of nonparticipating in international economic and political relations. because of fear of another war, fear that arms build up brought on WWI, thought US brought into WWI by Business & Alliances
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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Agreement signed in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another, self defense allowed, 62 signatures
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Five Power Treaty
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US, Japan, France, Great Britain, Italy, Agree to tonnage limits, Ten year ban on new battleships, refrain from curter fortification in the pacific
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Four Power Treaty
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Respecting Possessions in the pacific, US, GB, France, Japan
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Nine Power Treaty
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Respecting China and the open door policy
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Neutrality Acts
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Act 1935 made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war, Act 1936 embargo with nations at war and it banned loans to the nations that were fighting, Act of 1937 no expiration date, and extended to cover civil wars. Also, U.S. ships prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations, private ships can come at own risk
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Spanish Civil War
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civil war in Spain in which General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government. US was neutral
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Events leading to WWII
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Pearl harbor, German Invasion of Poland, Spanish Civil War
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Hitler: Czechoslovakia, Poland
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March 15, 1939 Hitler seized rest of Czechoslovakia; Britain promised help to Poland, Greece, and Romania if they were attacked, Suttenland, Munich Conference: Germany Invades Poland WWII starts.
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Critics of Involvement in WWII
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Atlantic Charter
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Roosevelt and Church hill, US and GB committed to ending Nazis Regime, agree on self determination and free trade
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Lend/Lease: Cash/Carry
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Selling, leasing and giving war materials and supplies to Allies: Getting goods if they came to US
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Reasons and response to pearl harbor
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Surprise attack to get US to stop or not be able to fight in the war. US declares war on Japan
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Battle at Coral sea
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This battle was the first win for America in the Pacific, and took over Japan's territory, June 1942, Stop at Australia
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Battle at Midway
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Turning point, halts Japan
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D Day
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allied forces land in Normandy, France to begin massive offensive against Germans in occupied territories of Europe
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Battle of the bulge
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German attack, last ditch effort, December 1944, by 1945 allies fight into Germany
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki- Atomic Bomb
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Debate over bomb, using bomb would eliminate deadly invasion, would demonstrate our power,
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home front- Employment
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Women entering workforce
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home front- Minority groups
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African Americans- Tuskegee airmen, more opportunities than before, integrated officer candidate schools: Native Americans- Served at a higher rate, Navajo code talkers
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home front- Japanese
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Interment, easy to Identify, fear of spies, moved from homes to deserted areas forced to sell goods and businesses
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home front- Government intervention
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Publicizing rations and economy drives, rationalizing, and economy drives.
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Causes of the Cold War
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•Soviet takes control of Eastern European nations. •Communism gains in Western Europe, The Middle East, and Asia •Western powers fear Soviet expansion.
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Marshall Plan
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Secretary of State George Marshall, Europe was destroyed after the war, Giving aid to keep out of Communism
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Truman Doctrine
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Greece and Turkey, resisting spread of Communism, had received British aid but British are no longer capable. Aiding those countries resisting subjection.
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Domino Theory
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the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
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Containment
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Keeping communism from spreading.If communism not contained would spread throughout the world
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Berlin Air Lift
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Russia blocking access to west Berlin, getting supplies to a struggling west Berlin by plane
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Brinksmanship
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The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.
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NATO
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Alliance of 12 nations, mutual defense, separation from past foreign policy, Warsaw pact is the eastern counterpart
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Election of 1948
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Dewy (Republican)-Truman (Democrat) Truman and Wallace, Truman as desegregated government Jobs. Expectation Dewy to win but Truman Wins
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The loss of 'China'
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Mao takes power- 1949, communism is now in China, fear of soviet connection
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NSC-68
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Policy made by National Security Council, conflict with USSR unavoidable, soviet aims ran counter to ours Supports increase in defense spending.
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Population and Suburban growth
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Baby boom, longer life expectancy, moving to suburbs, mass production of homes
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Douglass McArthur
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general in command of U.S. forces in the Korean War, use nuclear weapons against China
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Korean War- Reasons for involvement
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North invades South- June 1950, World wide response-Afraid of apeasment, Considered
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Korean War- Chinese involvement
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US forces too close to border with China
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Reasons for the red scare
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fear of the spread of Communism and Socialism, this fear started in thirties but was put off for war,
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Hollywood ten
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Group of people in the film industry who were jailed for refusing to answer congressional questions regarding Communist influence in Hollywood
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Rosenbergs
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Husband and wife tried/executed for treason under suspicion of communist influence and trading atomic bomb secrets with the Soviet Union during Manhattan project
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Alger hiss
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A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.
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Joseph McCarthy
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US senator; claimed that their were Soviet spies and Communists within the government but had no evidence; discredited by the US senate
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Army McCarthy hearings
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a series of hearings where Senator McCarthy accused people in the US military of being communists
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house UN-american activities committee
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established in 1938 to investigate disloyalty in the US
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Truman and the fair deal
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Same as New Deal, just a name change Reforms in education, health care and civil rights Declined to run in 1952 - too worn out from fighting with Congress
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Election of 1952
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Eisenhower- war hero, wants out of korea: Stevenson- democrat, lost easily
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Reason for economic growth in 1950's
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Pent up demand for products, Credit, Government benefits, Consumer culture- teenagers
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Baby Boom
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the rapid population increase that took place bewteen 1945 and 1960
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Fifties society
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Youth and rebellion, Rock and Roll- Elvis, Buddy holly
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Brown vs Board of education
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1954-Oliver Brown sued against school segregation. Court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
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Little rock nine
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Nine african american students who first integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957. Government refused to integrate, Eisenhower forced to use troops to desegregate the schools
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Southern Manifesto
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1956, Opposition of Southern congressmen to Brown v. Board of Education decision
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Rosa Parks
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Refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. After she was jailed, the Montgomery bus boycott was organized.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
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protest in 1955-1956 by African Americans against racial segregation in bus system of Montgomery, Alabama.
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Eisenhower and Domestic Policy
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Reduce government role in economy, what is good for business is good for economy, cut federal farm subsidies, ended wage and price controls, continuation of new deal programs.
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Dien Bien Phu
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The place that the final battle took place that forced the French out of Vietnam
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Suez canal
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Egypt wants British out of the canal, US agrees and doesn't want Egypt to have any communist influence after it controls the canal.
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Sputnik
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The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.
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Rise of Fidel Castro
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replaced a dictator, but soon started nationalizing land, eventually communist.
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The Sixty's
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Election of 1960
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Kennedy(democrat), Nixon(republican) First Television debate
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Martin Luther King
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Favors civil rights, but also Non-Violence Expansion of the civil rights movement
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Freedom Riders
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Challenging segregation in the South by simply riding on busses and trains in segregated sections They were violently thrown off
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Birmingham
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Peaceful protests, broken up by water hoses Violence shown on national television
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March in Washington
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March in 1963 to Washington to support a new Civil Rights movement "I have a Dream Speech"
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Bay of Pigs
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U.S aided invasion of Cuba by anti-Castro Forces Failure Assumed that the rest of the Cubans would join, but they wouldn't U.S and USSR come to talks/tensions Berlin Wall as a result
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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Question of nuclear weapons in Cuba On the Brink of Nuclear Disaster
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Kennedy assassinated
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November 23, 1963; Lee Harvey Oswald; Dallas, Texas; During a Parade
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The "Great Society"
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Medicare and Medicaid Health insurance and medical grants to help the elderly , disabled, and Higher Education Act Scholarships/loans for college age students Immigration Act Getting ride of quotas by country Higher Education Act Safety standards for highway manufacturing and design
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Prohibits racial segregation in public facilities Outlawed standing racial discrimination in voter registration and hiring practices
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Malcom X
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More radical than Martin Luther King Jr. Nation of Islam
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Gulf of Tonkin
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Two U.S Ships attacked Claimed it was unprovoked Used It to get power to repel any armed attack on the U.S
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Tet Offensive
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a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.
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Democratic Convention in 1968
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had a significant amount of protest activity. For eight days, protesters and police battled for control of the streets of Chicago, whilst the Democratic Party met at the convention. Hubert Humphrey won the nomination
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Election of 1968
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Nixon- Republican Candidate, Humphrey- Democrat Candidate, Wallace- American Independent, Nixon Wins Easily
