US History II – Chapter 24 – Flashcards

He was the U. S. general who led the attack in North Africa in Nov. of 1942. He was the master organizer of the D-Day invasion in Europe (June 6, 1944) he supervised the invasion of Normandy (D-DAY), Casablanca and the defeat of Nazi Germany. Later became president in 1952 and again in1956. He was very well liked by the public.

"Blood and Guts" innovative tank commander. An innovative tank commander who trapped Axis forces in a continually shrinking pocket in Tunisia. "If you can't get them to salute when they should salute, or wear the clothes you tell them to wear, how are you going to get them to die for their country?"

Giving up to an enemy without any demands; Term used by the Allied powers to describe what kind of surrender they wanted from Germany and Japan - one without negotiations An announcement by FDR with Churchill's endorsement that the war would end only with this. The conquered governments would be no longer, no compromise could be reached. Later people believe that this stiffened enemy resistance

The dropping of a large concentration of bombs over a certain area Flying by night, British planes dropped massive amounts of bombs on German cities; goal was to inflict maximum damage

a military strategy used in a WWII where the Allies bombed the Japanese for days on end with the goal of weakening their defenses and bringing them to a surrender (which they never do)

332 Fighter Group -famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee, Alabama flying school - all black unit of fighter pilots. Won many awards for bravery and never lost a single pilot

(25.3) U.S. Admiral during WWII, the commander of American naval forces in the Pacific. He took action to defend the island of Midway from the Japanese. On June 3, 1942, his scout planes found the Japanese fleet. The Americans sent torpedo planes and dive bombers to the attack. The Japanese were caught with their planes still on the decks of their carriers. The results were devastating. By the end of the Battle of Midway, the Japanese had lost four aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes.

(25.3) Americans discovered that the Japanese were planning to attack Midway, a strategic island which lies northwest of Hawaii. Admiral Chester Nimitz, the commander of American naval forces in the Pacific, moved to defend the island. On Junes 3, 1942, his scout planes found the Japanese fleet. The Americans sent torpedo planes and dive bombers to the attack. The Japanese were caught with their planes still on the decks of their carriers. The results were devastating. by the end of the Battle of Midway, the Japanese had lost four aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes. In the words of a Japanese official, at Midway the Americans had "avenged Pearl Harbor." Battle used airplanes instead of ships to attack.

Stalingrad, Coral Sea, Midway, Hiroshima/Nagasaki, Normandy

A 1942-1943 battle of World War II, in which German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture the city of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union thanks to harsh winter; turning point of war in Eastern Europe

Military strategy adopted by the United States that required concentrating on the defeat of Germany while maintaining a holding action against Japan in the Pacific. American policy that promised huge military aid and helped solidify the anti-Hitler coalition. a military strategy set forth by Churchill and adopted by Roosevelt that called for the defeat of Hitler, while maintaining a holding action against Japanin th e Pacific. When done with Germany the United States launched an all-out strike against Japan in the Pacific

(1943) Invade Italy from Western side through Operation Avalanche and from south through Operation Baytown and Operation Slapstick; Advanced more slowly then expected, tough terrain, finally come reach Northern Italy; 320k casualties of Allies. began in July 1943 in Sicily; bloody battles to push back Axis powers; by 1943 Italian people had turned on Mussolini July 1943; Americans and the British invaded Sicily and Southern Italy; Italians were defeated in about a month.

Used at the battle of midway

African American labor leader who urged FDR to end discrimination in the armed forces

Also known as the Fair Labor Standards Act, this banned discrimination in the war industries. In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

Wartime agreement between the United States and Mexico to import farm workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage; the agreement was in effect from 1941 to 1947.

Confinement, as in the forced relocation of Japanese Americans in WWII; the act of confining someone into a prison or camp. Confinement during wartime

all-Nisei team (made up of Japanese Americans) fought in the Italian campaign and went on to become the most decorated military unit in history

A system of allocating scarce goods and services using criteria other than price Taking items that are in short supply and distributing them according to a system. For instance, during World War II, gas, sugar, and butter were a few of the items rationed in the United States.

Established in 1942 by FDR, it took charge of domestic propaganda through films, books, and other media which portrayed the Allies as heroes against evil. Established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort. (OWI) Organization that employed artists, writers and advertisers to shape public opinion concerning World War II. A big propaganda machine

Profoundly. Everyone joined in the war effort. They rationed food, supplies and certain metals, they grew their own food called a victory garden. Auto manufacturers (and others) changed their entire production over to war materials. Women went to work in jobs traditionally held almost exclusively by men. Look up "Rosie the Riveter". Music and entertainment took on wartime themes to encourage our people and our troops. The Manhattan project was completed in record time. Something almost unknowable was developed just for the effort.

labor shortages- men went off to warand women entered the work force. many women were now working full time and yet were still trying to maintain their home life. Attracted by waiting jobs, the number of high school dropouts increased significantly, resulting in the teenage work force swelling from one million to three million youngsters. Separation from fathers or sons left devastating effects, and in a sense, many felt robbed of their childhood. increase in marriages, job opportunities, and patriotism still poverty increased and some families were forced to move in search of work. Some 20 million people existed on the border of starvation as families faced a severe shortage of housing, lack of schools, hospitals and child-care facilities Increase in divorce; 5 million "war widows" trying to care for their children alone. African Americans, they were usually "the last to be hired and the first to be fired." division of rich versus poor citizens. Poverty increased as the federal deficit escalated. Longer working days Americans asked to conserve and recycle numerous items, so that factories could use them for wartime production materials. tin cans, bottles, rubber items, paper, scrap metal, and even fats left over from cooking Food rationing -There were now such substitute foods as dried powdered eggs and liquid paraffin instead of cooking oil. For those who violated the rationing rules, the punishment was strict. "Victory Gardens" were started as the government encouraged Americans to grow their own food.

Women joined worked force, left homes and children. Latch-key kids, fatherless. Women asked to give up their jobs when men returned and then paid less if they kept jobs from men. Japanese Americans held in internment camps. Blacks fought in wars, paid less. Etc

Started as a tussle between blacks and whites on a Sunday afternoon, at a beach on the Detroit River, and then grew into a riot when white sailors stationed nearby joined the fight. 9 whites dead and 25 blacks dead. Lasted 3 days. 1943 Riots occurred due to tensions created from competition over jobs and housing

(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

German forces began a fierce counterattack. the pushed the Allies back. making a bulge in front of the line *last offensive German attack; last major battle in Europe during WWII was when Hilter made a surprise attack at Ardennes Forest

1945 - The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

(Military Matters)(1941-1945) Naval commanders used this technique to bypass heavily fortified Japanese islands and isolate them with naval and air power. This strategy allowed Allied forces to move quickly toward Japan. method of warfare used by the U.S. navy of attacking and seizing only strategic islands held by the Japanese

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

German-born physicist who helped persuade Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb best known for his mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc2,

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb." Scientific director of the Manhattan Project

Mainly because they were attacking Germany from three fronts. Normandy through France to Germany, Southern front through Italy and the Eastern front with the Russians. The Japanese were beaten through a war of attrition via island hopping and defeats on the Asian mainland. The use of the atomic bombs on Japan hastened the end of the war. The Italians were simply beat fair and square. We were smarter, stronger and simply better than them.

The enemy was on the run. The Germans were desperately short of men and even boys were fighting. The Japanese were in retreat or penned up on small islands. The leadership had lost the plot. The German Generals wanted to sue for peace but Hitler wouldn't allow it. The Japanese couldn't sue for peace - loss of face wouldn't allow it. The enemy was outof fuel. The Germans simply had no large source. The Japanese had lost their biggest supplier (the US) years earlier and had no large resource. Both were pushed back into their homeland. The Germans were trapped between the British, the Americans, Colonials and Poles and the Russians - they had nowhere to run. The Japanese were penned up in Japan and were well within the reach of American heavy bombers - they had nowhere to run.

An argument for an allied invasion of France before 1944 was that the quicker Hitler was forced to fight two fronts the quicker he would be defeated. An argument against an allied invasion was that it would be too expensive and risky.

It allowed the United States to have a lasting relationship with Japan. Japan was able to make the claim that they were beaten by technology, and not lack of valor. In Hirohito's radio address telling the Japanese people, he stressed this.

The issues that Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill disagreed on, in the 1940s, was the land control, from the land that was once occupied by Nazi Germany, and which nations can get into the UN. These arguments were made during the Yalta Conference.

The initial objective was to establish a viable and suppliable beach head in France. From this point there was a need to capture the ports of Cherbourg and Caen in order to support a field field army in northern Europe. In particular Caen was intended to be captured on the first day, but was not captured until 06 Jul

At the end of the Battle of the Bulge, German losses were greater than their army could take. Approximately 30,000 soldiers and 44,000 infantry forces were killed or captured. The Germans also lost a significant amount of weapons, specifically tanks. German industries would not be able to replenish these materials before the end of the war. The battle is significant in the course of World War II because it is seen as Hitler's last major offensive in the war. While the battle was intended to split Allied lines and force negotiated peace, American forces were able to contain the battle and inflict heavier losses on the German forces.

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. ..., the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

Anti-Jewish prejudice and discrimination/ Gentiles (non-jews)

A group of laws that robbed German Jews of their citizenship in 1935. Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Hitler's program which systematically kills an entire people.

prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately.

In World War II, a German camp created solely for the purpose of mass murder

A government agency in America created by FDR in 1944 against the will of the State Department to assist people threatened by the Nazis, and eventually was able to save 200,000 people, as well as give money to other countries to free Jews.

By blaming the Jews for all the ills of Germany, from communism to inflation to abstract painting--and, especially, for the defeat of Germany in WW1.

The Final Solution was the final stage of Nazi persecution of the Jews. This consisted of gassing, shootings, and killing two-thirds of European Jews.

It was largely ignored but FDR set up the war refugee board to help save 1000's of Eastern European Jews, especially Romanian and Hungarian

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war (FDR) 1945, want quick end to war "The Big Three" FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria (Japan) and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War, Stalin broke promise on free elections and representative govt.

Centuries before WW2, Greek Empire, Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Austria Hungary, Ottoman, then Spain, Portugal, France, Britain....all are from Europe. But after WW2, with a quick decline of the British dominance and independence of its colonies - USA and USSR became the 2 the Atom Bomb, or maybe the Cold War. the bomb was a definite immediate effect (ended the war and brought in the constant fear of being bombed) that ushered in the cold war, which came about as a result of the War. Women in the workforce.

An extremely powerful nation A powerful country that has major influence over world affairs. Superpowers during the Cold War were the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR).

(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) Free trade agreement first signed in 1947; by 1994 it had grown to 123 members and formed the World Trade Organization(WTO)

A 1948 statement in which the United Nations declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security

During 1945 and 1946 an International Military Tribunal representing 23 nations that put Nazi War criminals on trial in Nuremburg, Germany. 22 Nazi leaders were charged with waging a war of aggression, and committing "crimes against humanity"-the murder of 11 million people

The two main goals of President Roosevelt at the Yalta conference were, To get Stalin involved in the war with japan and to insure the creation of the United Nations

It resulted in the United States and the Soviet Union becoming the two major world superpowers in a bipolar world, replacing the old order in which Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan were all considered about equal with the USA and the USSR. The United States became the world's first nuclear weapons state as a result of the war effort, and remained as such between 1945 and 1949, when the USSR tested its first nuclear weapon. The experience of World War II made the United States become much more active, and even proactive, in world affairs. The U.S. had never intended to become involved after peace was concluded to end World War I, but got dragged into World War II anyway. U.S. foreign policy after 1945 has been much more interventionist than it was before the war.

the UN was formed in San Francisco at the end of WWII. Some 50 nations attended the conference and created the UN to replace the faltering League of Nations.

They signed the GATT agreement to help expand world trade by reducing tariffs. The UN is formed, the universal declaration of Human Rights in 1948 is signed condemning slavery and toture worldwide.

World War 2 fostered civil rights by helping to break down the barriers of segregation. Blacks were finally able to fight in wars, even though they were still considered expendable. (Could be done away with) This broke way to more civil rights leading to even black voting.

Causes Eurpoe suffers massive destruction in WWI Germanss and Italians resent Versailles Treaty Great Depression leads to rise of fascist dicatators Eurpoean appeasement fails to end Axis aggression Japenese attack on Pearl Harbor Effects Eurpooe and Japan lay in ruins Eurpoean colonies gradually gain independence Sovfiets dominate Eastern Eurpoe Cold War between US and Soviet Union begins America becomes a world power African American gain momentum to pursue civil rights Connection to Today US remains a global superpower US government plays a large role in guiding the nation's economy