US HISTORY EOCT Practice – Flashcards
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House of Burgesses
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Virginia's legislative assembly; similar to parliament
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Powhatan
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Native American chief in Virginia
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Bacon's Rebellion
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Uprising by poor colonists of Virginia against governor, led by Nathaniel Bacon
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King Philip's War
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Early, bloody conflict between English colonists and Native Americans
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Salem Witch Trials
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Girls from Salem, MA accused of being "witches"
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New England Colonies
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Founded by Puritans for religious freedom-Massachusetts, R.I.
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Mid-Atlantic Colonies
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Pennsylvania, New York
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Pennsylvania
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Founded by William Penn as a Quaker colony
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New Amsterdam
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Originally founded by the Dutch; renamed New York by England
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Rhode Island
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Founded by Roger Williams, broke away from Massachusetts
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Quebec
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1st permanent French colony; founded by Samuel de Champlain
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Mercantilism
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Acquiring wealth to benefit the mother country
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Middle Passage
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Horrible sea voyage that carried African slaves
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Great Awakening
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Religious revival; encouraged a personal relationship w/ God
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Benjamin Franklin
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Great American leader, inventor, diplomat and renaissance man
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Transatlantic trade
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Trade between England and her colonies
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French and Indian War
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War between Britain and France over the Ohio Valley region
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Treaty of Paris 1763
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Ended the F and I war; France gave up Canada and all land East of the Mississippi River
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Proclamation of 1763
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British law; said colonists could not settle beyond the Appalachians
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Stamp Act
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British tax on all paper products (documents etc.)
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Intolerable Acts
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Closed the port of Boston as punishment for Boston Tea Party
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Sons of Liberty
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Led by Sam Adams, protested unfair British rule
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Thomas Paine
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American patriot; wrote an influential pamphlet protesting Britain
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Declaration of Independence
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America's most important document; declaring independence
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John Locke
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Philosopher who believed in natural rights, criticized kings
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Thomas Jefferson
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Writer of Declaration of Independence; influenced by John Locke
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George Washington
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America's leader during the Revolution; 1st president
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Yorktown
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Final battle of American Revolution; support from France was important
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Treaty of Paris 1783
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Ended American Revolution; America officially gained independence
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Articles of Confederation
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America's 1st constitution; was too weak because the government had no power to tax, etc.
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Federalists
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Supporters of a strong central governmentt and rule by the elite; led by Hamilton
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Anti-Federalists
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Supporters of states' power; farmers; led by Jefferson
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Great Compromise
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Settled disputes between states with large and small populations; created a bicameral legislature
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Bill of Rights
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First 10 amendments to the Constitution; emphasizes personal freedoms
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Shays' Rebellion
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Protest of farmers who couldn't pay their war debts which caused them to lose their farms
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Whiskey Rebellion
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Rebellion of farmers protesting tax on whiskey
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Checks and Balances
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System where 1 branch can't dominate another
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Separation of Powers
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Legislative (Congress), Executive (President), Judicial (Courts)
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The Federalist
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Written by Hamilton, Madison and Jay; encouraged ratification of the Constitution
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Northwest Ordinance
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Encouraged Westward expansion and creation of new states
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Lewis and Clark Expedition
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Explored undiscovered western USA
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War of 1812
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Britain and US; fought over freedom of the sea, impressment
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Monroe Doctrine
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Outlawed interference in American affairs/Western Hemisphere
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Industrial Revolution
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Power driven machines replaced hand labor
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Eli Whitney
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Inventor of cotton gin and interchangeable parts
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Manifest Destiny
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America's right to expand westward
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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Leader for women's rights/suffrage
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Seneca Falls Convention
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America's 1st women's rights convention
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Nat Turner
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Led a violent slave revolt
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Leading white abolitionist, created abolitionist newspaper "Liberator"
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Frederick Douglas
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Ex-slave abolitionist; created "North Star" abolitionist paper
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Missouri Compromise
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Maine would be free, Missouri slave; slavery banned north of 36/30 latitude line
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Wilmot Proviso
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Failed proposal that all land gained from Mexican War be free
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Mexican War
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US vs. Mexico; US gained California, Arizona, N. Mexico
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Compromise of 1850
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California would be free; fugitive slave act enforced stronger
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John Brown
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Abolitionist who led a slave raid on Harper's Ferry; died a martyr
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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Law that allowed popular sovereignty (states right to choose between slavery and free)
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Abraham Lincoln
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US president during Civil War; one of greatest ever
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Gettysburg Address
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Lincoln's speech honoring the dead soldiers fighting for a great cause
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Vicksburg
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Turning battle because it cut the South in 2; North controlled Mississippi River
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Gettysburg
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Worst battle; Confederates no longer tried to invade the North after this
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Emancipation Proclamation
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Lincoln's law that freed all slaves in Confederate states
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North's economy
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Based on factories; industrialism
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South's economy
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Based on agriculture; slaves
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Robert E. Lee
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Confederate (Southern) General
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U.S. Grant
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Union (Northern) General
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Dred Scott Case
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Said all slaves are property; not citizens. US couldn't prohibit slavery
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Presidential Reconstruction
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No revenge on the South; lenient policy after Civil War
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Radical Republican Reconstruction
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Tried to punish the South after Civil War; get revenge
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Freedman's Bureau
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Sought to help former slaves and poor whites after the Civil War
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Civil Rights Amendments
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13th, 14th and 15th Amendments
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13th Amendment
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Outlawed slavery
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14th Amendment
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Gave anyone born in America equal citizenship
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15th Amendment
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Voting rights for ALL males regardless of color
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John D. Rockefeller
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Founder of Standard Oil
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Andrew Carnegie
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Founder of Carnegie Steel
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Transcontinental Railroad
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Railroad from the east to the west coast of the US
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Thomas Edison
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America's greatest inventor-light bulb, phonograph, motion picture
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Robber Baron
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Rich businessman who put other companies out of business
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Chinese
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Immigrants who worked on railroads on the west coast
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Trust
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One company dominates the industry
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Ellis Island
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Location of immigrant inspection in N.Y.
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Wounded Knee
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Location of Indian massacre by US troops
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Sitting Bull
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Leader of Dakota Sioux Indians; defeated Custer at Little Bighorn
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Samuel Gompers
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Labor leader; head of AFL (American Federation of Labor)
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Upton Sinclair
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Muckraker who wrote "The Jungle" exposing meat packing plants
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Muckrakers
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Journalists who exposed corruption
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Jane Addams
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Reformer who established Hull House for the poor
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Jim Crow laws
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"Separate but Equal"/unfair laws
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Plessy v Ferguson
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Court case that established "separate but equal" laws
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Theodore Roosevelt
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Great US president who established national parks and conservation
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Spanish-American War
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War w/ Spain; US gained Puerto Rico, Philippines, Cuba
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Panama Canal
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Allowed ships to pass from Atlantic to Pacific oceans
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Roosevelt Corollary
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US has the right to intervene in Latin American affairs
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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Banned all Chinese immigrants
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Neutrality
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US policy at outbreak of WW1
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Reasons US entered WWI
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German unrestricted sub warfare; Zimmerman note
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League of Nations
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International peacekeeping organization; US failed to join
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Fourteen Points
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Wilson's plan for international peace after WWI
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Great Migration
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Mass movement of blacks to the north looking for work
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18th Amendment
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Outlawed alcohol (prohibition)
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19th Amendment
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Gave women the right to vote (suffrage)
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Red Scare
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Fear of communism in America
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Henry Ford
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Inventor of Model T automobile and mass production/assembly line
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radio/movies
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America's main forms of entertainment during the 20's-30's
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Harlem Renaissance
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Flowering of Africa American art/achievement (Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, etc)
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Causes of Great Depression
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Overproduction, Underconsumption, stock market speculation
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Dust Bowl
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Caused by over farming in 1930s
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Hoovervilles
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Makeshift shacks where those suffering from the depression lived
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Black Tuesday
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Stock Market Crash
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New Deal
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FDR's series of programs to end the Depression
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TVA
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Tennessee Valley Authority-built dams and power plants
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Social Security Act
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Gave insurance/benefits to retired persons over age 65
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Wagner Act
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Protected the rights of workers/union members
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Neutrality Act
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Made it illegal to sell weapons or make loans to nations at war
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Eleanor Roosevelt
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FDR's "eyes and Ears"; she was a great inspiration to millions
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Court Packing plan
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FDR's failed plan to pack the court with hand picked judges
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A. Philip Randolph
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Proposed to march on Washington for civil rights for blacks in US
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Pearl Harbor
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December 7, 1941; Japanese attack on America; reason for US entry into WWII
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Lend-Lease Program
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US policy to lend weapons to Allied nations during WWII
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Internment camps
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Where Japanese Americans were placed after Pearl Harbor attack
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Battle of Midway
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Turning point battle in the Pacific against Japan
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D-Day
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Largest Allied invasion force in history; goal to regain France
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Manhattan Project
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Code-name of atomic bomb project
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Marshall Plan
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US plan to rebuild Europe after WWII by donating billions of dollars
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Truman Doctrine
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Policy to help any country fight against communism
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Korean War
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North vs. South Korea; ended in a stalemate at the 38th parallel
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Joseph McCarthy
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He led communist "witch hunts" during second Red Scare; accused many innocent Americans
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Bay of Pigs
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Failed US attempt to overthrow Castro; disaster for US
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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Near nuclear war with Cuba/Russia; Cuban nukes pointed at US
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Vietnam War
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War fought in Vietnam; US helped South Vietnam vs. communist North Vietnam
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Tet Offensive
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Largest North Vietnamese (Vietcong) invasion of the Vietnam War
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Containment
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US policy to stop the spread of communism
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Baby Boom
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Huge growth of population after WWII
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Levittown
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Mass produced homes/planned communities for cheap
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Interstate Highway Act
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National network of highways connecting US cities
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Sputnik
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First satellite in space launched by Russia
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Impact of TV
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It influenced American viewers on politics, civil rights etc.
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Brown v Board
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Outlawed segregation in schools; overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson
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MLK's Speech
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"I Have a Dream"
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Civil Rights Act 1964
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Outlawed discrimination based on race, gender, religion
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Voting Rights Act 1965
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Outlawed literacy tests for voting
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Harry Truman
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President who integrated he army; huge step for Civil Rights Movement
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Warren Court
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Became famous for landmark decisions such as Brown v. Board, Miranda v. Arizona, etc.
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Great Society
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LBJ's program to end poverty/discrimination-(Medicare, Welfare, Civil Rights Act 1964)
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Miranda Rights
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Law that police must read suspects their constitutional rights upon arrest
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SCLC
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An organization formed in 1957 by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other leaders to work for civil rights through nonviolent means
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Rachel Carson
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Environmentalist who wrote "Silent Spring" criticizing pesticides/pollution
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Cesar Chavez
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Co-founder of the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee, a labor union formed to seek higher wages and better working conditions for Mexican-American farm workers in California
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Richard Nixon
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Conservative movement president; wanted to reform Great Society programs; elected in 1968
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NOW
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This organization was formed in 1966 to pursue feminist goals such as better childcare facilities, improved educational opportunities, and an end to job discrimination
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Watergate Scandal
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Result of break-in committed by Nixon's administration; goal was to cover attempted burglary
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Roe v Wade
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Supreme Court decision which gave women the right to choose if they want an abortion
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Camp David Accords
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Peace agreement between Israel and Egypt led by Jimmy Carter at Camp David
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Iran Hostage Crisis
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Lasted 444 days; US hostages finally released by Iranian radicals
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Reaganomics
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Reagan's economic policy; tax cuts, arms build up, budget cuts
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NAFTA
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Trade Agreement established by Clinton administration between US, Canada and Mexico
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Bill Clinton
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Second president to suffer impeachment for perjury and obstruction of justice
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2000 election
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Bush v. Gore, very controversial-Bush won (lost popular vote, won electoral vote)
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9/11
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Terrorist attacks on US soil (World Trade Center, Pentagon)
