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Gilded Age

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Because late-nineteenth century Americans tended to tolerate gross waste and corruption so long as it did not interfere with their own pursuit of profit, Mark Twain labelled this period the _________________

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Richman's Club

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During the Gilded Age, the legislative body known as a "_________________" was the Senate

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Religion

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The fundamental distinction between the Democrats and the Republicans during the late nineteenth century arose from differences in _________________, geographic location, and ethnic background.

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New England

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A bastion of Republican party strength during the latter part of the nineteenth century were the __________ states.

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Closely

answer

National elections between 1856 and 1912 were characterized by __________________ contests

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Grand Army

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The mammoth organization of Union Army veterans that quickly became a powerful national political pressure group was the _______________ of the Republic.

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Disfranchised

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Blacks in the South were not totally __________________ or segregated until southern states enacted literacy tests and poll taxes in the 1890s.

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Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

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The doctrine of "separate but equal" facilities was handed down by the Supreme Court in _______________________.

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Booker T. Washington

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The black leader identified with the "Atlanta Compromise" was ____________________.

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Accommodation

answer

The black educator Booker T. Washington chose __________________ rather than confrontation.

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Lynching

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Between 1890 and 1910 there was a dramatic increase in __________ blacks.

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China

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In 1882 Congress passed a law which in effect stopped immigration from _______________.

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Half; 50%

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On the eve of the Civil War the American Indians in the West still occupied about ___________________ of the United States.

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Constriction

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In 1851, the government negotiated a new policy with the Plains tribes based on a divide and conquer strategy. This was known as the __________ policy.

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Indians

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In its treaties with ____________________, the American government generally showed little interest in honoring them

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Farmers

answer

In 1867, the government tried a new strategy toward the Plains Indians, training the reservation Native Americans to become _______________ like other Americans.

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Indian Affairs

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The government's administration of _________________ was notable over the years for its level of corruption.

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Buffalo

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The ability of the Plains Indians to resist white expansion was severely damaged by the destruction of the ______________.

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Dawes Severalty

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In 1887, Congress passed the ___________________ Act, which was intended to destroy traditional tribal cultures.

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Virginia City

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Probably the most famous of all the gold strikes in the West, the site of the Comstock Lode and the Big Bonanza, was _______________________.

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World Trade

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A result of the gold and silver rushes of the late nineteenth century was an improved financial position for America in _________________.

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Five Square Miles

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The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 set the pattern for government land grants by giving the builders of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads __________________ of public land on each side of their right-of-way for every mile of track laid.

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Central/ Union

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The two railroads joined in 1869 to form the first transcontinental railroad were the __________ Pacific and ____________ Pacific.

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Chisholm

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Cattle herds were driven across the unsettled grasslands of the __________ Trail on their way to the railroad at Abilene, Kansas.

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Open Range

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The discovery that cattle could feed on the prairie grasses of the public domain of the northern plains led to the development of ______________________.

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Joseph Glidden

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Barbed wire was invented by _______________________.

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Open Range

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Barbed wire destroyed the _________________ cattle industry because it prevented the free movement of cattle.

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Railroads

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In the 25 years after the Civil War, ________________ were probably the most significant element in American development.

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Intergraded Systems

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The emphasis in railroad construction after 1865 was on organizing ___________________.

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Agents

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American land-grant railroads in the late nineteenth century sent _____________ overseas to recruit likely settlers and purchasers of railroad land.

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Iron Manufacturing

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After the railroads, the second most important development in America's industrial advance in the late nineteenth century was the transformation of _______________________.

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Bessemer

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The __________ process directed a stream of air into a mass of molten iron, burning off impurities, and greatly lowered the price of steel.

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Wizard of Menlo Park

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Known as the "____________________," the inventor of the phonograph and the electric light bulb was Thomas A. Edison.

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Markets

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From 1873 to 1893, the economy experienced intense competition for _________________.

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Rebates

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Railroads commonly encouraged large shippers to use their lines through giving them _________________.

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Unstable

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As a result of the intense competition among railroads, the railroads were ________________ and vulnerable to any downturn in the business cycle.

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Steel

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Andrew Carnegie dominated the __________ industry.

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United States Steel

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When J. P. Morgan assembled ______________________, he formed the first billion dollar corporation.

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Rockefeller

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By the middle of the 1880s, __________ monopolized the oil industry in the United States.

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Organizer

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John D. Rockefeller's success was due primarily to his talents as an ______________ and his meticulous attention to detail.

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Department Stores

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The major development in retailing during this period was the growth of huge urban ___________________.

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Charles Darwin

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The theory of evolution by natural selection which helped Americans justify their exploitation of others was the work of ____________________.

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Social Darwinism

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Prominent advocate of _____________________, William Graham Sumner was identified with the phrase "it's root, hog, or die."

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Monopolies

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Generally speaking, the formation of _________________ during the 1870s caused a drop in prices.

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Edward Bellamy

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The novelist who described America evolving into an ideal socialist state was ____________________.

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Grange

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The National _________________ of the Patrons of Husbandry was founded in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelly.

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Regulate

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Granger-controlled legislatures attempted to ________________ railroad rates.

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Wabash

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The Supreme Court decision in the _______________ case concerned early railroad regulation.

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Cease and Desist order

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The federal regulatory board, established in 1887 by Congress to supervise the affairs of railroads, investigate complaints, and issue "___________________" orders against railroads acting illegally, was the Interstate Commerce Commission.

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Laizzes Faire

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The creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887 challenged the philosophy of ___________________.

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Sherman Antitrust

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In 1890, Congress tried to restore competition by outlawing the restraint of interstate trade by corporate monopolies with the __________ Act.

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Knights of Labor

answer

The first union to welcome blacks, women, and immigrants into its ranks was the _____________________.

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Haymarket Square riot

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As a result of the __________, membership in the Knights of Labor declined quickly because the public associated unions with violence and radicalism.

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American Federation of Labor (AFL)

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Established in 1886, the __________ was the prime example of "bread and butter" unionism.

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Eugene Debs

answer

The leader of the American Railway Union in its dramatic 1894 strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company was ___________________.

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Cleveland

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President _________________ intervened in the Pullman strike on the pretext that the mail had to be delivered.

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Concentrated

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In the late nineteenth century, wealth, power, and influence were increasingly ____________________ among the largest financiers.

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Efficiency

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As a result of the centralization and concentration of industry in the late nineteenth century _________________ increased in industries where close coordination of output, distribution, and sales was important.

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Skilled

answer

In general, the workers who were usually well-off as a result of late nineteenth-century industrialization were __________________ workers.

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Employer, (higher hand) Worker

answer

As a result of late nineteenth-century industrial development, personal contact between ______________ and _______________ tended to disappear.

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Sales Persons

answer

In the new types of work, women found in the late nineteenth century, they were often hired as ____________________ in department stores because managers considered them easier to control than men.

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Farmers

answer

When compared to others in the late nineteenth century, ______________ experienced declining status.

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Public Education

answer

After 1870, American _________________ changed steadily in response to the many social and economic changes of the era.

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Emigration

answer

The main reason for ___________________ to the United States during the late nineteenth century was the desire for economic betterment.

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Almost Nobody

answer

Before 1882, Americans restricted __________ from immigrating to the United States.

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Southern, Eastern

answer

Beginning in the 1880s, the source of American immigration shifted to new immigrants from _________________ and ________________ Europe.

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Social Darwinist

answer

One of the causes which eventually led to restriction on immigration was the fears of __________________________ that immigrants would undermine American "racial purity."

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American Protective

answer

The new nativism of the late nineteenth century was exemplified by the ____________________________Association.

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Ethnic Neighborhoods

answer

The "new" immigrants from eastern and southern Europe settled in ______________________ in the urban centers.

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Crowded

answer

The urban ethnic neighborhoods of the late nineteenth century were __________________ and unhealthy.

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Jacob Riis

answer

The author of How the Other Half Lives (1890), the classic description of slum conditions in the United States, was ______________________.

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Street Cars

answer

As a result of the __________________, American cities expanded their geographical area enormously as the upper- and middle-classes fled city centers.

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Skyscrapers

answer

Louis H. Sullivan was closely associated with the development of the __________________.

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Sports

answer

Late nineteenth-century spectator _________________ were notable for their mixture of upper- and working-class interests

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James Naismith

answer

In 1891, ___________________ invented the game of basketball.

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Social Gospel

answer

Supporters of the _____________________ Movement believed the church should focus on improving the lives of the poor, ending child labor, and regulating the power of big corporations.

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Washington Gladden

answer

The most influential preacher of the Social Gospel Movement was _____________________.

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Settlement Houses

answer

The community centers started by idealistic young people to guide and help the urban poor were _____________________________.

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Jane Addams

answer

The founder of Hull House was _______________________.

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Libraries

answer

Industrialist Andrew Carnegie donated millions of dollars to help build _______________.

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Joseph Pulitzer

answer

The first newspaper editor to reach a truly massive audience without abandoning his basic integrity was ________________________.

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Harvard

answer

In 1869, __________ introduced the elective system and took the lead in reforming higher education in the Gilded Age.

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Morrill

answer

The __________________ land-grant university system was co-educational from the start.

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Vassar

answer

________________ College holds the distinction of being the first college for women.

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Herbert Spencer

answer

The most influential social Darwinist was the English thinker ___________________.

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John Dewey

answer

The educator __________________ insisted that education was the fundamental method of social progress.

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Fredrick Jackson Turner

answer

In his frontier thesis, _______________________ argued that the frontier gave Americans their unique character.

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Mark Twain

answer

The author of novels such as Huckleberry Finn, whose acute reportorial eyes and ears caught the spirit of his age, was ____________________.

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Pragmatism

answer

The effects of Darwinism in America were apparent in the philosophy of __________, which stated that all truths are constantly evolving and can be judged only by their concrete results.

US History Chapters 17-20 Review – Flashcards

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