US History Chapters 17-19 – Flashcards

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What late nineteenth-century development did New York City's Brooklyn Bridge symbolize?
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c. The ascendancy of urban America.
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In which American cities did the population exceed one million people by 1900?
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c. New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia .
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Which of the following factors contributed significantly to the astonishing growth in America's urban population between 1870 and 1900?
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? b. European migration to the United States
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Which of the following describes the world economy at the turn of the twentieth century?
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c. An industrial core, an agricultural domain, and a third world tied to the industrial core by economic colonialism
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What circumstances enabled U.S. industrialists to hire cheap labor from around the world in the 1870s?
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d. railroad expansion and low steamship fares brought many immigrants to America.
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After 1880, most new immigrants to America originated from ?
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d. eastern and southern Europe
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Which of the following describes the majority of immigrants' lifestyles in the United States after 1900?
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a. They lived in cities because jobs were available there and because they did not have the money to buy land
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How did the process of mechanization affect U.S. industrialists hiring and employment practices in the late nineteenth century?
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a. It allowed industrialists to replace skilled laborers with lower-paid, unskilled immigrant laborers.
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The racism directed at ethnic immigrant groups in America in the late nineteenth century?
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b. the perception that ethnic and religious differences were racial characteristics.
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Some established immigrant groups viewed more recent immigrants as?
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a. not being a part of the white race.
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Southern blacks migrated to northern cities in the 1890s
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c. for economic opportunities and safety.
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Congress approved a literacy test for immigrants in 1896?
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c. as a means of limiting the influx of uneducated people into the country
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As middle-and upper-class urbanites moved to new areas of their cities, poor city dwellers?
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b.They stayed in the neighborhoods near the factories
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What did Jacob Riis achieve with his best-selling "How the Other Half Lives (1890)?
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c. He forced middle-class Americans to acknowledge the degraded reality of the poor.
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Which group constituted the backbone of the American labor force throughout the nineteenth century?
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c. unskilled laborers
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Working as a skilled craftsman in America in the late nineteenth century?
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b. it did not ensure financial security
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Employers sought to limit the control of skilled workers on the shop floor in the late nineteenth century?
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b. by replacing skilled workers with machines.
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Which of the following developments changed the U.S. garment industry in the 1850s?
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a. Independent tailors were replaced by sweatshop workers
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Which of the following describes the economics survival of the nineteenth -century American working-class family?
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a. family's survival depended on the employment
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How did the percentage of children under age fifteen working in the paid labor force in the United States change during the years leading up to World War I?
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it increased
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Where did married black women typically work to supplement their family in the late nineteenth century United States?
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a. Outside the home as domestics
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How did business expansion and consolidation affect the social structure in the late nineteenth century United States?
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c. A new class of white male salaried managers emerged.
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The direction of corporate goals and policies in the late nineteenth century was increasingly shaped by?
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d. Managers and executives
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The advent of the adding machine, typewriter, and cash register had the greatest impact on ?
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b. literate white women.
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Most white native-born women who worked at the end of the nineteenth century held ?
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c. Clerical jobs in offices
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What developed as a result of the opening of department stores in the late nineteenth century United States?
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a. A new consumer culture
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The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was ?
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?b the result of a coalition of labor unions
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What was the main lesson learned by workers from the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
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a.They lacked power individually, but might gain it through a union
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The Knights of Labor was?
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? a. An american labor organization founded in 1869 to protect the rights of workers (membership open to all workers Terrene Powerdly:Leader
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During the 1880s, the Knights of Labor advocated for
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c.public ownership of the railroads, an income tax, equal pay for women, and the abolition of child labor.
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Samuel Gompers, the founder of the American Federation of Labor,
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c.focused on higher pay and better working conditions.
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The Haymarket affair of 1886
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a. began as a rally of laborers organized by radicals.
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Which of the following was an outcome of the Haymarket affair?
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c.Skilled workers turned toward the American Federation of Labor
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Throughout much of the nineteenth century, middle-class American women were confined by a cultural ideology that dictated that they ?
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c. Exist within the private sphere of the household
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How did live-in servants change households in the North by 1870?
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a. They enabled middle-class white women to explore opportunities outside the home
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Beginning in the 1870s, American men of all classes were united in their passion for?
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a. baseball
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In the late 1800s, Coney Island symbolized ?
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d. rise of mess entertainment in America.
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What occurrence facilitated the emergence of the modern skyscraper emerged in the 1890s?
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b.the advent of structural steel
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The "Chicago School" of the nineteenth century was?
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group of architects who made commercial architecture a new art form...
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New York City's Central Park was planned to provide ?
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c.To create a natural oasis away from the busyness of the city
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The public school system in American cities provided ?
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d. free tuition and open access to all children.
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Late-nineteenth century American libraries?
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a. They made up the most extensive free public-library system in the world
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Which of the following describes the advantages of American city life in the 1890s?
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d.The amenities were not easily available to the poor residents in the cities
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By the turn of the twentieth century, most big-city governments were run ?
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c. by compromise and the accommodation of various powerful political forces
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How did Detroit's reform mayor Hazen Pingree achieve political success in the 1890s?
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a. He followed the city bosses model of providing public works and social reform.
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What was the White City, which was constructed in 1893 five miles down the shore from Chicago?
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? a. a shelter for Chicago's homeless and unemployed
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Which of the following describes the Gilded Age?
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b.An era marked by personal greed and a corrupt partnership between business and politics
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Which of the following development was a key factor in the rise of the Gilded Age?
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a.The growth of industrialism in the United States
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Which of the following big businesses came to dominate American life in the second half of the nineteenth century?
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c.Railroading
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Which of the following factors boosted nineteenth-century railroad construction in America significantly?
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a.Monetary aid and land grants from federal and state governments
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How was it possible that Jay Gould was described as both the world's richest man and the most hated man in America when he died in 1892?
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b.He was a symbol of all the most troubling aspects of big business in America.
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Which relatively new building material both improved railroading in the late nineteenth century and depended on it ?
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c. Steel produced through the Bessemer process
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What was the purpose of vertical integration, which was pioneered by Andrew Carnegie in the late nineteenth century?
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d.To own all aspects of production of steel, from the raw materials to the transport of final products
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Carnegie Steel achieved the tremendous productivity that Andrew Carnegie insisted on?
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b. Forcing employees to work long hours, for low pay, in often dangerous conditions
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Which of the following occurred soon after Edwin Drake discovered oil in Pennsylvania in 1859?
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c.he faced stiff competition from a large number of small refineries
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What was the main purpose of crude oil in the United States before the advent of the automobile ?
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a.Lubrication and Lighting in the form of kerosene.
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John D. Rockefeller first organized Standard Oil as a trust to?
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d.Control the key elements of production and corner the market for oil
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Rockefeller ultimately reorganized Standard Oil as a holding company in the late nineteenth century to?
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C) legally combine competing companies under a central administration.
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Which of the following was true of Standard Oil in the 1890s?
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b.90% of oil business Employed nearly 100,000 people largest most feared and admired business organization employed vertical and horizontal integration
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In her History of the Standard Oil Company published in McClure's Magazine, Ida M. Tarbell characterized John D. Rockefeller as ?
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D) the man whose business methods made him a symbol of heartless monopoly capitalism.
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How did Alexander Graham Bell's telephone revolutionize both communications and business in America?
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c.Bell used a complicated organizational structure in his new company that allowed both local and cross-country communication
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Where had electricity been put to use in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century?
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b.Mostly in urban areas
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The industries that grew up around the revolutionary inventions of Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Alva Edison demonstrated that?
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d.The age of the inventor was becoming the age of corporation
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The turn of the twentieth century saw individual entrepreneurship in the United States yield to?
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c. finance capitalism
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Prominent business leaders of the late nineteenth century, such as J.P. Morgan, believed ?
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b.Consolidation and central control were preferable to competition
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How did J.P. Morgan achieve his stunning reorganization and consolidation of businesses in the late nineteenth century?
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d.at times formed "a community of interest," comprised of a few handpicked directors.
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What was accomplished by J.P. Morgan's railroad companies practice of issuing watered stock?
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b.kept investors happy but caused overcapitalization and debt for the railroads.
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J.P. Morgan acquired the core of what would be the largest corporation in the world when he purchased?
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c. Steel Interests formerly controlled by Andrew Carnegie
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What is an oligopoly?
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b.A competitive business system in which several large companies control production in an industry
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What idea was promoted by the theory of social Darwinism in the late nineteenth century?
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c. Progress is the result of competition, and social reforms and other modes of human interference impede progress
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What message did Andrew Carnegie promote in his gospel of wealth?
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d.Millionaires should be trustees and agents for the poor
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The economic theory of laissez-faire gained political clout in the late nineteenth century because?
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a.the Supreme Court increasingly was reinterpreting the Constitution to protect business.
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The Supreme Court's late-nineteenth-century reinterpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment helped big business by ?
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b.elevating property rights over all other rights.
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Which of the following factors explains the high voter turnout in national elections during the last three decades of the nineteenth century?
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c.Voting was an important way to get a government job.
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To what did the term solid South refer in the decades after Reconstruction ?
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b.The states of the old Confederacy, which voted Democratic in every election for the next seventy years
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What was evident in the call for a New South in the decades after Reconstruction?
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a.The desire among some Southerners to shift from an agricultural economy to an industrial one
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What was the outcome of the notion that black men were a threat to white women in the South in the late nineteenth century?
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D) An increasing number of lynching's across the South
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According to Ida B. Wells, lynching was a problem rooted in ?
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a.economics and shifting social structure of the South.
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How did American women respond to the denial of their right to vote in the late nineteenth century?
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c.Women participated in the political process through the anti-lynching, suffrage, and temperance movements
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The presidents who served in the last part of the nineteenth century--Rutherford B. Hayes through William McKinley--?
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d.were overshadowed by business development and party politics at state and local levels.
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Who dominated national politics in the United States during the last decades of the nineteenth century?
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d.Dynamic party bosses
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President James A. Garfield unwittingly helped the cause of civil service reform when he?
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B) was shot by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker.
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Why were most people looking for government jobs in the 1880s worried about having to pass an examination to qualify?
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c.Few potential employees had enough education to pass a written examination
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The Pendleton Act of 1883 established the Civil Service Commission and ?
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d.prevented newly elected from appointing supporters to positions they were unqualified for.
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What was an important consequence of the civil service reform of the 1880's?
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a.business became even more influential in politics than before
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Having stated that "the paramount issue this year is moral rather than political," supporters of Grover Cleveland in 1884 were chagrined to learn that Cleveland had?
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b.fathered a child out of wedlock.
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Why were Irish Catholic voters offended by James G. Blaine's campaign?
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a.Blaine neglected to respond to a slur on Catholic voters.
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The tariff posed a threat to America's prosperity in the 1880's because?
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c.it created a surplus that was not used to produce goods and services.
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The most enthusiastic supporters of the tariff in the nineteenth century were ?
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a.industrialists and westerners who traded in wool, hides and lumber
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Democrats dubbed the Republican-dominated Fifty-first Congress the "Billion Dollar Congress" because it spent the nation's surplus on ?
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b.Lawmakers' own constituents
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President Grover Cleveland hoped to increase the nation's flagging gold reserves during the economic depression in the winter of 1894-95?
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d.making a deal with a private group of bankers, headed by J. P. Morgan, to purchase gold abroad and supply it to the government.
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What did the historian Frederick Turner argue about the importance of the western frontier in American history 1893?
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a. Americans expanded because they had room to expand, whereas Europeans did not. The availability of land provided opportunities for social mobility
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Why did the U.S. government decide to move Indians to reservations around the mid-tenth century?
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c. The government's policy of Indian removal further west was no longer practical because western land was no longer endless.
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Why did the Plains Indians sign the Treaty of Fort Laramie, which ceded some of their land to allow the passage of wagon trains?
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c.They believed it would help them to displace weaker tribes.
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What was the outcome of Native Americans settlement on reservations in the late nineteenth century?
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a. They came to depend on government assistance.
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Which group or groups decimated the buffalo herds on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century?
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b.Both buffalo hunters hired by the railroads and irresponsible sportsmen.
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Which of the following describes the Indian wars on the Great Plains after the Civil War?
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b.The wars began when Euro-Americans settlers invaded Native American lands.
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Which of the following quotes can be attributed to General William Tecumseh Sherman, whose words summed up the U.S. government's policy toward Native Americans after the Civil War?
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d. "Remove all to a safe place and then reduce them to a helpless condition."
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In what manner did William Tecumseh Sherman successfully defeat the Comancheria?
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a. Scorched Earth Policy -- burned their means of living
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What was the outcome of the second Treaty of fort Laramie?
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c.It was violated by the U.S. government after gold was discovered in the Black Hills
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Which of the following describes the state of Native American population in the continental United States by 1900?
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c. the native population had fallen to 250,000 from an estimated 15 million at the time of first contact with Europeans.
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What occurred under the "outing system" of the 1880's?
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b.Indian children were forced to live with white families over summer vacation.
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What was the outcome of the Dawes Act of 1887?
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B) Division of reservations and allotment of individual plots of land to Native Americans
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Who was Geronimo?
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d. Apache warrior and chieftain who led raiding parties and killed ranchers on both sides of the Mexican border
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What occurred after Geronimo surrendered to General Miles in 1886?
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d.The government sent nearly 500 Apaches to Florida as prisoners
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What was the Ghost Dance?
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a. Religion combining Christian and Traditional Indian rituals performed to destroy the white man by resurrecting fallen warriors to take vengeance.
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Which of the following explains why the U.S. army gunned down unarmed Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota in 1890?
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b.American soldiers feared an uprising provoked by a militant interpretation of the Ghost Dance religion
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What was the Comstock Lode?
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b.The richest vein of silver ore found on the North American continent
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What was the easiest way to get rich in the American silver mining industry?
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d.Selling claims to land or forming mining companies and selling stock
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Which of the following describes the impact of the wealth produced in the Nevada mining industry?
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a.enriched speculators in San Francisco and other cities.
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Which was the largest ethnic group in the western mining district of the U.S. in the late nineteenth century?
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d. Irish
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Although the Chinese men were thought to be hard workers, anti-Chinese prejudice barred them from work in which jobs?
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b. Mining corporations
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What was the impact of the discovery of precious metals on the Comstock for Native American?
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b. Destruction of their land and their food supply
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Which of the following terms best characterizes Virginia City, Nevada, and other mining centers in the late nineteenth century?
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c.sprawling industrialized communities
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Which of the following is true of labor unions in the western mining industry?
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a.They formed early and held considerable bargaining power
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Which of the following describes women in Virginia City after 1875?
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d. they performed the same types of work as their Eastern counterparts/housekeeper
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Which group or groups composed the population of the area from the Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean during the last decades of the nineteenth century?
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c.people from various parts of Europe, Asia and the Americas
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For what reason were African -American troops serving in the West during the Indian Wars known as Buffalo soldiers?
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B) Native Americans thought their hair resembled that of the bison.
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Which of the following describes the changes experienced by the Californios between 1860 and 1880?
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c.fell by more than 60 percent.
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Chinese workers made up what proportion of the workforce that built America's first transcontinental railroad?
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c. 90 percent
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What was the purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?
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b. Barred Chinese immigration, and ultimately decreased their population
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Which of the following describes the federal government's approach to territorial government in the West in the late nineteenth century?
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a. Benign neglect
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The vast majority of territorial appointees chosen by the president were?
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d.beneficiaries of the spoils systems.
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Why did the federal government do so little to halt corruption and scandal in the western territories?
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c.distance, funding, and local hostility limited the government's ability to prosecute cases.
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For what reason did hundreds of thousands of Americans migrate to the West in the three decades after 1870?
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b.to own their own land.
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Which two factors helped stimulate the land rush in the trans-Mississippi West?
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d.Homestead Act of 1862 and the opening of the transcontinental railroad.
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Which of the following describes how life in the agrarian West compared to life in the mining West?
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c.Equally speculative and exploitative
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What did the Homestead Act of 1862 promise to potential migrants to the West?
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b. 160 acres free to any citizen or prospective citizen who settled on land west of the Mississippi River for 5 years
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How did the landscape of the trans-Mississippi West change between 1870 and 1900?
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d.family farms gave way to commercial farming.
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Which of the following characterizes life for women on the western frontier in the late nineteenth century?
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c.They were forced to work hard to accomplish even the simplest tasks.
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What were the "chips" that served as the most prevalent form of fuel used for cooking and heating in the plains in the latter half of the nineteenth century?
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d.Chunks of dried cattle and buffalo dung
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By the 1870's, homesteaders discovered that most of the prime land in the West was ?
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d. already in the hands of speculators
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What did the state and federal governments do to encourage railroad construction in the decades after the Civil War?
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a.they gave railroad companies 180 million acres of public land.
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Of the 2.5 million farms established between 1860 and 1900, homesteading accounted for what proportion?
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d.One-fifth
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What did settlers passing through the western portion of Kansas and Nebraska and the eastern portion of Colorado in the years after 1870 call the area?
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c.The Great American Desert
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How did the invention of barbed wire revolutionize the cattle industry?
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c.The wire allowed ranchers to fence in their cattle
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Which of the following describes African American cowboys in the West in the late nineteenth century?
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a.They had a substantial presence in the region but did not feature in the fiction (dime novels) of the time
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What was the outcome of the transformation of agriculture to big business in the South and West during the post-Civil War era?
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a. An increasing number of laborers worked land they would never own
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Between 1870 and 1900, the population of rural America shrank from 80 percent to 66 percent while the agricultural sector of the economy experienced what change?
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c. It grew through mechanization, commercialization, and expanding urban markets
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Henry Miller and Charles Lux fit into which of the following categories?
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a.pioneered the West's mix of agriculture and industrialism, their firm, Miller & Lux, became one of America's industrial behemoths
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By the late nineteenth century, farmers were no longer the self -sufficient yeomen anchoring the Republic as originally described by which of the following men?
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a.Thomas Jefferson
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reservations
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land given by the federal government to American Indians beginning in the 1860s in an attempt to reduce tensions between Indians and western settlers. On reservations, Indians subsisted on meager government rations and faced a life of poverty and starvation
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Comancheria
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Indian empire based on trade in horses, hides, guns, and captives that stretched from the Canadian plains to Mexico in the 18th century. By 1865, fewer than five thousand Comanches lived in the empire, which ranged from west Texas north to Oklahoma
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Black Hills
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Mountains in western South Dakota and northeast Wyoming that are sacred to the Lakota Sioux. In the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie, the United States guaranteed Indians control of the Black Hills but broke its promise after gold was discovered there in 1874
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Battle of the Little Big Horn
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1876 battle begun when American cavalry under George Custer attacked an encampment of Indians who refused to remove to a reservation. Indian warriors led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull annihilated the American soldiers, but their victory was short lived
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Carlisle Indian School
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Institution established in Pennsylvania in 1879 to educate and assimilate American Indians. It pioneered the outing system in which Indian students were sent to live with white families in order to accelerate assimilation
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Dawes Allotment Act
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1887 law that divided up reservation and allotted parcels of land to individual Indians as private property. In the end, the US government sold almost two thirds of surplus Indian land to white settlers. the Dawes act dealt a crippling blow to traditional tribal culture
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Ghost Dance
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Religion founded in 1889 by Paiute shaman Wovoka. it combined elements of Christianity and traditional Indian religion and served as a nonviolent form of resistance for Indians in the late 19th century. The Ghost Dance frightened whites and was violently suppressed
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Wounded Knee
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1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by the Seventh Cavalry at Wounded Knee Creel, South Dakota. Sent to suppress the Ghost Dance, the soldiers opened fire on the Sioux as they attempted to surrender. More than 200 men, women and children were killed
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Comstock Lode
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Silver ore deposit discovered in 1859 in Nevada. Discovery of the Comstock Lode touched off a mining rush that brought a diverse population into the region and led to the establishment of a number of boomtowns including Virginia City, Nevada
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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1882 law that effectively barred Chinese immigration and set a precedent for further immigration restrictions. The Chinese population in America dropped sharply as a result of the passage of the act, which was fueled by racial and cultural animosities
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Homestead Act of 1862
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An act that promised 160 acres in the trans Mississippi West free to any citizen or prospective citizen who settled on the land for five years. the act spurred American settlement of the West. Altogether nearly one tenth of the United States was granted to settlers
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first transcontinental railroad
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Railroad completed in 1869 that was the first to span the entire North American continent. Built in large part by Chinese laborers, this railroad and others opened access to new areas, fueled land speculation and actively recruited settlers
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Who was Frederick Jackson Turner?
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An American historian who wrote about the western frontier
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What was the biggest killer of Native Americans in the West?
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Disease
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What sums up how Americans who called themselves "friends of the Indians" characterized Indian reservations?
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stepping stones to civilization
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How did Indians survive after the decimation of buffalo herds in the latter 1870s?
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Nomadic Indians grew dependent on stingy allotments on reservations
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How did the Sioux attempt to regain the Black Hills in 1923?
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The Indians filed a suit demanding the return of their land
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How did Indian agents respond when Native American parents resisted sending their children to school in the late 19th century?
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They dispatched the military to kidnap the children
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Congress passed the 1887 Dawes Allotment Act in order to
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divided reservations and allot parcels of land to individual Indians
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Which of the following best characterizes the end result of the Dawes Act of 1887?
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The act dramatically reduced Native Americans land holdings
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What occurrence led to the end of the Nez Perce war of 1877?
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Chief Joseph's famous surrender "I will fight no more forever"
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What did participants in the Ghost Dance hope to bring about in the late 19th century?
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an apocalypse that would restore old Indian ways
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The easiest way to get rich on the Comstock was to
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form a mining company and sell shares of stock
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What role did San Francisco play in the silver rush of the Nevada Comstock Lode?
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The San Francisco stock market served to finance Comstock mining operations
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How did the Comstock discovery change the practice of mining in the the late 19th century west?
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The Comstock discovery sped up the transition from small scale industry to corporate oligopoly
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What made Nicodemas, Kansas a notable community in the 19th century?
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It was formed as an all black community in 1877 and grew by over 200 percent by 1880
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What was the impact of the Chinese Exclusion Act?
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It led to a sharp drop in the Chinese population
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Which groups of Americans were eligible to receive 160 acres of free land under the Homestead Act?
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Any citizen or prospective citizen of the United States
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Who were the sodbusters in the late 19th century?
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poor homesteaders in the west who lived without basic necessities in houses made of sod
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Why did agricultural experts think that 160 acres of land would not support a family in western Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado?
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They argued that the land was semiarid and therefore had a lower yield
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What assesses the Oklahoma land runs of 1889 and 1893?
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Thousands of homesteaders amassed at the border to claim parts of the former Indian territory
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The number of American farms rose between 1870 and 1900 at the same time as
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the number of Americans living on farms declined
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Gilded Age
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a period of enormous economic growth and ostentatious displays of wealth during the last quarter of the 19th century. Industrialization dramatically changed US society and created a newly dominant group of rich entrepreneurs and an impoverished working class
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trust
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a system in which corporations give shares of their stock to trustees who hold the stocks in trust for their stockholders, thereby coordinating the industry to ensure profits to the participating corporations and to curb competition
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finance capitalism
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investment sponsored by banks and bankers that typified the American business scene at the end of the nineteenth century. After the panic of 1893, bankers stepped in and reorganized the major industries to stabilize them, leaving power concentrated in the hands of a few influential capitalists
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social Darwinism
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social theory popularized by Herbert Spencer and William Sumner. Proponents believed that only relentless competition could produce social progress and that wealth was a sign of fitness and poverty a sign of unfitness for survival
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gospel of wealth
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the idea that the financially successful should use their wisdom, experience, and wealth to help the poor. Andrew Carnegie promoted this view in an 1889 essay in which he maintained that the wealthy should serve as stewards for society as a whole
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spoils system
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system in which politicians doled out government positions to their loyal supporters. This led to widespread corruption during the Gilded Age
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Jim Crow
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system of racial segregation in the South lasting from after the Civil War into the 20th century. Jim Crow laws segregated African Americans in public facilities such as trains, streetcars, curtailed their voting rights, and denied other basic civil rights
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Woman's Christian Temperance Union
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all women organization founded in 1874 to advocate for total abstinence from alcohol. They provided important political training for women, which many used in the suffrage movement
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Interstate Commerce Commission
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Federal regulatory agency designed to oversee the railroad industry. Congress created it through the 1887 Interstate Commerce Act after the Supreme Court decision Wabash vs . Illinois effectively denied states the right to regulate railroads. It proved weak and did not immediately pose a threat to the industry
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Sherman antitrust Act
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1890 act that outlawed pools and trusts, ruling that businesses could no longer enter into agreements to restrict competition. Government inaction, combined with the Supreme Court's narrow reading of the act, undermined the law's effectiveness
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free silver
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term used by those advocating minting silver dollars in addition to supporting the gold standard and the paper currency backed by gold. Poor farmers from the West and South hoped this would result in inflation, effectively providing them with debt relief. Western silver barons wanted the government to buy silver and mint silver dollars, thereby raising the price of silver`
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Which of the following was one of the new forms of wealth in late 19th century America?
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paper securities
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What was the approximate railroad mileage in the United States in 1900?
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190,000 miles
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Why did railroad owners set up pools in the latter part of the 19th century?
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railroad operators were suffering from cut throat competition
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How did electricity change the face of the American city around the turn of the century?
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Electric lights illuminated homes, factories and the streets
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What type of competitive system existed in the steel industry after the formation of US Steel?
answer
oligopoly
question
What political purpose did the theory of social darwinism serve in the late 19th century>
answer
social darwinism justified economic inequality and curbed social reform
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According to advocated laissez faire economics, what was the government's only role in the economy?
answer
to protect private property
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For what purpose did the Supreme Court draw on the 14th amendment in a series of decisions in the 1880s and 1890s?
answer
to protect corporations
question
High voter participation and party loyalty both common in the Gilded Age, were secured by
answer
patronage
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Why were Democrats able to attract working class Catholic and Jewish immigrant voters in the cities of the Northeast?
answer
Democrats did not push moral reforms that attacked immigrant culture
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What helped the American Tobacco Company dominate the industry?
answer
the invention of the cigarette rolling machine
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What was the outcome of Ida Wells's 1890s campaign against lynching?
answer
increased awareness of southern racial violence
question
Why were the presidents who served in the last part of the 19th century largely forgotten men?
answer
they were overshadowed by business developments and party politics at state and local levels
question
What did the Mugwumps of the Gilded Age stand for?
answer
The introduction of civil service reform
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What major reform was enacted during Chester A Arthur's presidency?
answer
The Pendleton Civil Service Act
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What did Irish Catholic voters fail to turn out for James Blaine in 1884?
answer
Blaine had failed to distance himself from the anti Catholic statement of a prominent supporter
question
Which groups were the most enthusiastic supporters of the tariff in the late 19th century?
answer
Industrialists and Westerners who traded in wool, hides and lumber
question
State' attempts to regulate the railroads ultimately failed because the Supreme Court's 1886 Wabash vs Illinois decision ruled
answer
railroads that crossed state boundaries fell outside state jurisdiction
question
The Sherman Antitrust Act stated that
answer
pools and trusts were illegal
question
What was the central issue addressed by the Greenback Labor Party?
answer
The issuance of paper currency not tied to the gold supply
question
global migration
answer
movement of populations across large distances such as oceans and continents. In the late 19th century, large scale immigration from southern and eastern Europe into the United States contributed to the growth of cities and changes in American demographics
question
sweatshops
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small rooms used for clothing piecework beginning in the later 19th century. As mechanization transformed the garment industry with the introduction of foot pedaled sewing machines and mechanical cloth cutting knives, independent tailors were replaced with sweatshops workers hired by contractors to sew pieces into clothing
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family economy
answer
economic contributions of multiple members of a household that were necessary to the survival of the family. From the late 19th to 20th century, many working class families depended on the wages of all family members, regardless of sex or age
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typewriters
answer
women who were hired by business in the decades after the Civil War to keep records and conduct correspondence, often using equipment such as typewriters. Secretarial work constituted one of the very few areas where middle class women could use their literacy for wages
question
Great Railroad Strike
answer
nationwide strike that began in 1877 with West Virginia railroad brakemen who protested against sharp wage reductions. the strike quickly spread to include roughly 600,000 workers. Federal troops were used to break the strike when it got violent. Union membership surged despite the strike's failure
question
Knights of Labor
answer
the first mass organization of America's working class. attempted to bridge the boundaries of ethnicity, gender, ideology, race and occupation to build a universal brotherhood of all workers
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American Federation of Labor
answer
Organization created by Samuel Gompers in 1886 that coordinated the activities of craft unions throughout the United States. The AFL worked to achieve immediate benefits for skilled workers. Its narrow goals for unionism became popular after the Haymarket bombing
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Haymarkey bombing
answer
May 4, 1886 conflict in which both workers and policemen were killed or wounded during a labor demonstration in Chicago. the violence began when someone threw a bomb into the ranks of police at the gathering. The incident created a backlash against labor activism
question
cult of domesticity
answer
19th century belief that women's place was in the home where they should created haves for their families. This sentimentalized ideal led to an increase in the hiring of domestic servants, thus freeing white middle class women to spend time in pursuits outside the home
question
bossism
answer
pattern of urban political organization that arose in the late 19th century in which an often corrupt boss maintains an inordinate level of power through command of a political machine that distributes services to its constituents
question
World's Columbian Exchange
answer
World's fair held in Chicago in 1893 that attracted millions of visitors. The elaborately designed pavilions of the White City included exhibits of technological innovation and cultural exoticism. The white buildings embodies an urban ideal that contrasted with the realities of Chicago life
question
About how many people moved into cities in the United States between 1870 and 1900?
answer
11 million
question
What enhanced the mobility of people around the world after the 1870s?
answer
the expansion of railroads and low steamship fares
question
Which of the following describes the response of Irish Americans to the new immigrants who entered the United States after 1870?
answer
hostile
question
What did photojournalist Jacob Riis's best selling book How the Other Half Lives demonstrate?
answer
Life in New York tenements was miserable
question
Which of the following was an important skilled labor in the late 19th century?
answer
iron puddling
question
Which of the following best characterizes the family economy of working class Americans and immigrants in the late 19th century?
answer
most immigrant and working class families depended on the contributions of all family members
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In the late 19th century, married black women often supplemented white family income by working
answer
outside the home as domestics
question
Which of the following terms was used to refer to women who worked in the clerical field in the late 19th century?
answer
typewriters
question
Why did workers feel like they were losing ground in the industrial workforce?
answer
machines and unskilled labor increasingily replaces skilled workers
question
Which of the following events first displayed the power of the workers' collective action to the entire nation?
answer
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
question
What did Samuel Gompers who established the American Federation of Labor believe skilled workers should do to improve their status?
answer
Organize into craft unions and employ strikes to achieve work related reforms
question
What issue spurred American workers and their allies to rally in Chicago?
answer
The eight hour workday
question
How did the patterns of hiring household help change in major ways?
answer
IN American cities, between 15 and 30 percent of all household had live in servants
question
Which of the following describes the occupation of domestic servants?
answer
undesirable
question
What characterized baseball, the new national pastime?
answer
the sport united cities across class lines
question
What American city created the first professional baseball team in 1869?
answer
Cincinnati
question
What challenges did American architects and engineers face with the rise of the city?
answer
they struggled with the need for public facilities, transportation and services
question
The city redevelopment that occurred after the Great Fire of 1871 allowed Chicago to take the lead in
answer
development of the modern skyscraper
question
What did Frederick Olmstead promote to encourage the beautification of American cities?
answer
development of urban public parks
question
What was NYC's Tammany Hall?
answer
The democratic party's political machine
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