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New Frontier

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Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wants to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military

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Great Society

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President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

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War on Poverty

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President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

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Economic Opportunity Act

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An economic legislation that created many social programs to help provide funds for youth programs antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training; part of the Great Society.

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Medicare and Medicaid

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Medicare: Universal healthcare for old people Medicaid: Fund state programs to provide health care for poor people

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

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Got rid of literacy tests and other laws that kept minorities from voting 1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

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Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

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Eliminated various immigration quotas that discriminated against country of origin. However, general immigration quotas remained and discriminatory quotas were introduced for Latin Americans. The Act facilitated a surge in immigration later in the century.

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AFDC

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Aid to Families with Dependent Children

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Name two major differences between the New Deal and the Great Society

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-Great society avoided structural reform -Great society wasn't skewed towards white men; reached victims of discrimination

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How did the Vietnam War affect the Great Society plan?

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The Vietnam War severely undercut Johnson's commanding authority and diverted funding away from his domestic plans.

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What were the main successes/failures of the Great Society?

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Successes: 1) General Economic boost 2) Civil Rights legislation 3) Improved education Failures: 1) Many African Americans still remained in poverty 2) No significant redistribution of income 3) Poverty still very prevalent

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The Johnson Treatment

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pressure politicians into doing what he wanted done, (threats & flattery used)

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Warren Court

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beast liberal court the Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech Civil rights, criminal rights, reproductive freedom, separation of church and state

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Loving v. Virginia

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1867: This is the court case that declared all laws against interracial marriage unconstitutional

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Baker v. Carr

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case that est. one man one vote. this decision created guidelines for drawing up congresional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state

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Gideon v. Wainright

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All defendants in serious criminal cases were entitled to legal counsel, even if they were too poor to afford it

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Abington School District v. Schempp

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Held that public schools could not require students to participate in reading the Bible as it violated the Free Establishment clause and Free Exercise Clauses of the First Amendment

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Miranda v. Arizona

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In a number of cases, defendants were not informed of their rights under the 5th A. Miranda raped a woman and admitted to it after not being informed of the right to not self-incriminate. Result: The Court cannot use any statements obtained without the statement of "Miranda" rights. Guidelines to police interrogation 5th, 6th A

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SCLC

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr.

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NAACP

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Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans. (ADD MORE)

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SNCC

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(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement. Also did not adopt Martin Luther King's way of directing the movement. He was more authoritative while SNCC was more grass roots.

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What was the difference between King and SNCC?

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King's campaigned used the "top-down" management method where King stood as a leader and figurehead of the movement. In contrast, the SNCC emphasized group grassroots decision making.

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Greensboro

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The town where the SNCC was created. Students attempted to get service at an all white lunch counter. The denial of service prompted the creation of the SNCC

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Freedom Riders

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Civil Rights activists called Freedom Riders, rode in interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia, which outlawed racial segregation in interstate transportation facilities, including bus stations and railroad terminals. A total of 436 Freedom Riders were arrested for trespassing, unlawful assembly, violating state and local Jim Crow laws, etc. All but a very small number were sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) while the others belonged to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

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CORE

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Congress of Racial Equality Organized freedom rides

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March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

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The largest non-violent demonstration for the Black Civil Rights Movement. This march involved King making his famous "I have a dream speech"

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Mississippi Freedom Summer Project

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Mobilization creating voter registration drives

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Selma March/"Bloody Sunday"

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Massive non-violent march during which Alabama State Troopers used extreme violence against demonstrators. Gaining the name "Bloody Sunday," the march truly unified African Americans.

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John Lewis

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Chairman of the SNCC and later a Congressman from Georgia

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How did the federal government react to King?

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They used the FBI to spy and suppress many of his activities secretly

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How did the black freedom struggle influence other reform movements of the 1960s and 1970s?

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It inspired other minority groups to take action. Many modeled their movements after the black freedom movement. Some native americans called their movement "red power" and Mexican americans called their's "brown power"

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Why did civil rights movements become violent in the late 60s?

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Growing frustration at the lack of concrete change led to the abandonment of the popular non-violence ethos. Malcom X also capitalized on the frustration and solidified the idea of celebrating and fighting for black culture amongst the public.

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Civil Rights Act of 1968

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passed in response to King's assassination. The Act banned discrimination in housing and jury selection and authorized the federal government's intervention to prevent violence against civil rights workers.

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black power movement

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emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests, advance black values, and secure black autonomy. a range of political goals, from defense against racial oppression, to the establishment of separate social institutions and a self-sufficient economy (separatism help usher in black radical thought, and action against white supremacy. Black Power adherents believe in Black autonomy, with a variety of tendencies such as black nationalism, and black separatism. Often Black Power advocates are open to use violence as a means of achieving their aims, but this openness to violence was nearly always coupled with community organizing work. CONFLICTED with civil rights.

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Black Panther Party

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A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.

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American Indian Movement

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led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre

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Chicano movement

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A Mexican- American political and social movement. Dedicated to increasing awareness of history and culture

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UFW

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"United Farm Workers" - organization of Mexican field hands, gained rights for migrant farm workers

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La Raza Unida

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A party organized in the late 1960s as a means of getting Mexican Americans to unite politically and to identify ethnically as one people.

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What were some characteristics of the "New Left?"

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The New Left was a broad political movement mainly in the 1960s and 1970s consisting of educators, agitators and others who sought to implement a broad range of reforms on issues such as civil rights, gay rights, abortion, gender roles, and drugs

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What were the main accomplishments of the Student Movement?

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1) Curricular reforms, such as the introduction of black studies, Latino studies, and women's studies programs. 2) Increased financial aid for minority and poor students. 3) Independence from paternalistic rules 4) A larger voice in campus decision making

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Stonewall Riots

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The LGBTQ riots that marked the end of the group's submissive nature.

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Equal Pay Act

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Made it illegal to pay women less then men for the same work

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National Organization for Women (NOW)

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Women's civil rights organization formed in 1966. Initially, NOW focused on eliminating gender discrimination in public institutions and the workplace, however by the 1970s it also embraced many issues raised by more radical feminists.

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What were the differences between the agendas of the Women's liberation movement and NOW?

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The Women's liberation movement was focused on combating and reforming the oppression of women in the household and in social relationships. NOW was instead focused on gaining women's equality in the workplace, education, and social institutions.

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Equal Rights Amendment

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constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

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Roe v. Wade

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1973 Supreme Court ruling that the constitution protects the right to abortion, which states cannot prohibit in the early stages of pregnancy. The decision galvanized social conservatives and made abortion a controversial policy issues for decades to come.

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What were the shortcomings of the Feminist movement?

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Black women were heavily excluded from the movement, emphasizing the overwhelming majority held by white middle class women.

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Students for a Democratic Society

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The organization representing the overall student "New Left." The SDS advocated for civil rights, peace , and universal economic security.

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EEOC

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Enforces laws to prevent unfair treatment on the job due to sex, race, color, religion, national origin, disability, or age.

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Affirmative Action

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A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Laws that responded to demands of the Civil Rights movement by making discrimination in employment, education and public accommodations illegal. Was the strongest such of measure since Reconstruction.

US History Chapter 28 – Flashcards

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