US History Flashcards

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi (targeted Georgia). The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Crisis during Jackson's presidency, when South Carolina wanted to be able to nullify (ignore) tariff laws imposed on them by the Federal Government. Jackson passed the "Force Bill," which allowed the federal government to enforce laws with military force. This made SC nervous, because they were afraid that if the federal government could enforce any law for them, it might pass a law against slavery (there was a lot of discussion in the country about slavery being legal/prohibited in different areas), and since SC was 65% slaves, this was a problem. They didn't want the federal government to take away their slaves.

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

Major tribe that lived in the Southeast. Were forcibly removed to reservations west of the Mississippi.

1. A treaty that gave more than 7.5 million acres (10,423,130 acres) of Choctaw land to the state of Mississippi and made them move off of their native land onto "Indian territory" west of the Mississippi river.

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification (leader of the SC Nullification Crisis)

Cherokee leader up to the indian removals, part of the treaty party, assassinated after the Trail of Tears.

Central issue of the 1832 election. Nicholas Biddle proposed a bill to re-charter the bank. Jackson vetoed the bill. Jackson thought the bank was a threat to democracy. He withdrew federal deposits and put them in state banks ("pet banks").

Was the religious leader of the Second Great Awakening. Best known revivalist of his day. Joined evangelical religion to social reform (women's and slave's rights mostly).

Quaker, abolitionist, social reformer, and proponent of women's rights (equality in marriage, such as women's property rights and rights to their earnings.) Mott was involved in a number of anti-slavery organizations, including the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society (founded 1838), the American Free Produce Association, and the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Cherokee chief who went to court in Georgia to protect the Cherokees' right to own their own land when the government gave the land to new settlers. Wrote the Cherokee Constitution using the US Constitution as a guide

The founding of this organization in 1826 by evangelical Protestants signaled the start of a national crusade against drunkenness. Using a variety of techniques, the union set out to persuade people not to drink intoxicating beverages and was successful in sharply lowering per capita consumption of alcohol. It was an example of the spirit of reform that was so prevalent in the early 1800s.

Worchester was a missionary who sued GA, because he was being expelled from indian land for advocating for the indians. He won.

First Supreme Court Case (1831). Cherokee sue GA to stop the Indian Removal Act. GA called them "domestic dependent nations," and the Supreme Court decided the indians didn't have the right to sue GA. The indians lost the case, and the act became a bill in 1833.

When the supreme court defined the legal relationship between indians and the US gov: only the federal government could take land from indians (not individual citizens). "principle discovery" - Europeans had absolute rights to the land

circuit rider that John Wesley sent to America from England, leader of the Methodist church, part of the 2nd great awakening

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

Political party formed in 1834 to oppose policies of Andrew Jackson, collapsed in the 1850s due to slavery disputes (northern whigs vs. southern whigs)

Norther democrats, unlike the norther whigs, did not strongly oppose slavery. They just wanted to be left alone. The Democrat party became the nation's only national (relevant in both north AND south, not just one) party. Both northern and southern democrats supported popular sovereignty, and this is what held the party together. Stronger support of the democrat party in the SOUTH than in the north. Almost ALL dem. were PRO-SLAVERY.

Mixture of seminole indians and escaped black slaves who took up arms against relocation in 1836-37

forced out of their lands in Alabama by President Jackson

The alleged deal between Clay and John Quincy Adams that stole the election in 1824 from Jackson. Supposedly, Clay had supported John Quincy Adams in the House presidential vote in return for the office of Secretary of State. Clay knew he could not win, so he traded his votes for an office.

When the Bank of the United states started calling in its loans, which meant Americans had to come up with money to pay them. Because prices for American cotton, tobacco and wheat plummeted 50% during this time, American's didn't have as much money coming in from their sales, and it was difficult for them to pay up.

In May of 1838, federal troops were sent by Martin Van Buren (Jackson's successor) to remove the Cherokee from GA. They embarked on a journey west called the Trail of Tears.

Turner was a literate slave (read the Bible) led an uprising of slaves in Southampton, VA, in the summer of 1831, moving from farm to farm, killing 50-60 white people. Led to the execution of 40 slaves.

Organization founded in 1817 to send blacks back to Africa

Laws by state legislatures (not federal government) that banned whites from selling alcohol to slaves or gambling with them. They also said slaves were not allowed to legally own any property.

Debates in the Virginia state legislature following Nat Turner's Revolt over proposals to end slavery in Virginia. Although the legislature decided to keep slavery, the debates revealed white fears and divisions.

Former slave who spoke out against slavery through writings.

Freeborn black man living in Boston who urged slaves to rise up in bloody rebellion in his pamphlet "Appeal...to the Coloured Citizens of the World." This fell into the hands of VA slaves. Thought to have spurred Nat Turner's revolt.

Massachusetts abolitionist who published a strongly-abolitionist newspaper, the "Liberator," thought to have spurred Nat Turner's revolt.

Part of the 2nd great awakening, he was an American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and news paper editor who was murdered by a mob for his abolitionist views

Originally, both Great Britain and America owned Oregon. Now, there was a problem. Polk had originally wanted a division at the 49th parallel but Britain refused this. So, after intense negotiations, they decided the U.S. border would extend to the 49th parallel and this allowed Britain to keep Vancouver Island

A law passed by the southern senate to ignore abolitionist petitions. Lasted for about 10 years in the house, and 20 years in the senate. Anti-slavery Issues were refused to be addressed, petitions were just thrown out.

This was a phrase used mainly by Southern politicians and authors who wanted to illustrate the importance of the cotton crop to the southern economy. By the time of the Civil War, cotton accounted for almost 60% of American exports, representing a total value of nearly $300 million a year. Southern plantations generated three-fourths of the world's cotton supply. However, the attempt to use this trade as a diplomatic weapon to force Europe's hand in the American Civil War failed.

Publisher of the magazine "DeBrow's Review." Urged the south to expand their agriculture and commerce so it could be independent of the north.

1840s: 3000 miles of track. 1860s: 30,000 miles of track. Brought people together quicker, replaced river routes. Most of the railroads were in the North.

A free black carpenter in Charleston who was accused of conspiring with plantation slaves to murder the white inhabitants of Charleston. Though he denied these charges he and 35 other black men were hung.

Slave preacher who tried to lead a slave revolt to burn Richmond, VA in 1800, but he was betrayed, his plan was stopped, and he was executed.

Pioneer trail that began in Missouri and crossed the Great Plains into the Oregon Territory; main route across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains; after the coming of the railroad, the trail fell into disuse and was finally abandoned in the 1870s

tobacco, cotton, rice, sugar

"gin" stands for "engine." Took seeds out of cotton to allow for growth of cotton production.

Term used by whites to refer to blacks. Whites could not decide if blacks were people or property (blacks could be sued, were expected to obey laws, like people, but were owned like property). They called them "inferior people" to reconcile this problem.

properties with more than 20 slaves

most slave owners didn't own many. More than 50% owned less than 20.

it was good economically

when the population of a territory decided questions of slavery, not the federal government

By Stephen Douglass. - to remove prohibition of slavery in the central territory (set in place by the Louisianna Purchase) - suggests the question of slavery should be left to popular sovereignty - Northern Democrats (anti-slavery) are against it, think it will expand slavery and be a threat to free labor (opposition was really about JOBS) - passed into a Bill, after being debated for 3 months

It made it look like a pro-slavery idea, contaminated it.

former Whigs, Northern Know-Nothings, politically active abolitionists, Anti K-N Democrats (mostly northern dem.)

Dread Scot was a slave in Missouri who sued his master because he was taken into the Northern territory to live for a while with his master, and he said this made him free (even though he and his master moved back to MO). The court's response: - he is not free b/c he voluntarily returned home to MO with his master - he couldn't sue, whether slave or free, because he wasn't a citizen (this established the idea that blacks were NOT citizens) - the court also said congress didn't have a right to prohibit slavery. only the states could.

2 elections: *** Lincoln won!!*** - Lincoln (R) vs. Douglas (D)... north - Bell (WHIG) vs. Breckinridge (D).... south

1859. John Brown, abolitionist, raided a United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry in 1859 to give ammunition to slaves to lead a revolt. Brown's raid was defeated by a detachment of Col. Robert E. Lee. He was executed.

1862. 1st turning point of the Civil War. Northern victory. Led to the emancipation proclamation (Lincoln had been waiting for a northern victory).

- discouraged British from recognizing the confederacy diplomatically - freed slaves - a war measure to allow black americans to enter the union military and participate in the Civil War (around 180,000 joined)

Part of the 2nd turning point of the war. July 1-3, 1863 in southern Pennsylvania, another effort by Lee to take battle to the north, wanted to resupply his army. 3rd day of battle Lee is beaten.

Part of the 2nd turning point of the war. July 4, 1863 on the last part of the Mississippi River the confederates controlled. Union army pushed confederates into Vicksburgh and defeated them there.

Part of the 2nd turning point of the war. Took place at the railroad center of the confederacy. Union defeated them once again, let them invade the heart of the confederacy.

Lincoln's re-election of 1864.

ABOLISHES SLAVERY throughout country

intended to ensure the rights of the freed slaves; it granted CITIZENSHIP to the freedmen, guaranteed them due process of law

gave blacks the right to VOTE

This act said that all a slave owner had to do to claim an alleged run-away slave was to swear to a commissioner that the slave was his. It also stipulated that ALL citizens must aid officials in stopping run-away slaves.

- California entered the union as a FREE slave state - New Mexico and Utah became territories where slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty - Texas accepted its boundary with New Mexico - congress ended the slave trade in the District of Columbia - Fugitive Slave Act was enacted (more strict than the one before) to prevent run-aways

Proposer of the compromise of 1850. KY senator.

Debates about slavery. Lincoln supported not allowing slavery at all. Douglass supported popular sovereignty.

Kansas was being disputed for free or slave soil during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, there were enough free-soilers to overrule the slave-soilers. So many people were feuding that disagreements eventually led to killing in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces.

Sumner was a senator who advocated for the abolishment of slavery. Brooks was another senator who supported popular sovereignty. Brooks beat up Sumner in court with his cane so badly that Sumner had permanent brain damage and couldn't return to court. Brooks was praised for his "boldness."

11th president. Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico (1846). Passed in the House, but not in the Senate.

United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War

the belief that God had meant for the colonists to expand over North America, also about the spread of democratic institutions, getting rid of non-whites (indians, etc.)

First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington. This battle helped boost Southern morale and made the North realize that this would be a long war. Confederate victory.

An organization that provided medical assistance and supplies to army camps and hospitals, thousands of women went to the aid of wounded Civil War Soldiers, Prevented the spread of disease in camps, improved camp conditions, raised money for supplies, tracked down the missing, had supplies ready after battles, and recruited and trained nurses.,volunteers headed by Doreatha Dix. The commission put female nurses in field hospitals and by the end of the war, despite opposition; women were the majority of the nurses.

United States politician who as secretary of state in 1867 arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia (known at the time as Seward's Folly) (1801-1872)

A political party that started during the two party systems in the 1840's.The party's main platform was bringing an end to slavery by political and legal means. The party was originally part of the American Anti-slavery however; they split because they believed there was a more practical way to end slavery than Garrison's moral crusade.

10th President of the United States when Harrison died (1790-1862). Wanted TX to become part of the states. He introduced the Annexation Treaty, which argued for TX to become a state so there would be more slaves (not many fans of this argument, so it's rejected)

The fight to gain TX as a state (TX was owned by Mexico). Consequences of the Mexican War: - pushed slavery to the forefront of congress discussions ("should there be slavery in TX?") - this slavery dispute leads to the collapse of the Whig party and the split of the Dem. party

Missouri wanted to enter as slave and upset balance. Henry Clay proposed: Missouri entered slave, Maine entered free 36.30 line: everything N was free, everything S was slave

that slavery should not spread to recently approved states but could stay where it was

Calhoun's response to the Wilmont Proviso, where he broadened his argument to insist that Congress didn't have a constitutional right to prohibit slavery in the territories. The territories were a common property of all the states (North and South), and slave owners had a constitutional right to the protection of their property wherever they moved.

When the Kansas territory was ready to seek admission to the Union in 1857; the key issue was whether it would be a free state or a slave state. The pro-slavery forces won control of the constitutional convention, which met in the town of Lecompton in September of that year, because the majority of poeple in KA (the anti-slavery people) did not participate in the elections. In reality the majority of KA opposed the elections for the convention. The complicated fight over the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution manifested the sectional tension that would erupt in the Civil War three years late

Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.

An attack on this union fort by the confederacy began the Civil War. Union fort in SC; guarded Charleston Harbor; April 12, 1861 Confederacy asked for fort's surrender; Major Robert Anderson refused; Confederates open fired; Union ran out of ammunition; April 13 - union surrendered

Chief instrument of Grant's aggressive tactics for subduing the South was a hardened veteran, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman; leading 100000 men, Sherman moved out from Chattanooga, TN on a campaign of deliberate destruction that went clear across the state of GA and then swept north into SC; Sherman pioneered the tactics of total war, destroying everything in his path and he took Atlanta in 1864, later Savannah and setting fire to Columbia, SC (the capital); broke the will of the confederacy

This committee was comprised of three senators and four representatives and sought to investigate why the Union was suffering such terrible defeats to the Confederacy. They said the Union was not harsh enough with the Confederacy, not strong enough.

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisoners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release.

Response in opposition to the K-N Act

MARCH 1867 -Feb. 1867, Johnson refused to acknowledge Senate's consent and fired Sec. of War EDWARD STANTON (Says it's Lincoln's appointee, so Act does not apply) and elected a new Sec. of War. *FEB. 24- HOUSE FILES 11 ARTICLES OF IMPEACHMENT (before even drawing up charges) by vote of 126-47 Charge of "high crimes and misdemeanors" Senate Hearing- vote to remove President was one vote short of necessary 2/3 senate (35-19) (lack of evidence)

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.

agreement that ended the disputed election of 1876 between Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden; under its terms, the South accepted Hayes's election. In return, the North agreed to remove the last troops from the South, support southern railroads, and accept a southerner into the Cabinet. The Compromise of 1877 is generally considered to mark the end of Reconstruction.

Impose military rule in the South, establish rules for readmission of ex-Confederate states to the Union, and require those states to guarantee the vote to black men.

Six senators and nine representatives drafted the 14th Amendment and Reconstruction Acts. The purpose of the committee was to set the pace of Reconstruction. Most were radical Republicans.

this was battle fought by grant in an attempt to capture the railroad of the south. the battle was fought in the west prevented the north from obtaining an easy victory. however, the confederates strong resistance showed that they would not go quietly and the war was far from over.

During the Civil War, the Union did this to block cotton exports to Europe and food imports to the South.

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Dred Scott decision was made

gave a speech in may 1856 called " the crime against kansas" militant opponent of slavery, beat with a cane by preston brooks after the speech, collapsed unconscious and couldn't return to senate for 4 years, symbol throughout the north.

General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated.

an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States. Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West.

United States politician and orator (1782-1817), Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

American politician and 15th president of the US. He was chosen as the Democratic nominee for president in 1856 for being politically experienced and not offensive to slave states.

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south.

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote.

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Union general

he was a union general that was in charge during the beginning of the war. he defeated lee, at antietam, securing a much needed union victory.

leading Union general in the American Civil War.Grant first reached national prominence by taking Forts Henry and Donelson in 1862 in the first Union victories of the war. The following year, his brilliant campaign ending in the surrender of Vicksburg secured Union control of the Mississippi and—with the simultaneous Union victory at Gettysburg—turned the tide of the war in the North's

Commander of the Confederate Army

Communication and Transportation Revolution (1815 to 1845) (improvements: expansion of the postal system, electric telegraph; shortened travel time, reduced expense to travel, canals and railroads, steam) Transportation: federally supported program of internal improvements to help with National transportation needs. NATIONAL ROAD; question of: constitutional? Fed. Gov't have authority? Does whole country have to agree on it or not? Turnpikes- states acquire money. Use of RIVERS: STEAMBOATS! - faster, rivers = quicker and cheaper than roads, up and down river now (b/c of steam.) Construction of CANALS east to west, esp. in the North. 1st first construction: Erie Canal in New York. (July 4th 1817, finished in 1825) Changes how farmers live (new things cheaper, developing market.) RAILROADS: faster than canals. 1830's-40's: around 3k miles of track. This all helps the expansion of the........ Market Evolution: agricultural productivity (Farming- major part of the economy), iron/steel plows (need for material for efficiency). Wage labor factories- textile miles (New England). (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION begins to have influence.) Lowell Factory system (in England)- women: daughters of farmers. Use of Machines (revolutionary)- always has been a labor shortage in the US. Urban Growth- Immigrants (Irish Catholics) coming in from Europe (costs cheaper to come over Atlantic). Indentured servants dying out (why become a servant for 4-7 years when going to America is so cheap now?)

Jackson's Presidency: (1829-37, 2 terms)- Idea of INDIAN REMOVAL. Long-lasting idea, Indians had been dealt with via treaties before which hadn't worked. Previously said either: Indians should adopt American culture OR (if separate culturally) move further west, but really just wanted them GONE. (No middle ground, Indians weren't allowed to hold onto their culture and when they were like the Americans, they were still hated and wanted gone.) Indians= "blocking progress"- lands being wasted (that could be developed and settled by white Americans), hindered settlements further west. American cultural/social excuses to make them leave ("for their own good that they should leave") Example: Cherokees in GA: civilized, developed farmlands and lives, had own constitution and written language, but Americans pushed them out for the land even though the Indians technically met the standards demanded of them. Real reason of removal: LAND and racial INTOLERANCE. Jackson's Removal Policy: Crucial to the country's economy (lands wasted by Indians), White Supremacy (Jacksonian Dem's.), used treaties initially to get it done- took away Indian rights (can't own their land, can't testify against white men.) 1830 GA State Laws, Indian Removal Act (1832). Response: Protestant Clergy and women reformers (interested in political issues) lead attack against removal. Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek 1830- dealt with Choctaw Indians. Cherokee Removal (largest in SouthEast)- Johnson vs. McIntosh- "principle of discovery" - gave Europeans absolute right to the land (discovered it in the "European sense".) Indians have right lesser than occupancy (can be expelled, they didn't "plant the flag".) Indians viewed as: "Domestic Dependent Nations," not a sovereign state. Cherokee Nation vs. GA and Worcester vs. GA = to prevent GA from extending their state laws over their land. 1838- Trail of Tears: 46k Indians removed. Now, much land available.

Broadening of the Franchise (1824-40) After 1815- removed property qualifications for voting, only white males could vote (white males benefitted). Black males, restricted or removed voting privileges (did not benefit). 1836- electors, statewide popular vote- more rights than GB (reflects different histories). Changes in politics: 1824, 25% eligible to vote. Voters needed to be harnessed/directed with party discipline. Voting body and political parties = had been previously very unorganized. J. Q. Adams vs. A. Jackson (got 1st in popular vote, but Congress elected Adams) - "corrupt bargain": people didn't get their #1 choice. Adams: Clay Alliance: National Rep.'s--- WHIG Party (1830's, formed out of the Rep. "blob.") vs. DEMOCRATIC Party (Jackson and Van Buren). These 2 parties divided by: economic, religious, and cultural issues. Political parties = positive good (there are many interests in a nation but organization and direction helps gather votes) ELECTION OF 1828: Popular vote determined the outcome, 3x amount of voters involved than in 1824. 1st national election where character questions reigned supreme. New Campaign styles: Jacksonian Democrats- emphasized a candidate, not a program. JACKSON=a tough fighter, use of: campaigning, rallies, media, newspapers, symbols. (Represented the self-made American guy ready for action.) Potent Political Machinery: Personal Popularity, Party Organization, and Use of Symbols. Jackson defines the DEMOCRATIC party: opportunity for all white men (Indian removal to give whites land opportunity), disapproved of US Bank, enhanced the power of the presidency. Egalitarian opportunity for all white men, personal liberty, free competition. White supremacy. Contentious, energetic party ready to embrace liberty-loving individualism. WHIG party: moralistic, top-down party ready to make major decisions to promote economic growth. In favor of National Bank. Activist moralism party and state-sponsored entrepreneurship. Women even signed on the political petitions on the issues of Indian removal and slavery.

MAYSVILLE VETO- Internal Improvements. Supported improvements that would help the democrats (their party: white supremacy, moving Indians for Dem's own interests). Jackson exercised presidential veto over Congress (1830). Vetoed highway project in Maysville, KY that Congress voted to support with federal $. Showed Jackson's principled stand that citizens' federal tax dollars could be spent only on projects of a "general, not local" character. NULLIFICATION CRISIS- Fed. Tariffs were high to favor new American manufacturers and shelter them from foreign competition and raise federal revenue. SC suffered from "Tariff of Abominations" (what Congress passed). 1828, John Calhoun headed group to advance doctrine called "Nullification"- confederate states did not give all power to gov't (when Congress over stepped its powers, states could nullify its acts). (early1830's) Jackson ignored South Carolina's attempt to ignore federal tariff policy (state's rights in question), reaffirming Congressional power over states, and shut out Calhoun, his new VP, who resigned. SC declared federal tariffs void in SC in 1833. Dramatic confrontation and then Compromise: SC could have lower tariff and Fed. Power prevailed over states' rights. Questions of federal power vs. states' rights weren't settled- implied threat behind nullification: secession. BANK WAR- Jackson opposed National Bank ("unresponsive to the public" and "threat to public morality") Bank was an important player in the country's financial situation and development and it was prospering, benefitting the whole nation, but Jackson didn't find the bank's functions sufficiently valuable enough to offset his criticism of the concept of a national bank. National Whig/Republican senators convinced the bank to apply for charter renewal (to make Jackson follow through with an unpopular veto and lose the election.) This happened, but the veto was brilliant and spoke of the rich elite who oppressed democratic masses to benefit themselves. Clay and his supporters found it so absurd, they distributed copies to gain supporters and use for campaign material. BACKFIRED, veto was a good translation of bank controversy into language of class antagonism and egalitarian ideals that resonated with most Americans. Jackson won the election easily and no 2nd bank of US after 1836. Results: economy went into high gear (1834), hundreds of new private banks were chartered. Economy attained admirable goal: national debt disappeared and for 1st/only time in American history, gov't had monetary surplus. Overall, these represent Jackson's PRESIDENCY- liked to exercise presidential veto power (affirmed presidential power) Jeffersonian limited federal government, feared intervention in economy by gov't would favor some groups at expense of others, Opposed federal support of transportation and grants of monopolies and charters that privileged wealthy investors. Anticipated rapid settlement of country's interior: land sales would spread economic democracy to white settlers (wanted Indians gone) *** Worked to implement his vision of a politics of opportunity for all white men. To open land for white settlers, Indian Removal Act. In all these events (3 above), confronted Calhoun and SC over tariff problem and controlled states powers at that time over that issue. Disapproving of all gov't granted privilege, Jackson challenged the National Bank and defeated it. He greatly enhanced the power of the presidency.

Reform, Religion, and Women: Growing economy (1820's) and booming in 1830's transformed more than productivity. Increasing #s of families standards of living rose and the nature/location of work was altered. This had a direct impact on the duties of men and women alike and the training of youths for the economy of the future. THE RISE OF EVANGELISM- 2nd Great Awakening: The Rise of Baptists, Methodists (will emerge as the 2 largest Protestant denominations in the country.) Democratized religion and structured morals were attractive to men/women in the new merchant class (economy growing and people prospering). Self-discipline of these people was especially in pursuing market ambitions combined with the idea of self-discipline in pursuit of spiritual perfection as well. They sought to perfect society and make it concerned with good morals; they tried to define alcohol consumption, non-marital sex, and slavery (saw them as 3 major evils in modern life that they were to correct.) Republicans and Democrats parties started to become more defined with their responses to these issues. WOMEN, RELIGION, AND SEPARATE SPHERES- Women were idols of domestic virtue in society, and upheld morals and religion ("angels of the house") and the idea of domestic feminism and moralism began to reach into the public sphere, as this effort to spread morals moved outside the home (set the standard.) The home was a place of safety and goodness and love and some thought it should influence not only the domestic, but public sphere. The two spheres here began to merge/cross over in areas as women's duties were not so defined anymore, and they were becoming more involved with social/political reforms and ideas. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT AND MORAL REFORM- Temperance Movement (1825-1840) was heavily involved in by women, because alcoholism was a problem and if alcohol is a threat to the home, it is surely a threat to society (enforcing of public morality.) American Temperance Union demanded total abstinence of its adherents, moving from moral suasion to the realm of politics. A Social Movement (very controversial) called "moral reform" aimed at public morals first but then moved to a campaign against sexual sin (esp. prostitution.) The Moral Reform Society (women trying to enforce morals in society) pushed men's limits. Women were pursuing the logic of a gender system that defined home protection and morality as women's special sphere and a religious conviction that called for the eradication of sin. ASYLUM AND PRISON REFORM- A woman named D. Dix 1841 wrote: "Humanitarian Outrage with Carefully Researched Statistics"- demanding change: asked for humane treatment in Asylums and Prisons. Areas of Disagreement: Role of Women? Equal role in politics? How should you treat churches (who don't oppose slavery)? Break from them? Participation in Politics? compromise moral beliefs for political standing? Liberty Party 1839.

ANTI-SLAVERY AND RISE OF ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT- More radical was movement in 1830's to abolish the sin of slavery. Abolitionist Movement- had its roots in Great Britain in the late 1700's. 1817 American Colonization Society- formed by some MD AND VA planters that aimed to promote gradual, individual emancipation of slaves followed by colonization in Africa. Wanted to provide slaveholders an alternative to keeping and freeing slaves—ship them (freed slaves) out of the country! By early 1820's, thousands of slaves were imported to Liberia on West African coast. Yet it was too costly, had too many opponents, and the freed slaves' roots were more in America so it made colonization difficult (too gradual.) FAILS. VA Slave Debates- Abolitionist Movement- aftermath of slave insurrection, last great slave debate before Civil War. Maybe slavery is bad?? But there are so many slaves, they can't be freed or else they would destroy the whites and take over. FAILS. David Walker- "The Appeal" - denounced slavery, used egalitarian language of the Declaration of Independence and hinted at racial violence if whites did not stop racism. Frederick Douglas - "The North Star" - we have rights too. William Lloyd Garrison, a radical, white abolitionist - "Liberator" (1831) - newspaper speaking in moral terms (slavery needs to end). Maria Stewart- delivered public lectures for black audiences in Boston on slavery and racism. Her arguments against slavery were powerful, but the fact that she was a woman and was trying to rise about her duties in the home, she wasn't appreciated very much (violated a gender norm by presuming to instruct men.) She quit speaking (1833) but wrote and got her lectures into a national publication, Garrison's "Liberator." Women played important role in spreading racism awareness and supporting abolitionist movements, just as they were involved in moral reform and evangelical religion earlier on." NORTHERN RESPONSE TO ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENTS: Many Northern whites were still uncomfortable completely accepting the abolitionist call for emancipation. They might have opposed slavery as a blot on the country's ideals or as a rival to the free-labor system of the North, but at the same time most white northerners remained anti-black and therefore anti-abolition movements. SOUTH: hated abolition and was worried that the slaves would get ideas and rebel and take over (dangerous ideas floating around from abolitionists that might inspire slaves or interfere with the work and therefore economy in the south.) strongly disliked Abolitionists (troublesome people with troublesome ideas), feared blacks taking over (black outnumbered whites). Turner Revolt confirms fears (what if they all rebel?) Increased violence against Abolitionists, South makes life bad for those who don't support slavery. In late 1830's, abolitionist cause divided the nation as no other issue, even in both sides of the argument were there divisions. For example, women's involvements in the abolitionist movement were not appreciated or agreed on by most abolitionists, even though their stand on slavery connected them for the most part. REFORM BEGAN: Men and Women active in the reform movements in the 1830's found their initial inspiration in evangelical Protestantism's dual message: Salvation is open to all and Society needed to be perfected/corrected. Reformers gravitated towards the Whig Party (males = voters and women = rallying supporters in 1830's campaigns.) Whigs were deciding: abolish slavery or endure it? Democrats: completely pro-slavery. High racism in 1850's. WHAT WERE ITS GOALS? HOW DID IT PLAN TO ACHIEVE THEM? HOW DID IT CHANGE OVER TIME?

COMPROMISE OF 1850: Discuss the SECTIONAL DISPUTES (that led to it): The Wilmot Proviso (1846)- David Wilmot proposed that Congress ban slavery from all lands acquired in the war with Mexico (Mexicans had also just abolished slavery and Wilmot thought it evil to plant slavery onto these slaveless lands) Northerners (and anti-South people) supported him because the West lands (that were about to be developed) would be preserved for free labor, and hardworking, self-reliant free men, not slaves and slaveholders (take away economic opportunity for free citizens.) Southerners thought the Northerners' attempt to exclude slavery was hostile ("White Man's Proviso"). Some in Congress did not want this new land for slavery expansion (division in Congress b/w North and South) South and North Reps in House of Representatives split: Do we allow slavery to extend into this new Mexican territory or not? Not large chance of Compromise - 1850 is a more controversial/heated up time and opinions were getting more aggressive (abolitionist provocation and response) Wilmot demanded Congress slam door shut on slavery but John Calhoun kept it wide open. In the House, Northerners were majority so the Proviso easily passed but in Senate the Southerners had majority (DIVIDED). Senator Lewis Cass (of Michigan) - offered compromise through doctrine of POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY- people who settled territories could decide - DEMOCRATIC idea (people decide) GOLD RUSH—in CA. needed territorial government there to establish law and order. What were its PROVISIONS: Henry Clay's Compromise (1850): so that Senate could vote for what they did like, if any at all. Each of these were finally passed separately. a. CA bring it in as a free state b. UT and NM territory Popular Sovereignty c. Continue to allow slavery in D. C. d. Prevent Congressional interference in internal slave trade e. Pass a new, stronger Fugitive Slave Law What were its RESULTS: The Great Debate - Divides the country sectionally. Pass compromise? KY Clay: YES. Disunion is a threat to the Union and equals WAR! SC Calhoun: NO. North is making it more difficult for the country, so stop criticizing slavery and support the extension of it. MA Webster: warns radicals of both sides. NY Seward: NO. Slavery is unjust—free-soil! Congress should stop extension of slavery. Overall, the Popular Sovereignty idea pulled through (proposed by Sen. Cass) - As long as the matter of timing remained vague, popular sovereignty gave hope to both sides (as soon as settlers in a territory drew up a constitution and applied for statehood, they could then decide the issue of slavery for their new territory.) Congress ended its session in 1848, no plan had won a majority in both houses. The territorial question naturally became an issue in the presidential election of 1848. 1850 Fugitive Slave Act passed (stronger federal law than the only in the 1790's) Gave Fugitives less rights and lots of blacks fled because of new restrictions (went to Canada to not be hauled back to South) People were unhappy with this law but most remembered the "cost" of keeping the country together and endured it. SETTLED??? - took the wind out of radicals in the deep South (who wanted Secession), didn't ultimate settle the question of slavery. Was it truly a COMPROMISE? Not really, it was still unresolved in Congress and was still a subject of contention. The question of slavery was still up in the air and the country was still divided. This just pushed them further down the road of an eventual blow-out. The compromise of 1850 began to come apart almost immediately, and as a result of the runaway slaves in New England, the horrors of slavery were brought into the North. The slavery controversy wasn't opened again by Congress, but the politicians themselves as the Kansas-Nebraska Act again posed the question of slavery in the territories (it was the deadliest of all the sectional issues.)

DRED SCOTT DECISION (significance): Political debate over slavery in the territories became so heated in part because the Constitution lacked precision on the issue. The Supreme Court demonstrated by its decision in this that even it was sufficiently influenced by the sectional bias that affected the land at that time. Dred Scott, a free black who lived in Illinois (a free state), was taken back to his original home state, Missouri (a slave state) and claimed as someone's property. He sued for his freedom and argued "once free, always free" because he had lived in a free state and he and his family were free. Chief Justice Taney hated Republican ideals and racial equality. Taney's Court ruled that Scott was a slave because: a. He returned voluntarily to Missouri (under MO law he was a slave) and his home state determines his status b. He was not a citizen (slave or free, black aren't citizens and so they can't sue in a federal court) c. Congress has not authority to prohibit slavery in the territories ("he was a slave anyway in the first place because Congress couldn't tell the state that blacks were free in IL") This affected the free blacks in the North: this decision stated that free blacks ANYWHERE weren't citizens in the first place and had no rights (frightened the blacks in the North.) It strengthened the young Republican party because it provided dramatic evidence of the Republicans' claim that a hostile "slave power" conspired against Northern liberties. Dred Scott's case changed the political landscape and brought new Republican politicians to the fore. LECOMPTON CRISIS (significance): In Lecompton, Kansas (1858) a group gathered and wrote up their own pro-slavery constitution and applied for statehood. Even though free-soilers outnumbered proslavery settlers, Pres. Buchanan told Congress to admit Kansas in as a new, slave state. (It was called the "Lecompton swindle" because people from other slave-states came in and voted even though they were not part of the state. This influenced the election greatly in the pro-slavery direction. This damages the idea of honest popular sovereignty- in an honest election, slavery was outnumbered 6-1.) Sen. Douglas broke with the Dem.'s and came out against the Lecompton constitution; Congress then killed the bill. Kansas entered the Union as a free state. This upsets Southern Democrats and places further strain on them as they fight to spread slavery into the new, large territory of Kansas. BOTH: Strengthened Northern suspicions of a "Slave Power" conspiracy and the Democrats were getting defensive. Enforced the idea/knowledge that the North and South were completely against each other and every political issue that came up boiled ultimately down to the issue of slavery and it came down to a fight between the Republicans and Democrats also. The ultimate questions of civil rights and equality were constantly disputed between the 2 parties and 2 sections of the country.

Main Turning Points of the Civil War: (1861 - 1865) WHAT WERE THEY? 1st: 1862 Battle of Antietam - goal: Southern Gen. Robert E. Lee tries to take the battle to the North, hurt Northern war morale, and relieve some pressure off the South. It was the bloodiest day of war and more Americans died in that day than in the entire Revolutionary war. Significance - Political: In 1862, Lincoln placed under military arrest any person who discouraged enlistments, resisted the draft, or engaged in "disloyal" practices. Lots of Confederates were taken prisoner. The administration's tactics suppressed free speech with this. Military: Lee expected Antietam to be the war-winning fight, but instead the Southern army was sent back home. Rather than checkmate, the military struggle in the East (in 1862) had reached stalemate. The North seemed no nearer to ending the rebellion than it had been when the war began. Lincoln place 2nd: The Battles in 1863 - Battle of Gettysburg (PA)- Lee was forced to retreat back to VA, confederacy now on the defensive side. Battle of Vicksburg (MS) - confederacy control on river, soon surrenders to Union army because they were being starved and waited out by the Union army. Battle in Chattanooga (TN) - Northern Gen. Ulysses S. Grant emerged as the key northern commander as the North crushed the South militarily in these battles. Significance - Political: in 1863, Republican-dominated Congress passed a draft law that Democrats complained about. The law required many men to enter lottery that decided who entered the war, and only those who could pay a fee could get out of drafting. "A rich man's war and a poor man's fight" was said of the unconstitutional drafting. Democrats said this corrupt method was trying to achieve an unconstitutional end (emancipation.) The victory at Vicksburg and Gettysburg pushed the Union forces further towards Atlanta (turned political favor towards Republicans) and as a result, Lincoln later won the election and later gave him a mandate to continue the war until slavery and the Confederacy were dead. Military: The Confederacy was beginning to be broken and divided by the defeats to their army. The 2 disasters at Gettysburg and Vicksburg proved to be a turning point as the Confederacy couldn't replace all the losses. The North ground out the victory battle-by-battle. The balance tipped in the Union's favor in 1863. But war-weariness threatened to erode the North's will to win before Union armies could destroy the Confederacy's ability to go on. 3rd: Not a military turning point, but a political one: it was the reelection of Lincoln (Republican in 1864). 2 focuses: War, Emancipation. Significance - Political: Republicans now focused on the end of slavery: this is affirmed when you vote for them (Lincoln) (see below) As national elections approached in 1864, Lincoln expected a war-weary North to reject him, but northern voters declared their willingness to continue the war in defense of the ideals of union and freedom. Military: Wait for Confederate surrender, and therefore the end of slavery will truly come. (Lincoln's new aim) End of War (1685): When Lee surrenders to Grant. The Confederacy was collapsing, desertion rates were up, and the 13th Amendment (abolished slavery through the country) came later that year (1865). RESULTS: (At first) Dem.'s called Rep. administration a "reign of terror" and the Rep.'s called the party of "Dixie, Davis, and the Devil." D's denounced R policies (emancipating slaves, subsidizing private business, and expanding federal power) as unconstitutional, arguing that the "Constitution is as binding in war as in peace." The war for union eventually became a war for slave freedom. The war: devastated the South, disrupted families (left women alone with responsibilities), offered blacks new and more effective ways to resist slavery and pursue equality, destroyed Southern lands, and gave blacks a new opportunity for a new life in the society, economy, and politics. Now, to Reconstruct.

Congressional (Republican) Reconstruction: GOALS: (1864 put forth its own plan, thinking Lincoln's was inadequate) The sponsored (by Senators Wade and Davis) bill (plan): a. Demanded at least half of voters in a conquered rebel state had to take an oath of allegiance before reconstruction could begin b. Banned all ex-Confederates from participating in the drafting of new state constitutions c. Guaranteed the equality of freedmen before the law. Congress's reconstruction would be neither as quick or forgiving as Lincoln's. Johnson's Plan: a. Amnesty, Pardon, and Restoration of Property Rights (except for slaves) b. Loyal State Governments (appoint governors, ratifies 13th amendment) REASONS Congressional Rejected Johnson's Plan: a. It was Johnson's only (was no Congressional input) and it reaffirmed his political incapability b. Pre-war aristocracy would take up their positions again (Southern vs. Northern) c. It ignored the issue of the new place of the freed slaves in American society (unrest among slaves) HOW the Congressional Plan worked: (Major Reconstruction Legislation 1865-1875) 13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery. Freedmen's Bureau Acts (1865-1866): Distributed food and clothing to destitute Southerners and helped freedmen with labor contracts and schooling. Civil Rights Act (1866): Affirmed the rights of blacks to enjoy "full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property as is enjoyed by white citizens" and effectively required the end of legal discrimination in state laws. 14th Amendment (1866, ratified 1868): lays down the basic civil rights for Americans (black or white), would guarantee rights for all and denied gov't or state actions that would take away any such rights (this overturns Taney's previous decision that all blacks weren't citizens) Military Reconstruction Acts (1867): Imposed military rule in the South, established rules for readmission of ex-Confederate states to the Union, and required those states to guarantee the vote to black men. 15th Amendment (1869, ratified by states in 1870): Prohibited racial discrimination in voting rights in all states in the nation. Civil Rights Act (1875): Outlawed racial discrimination in transportation, public accommodations, and juries. The (Ultimate) Failure of the Reconstruction: Republican Reconstruction in the South: a. Crisis of legitimacy- Southern white Democrats didn't view Rep. party as legitimate (don't accept the social, political, and legal changes and try to make things difficult for Southern Rep.'s) Blacks were elected into state legislatures and Democrats were bitter and angry with these such changes to their society/politics. b. Violence- The KKK (Ku Klux Klan) - use force to acquire power again. Wanted to: Destroy the Republican infrastructure, Re-establish control over the black labor force (violence was to reverse it), and Restore racial subordination in the South. KKK murdered hundreds of Southern Rep.'s as white Rep.'s and black leaders were their key targets. Congress passed laws against the KKK and was successful in 1870-71 (KKK Acts). c. Election of 1876 "race still as unifying force"- still strong idea. Much fraud in the South, no President the month before inauguration. Lots of problems in election (tied b/w Hayes and Tilden) so there was a Compromise of 1877-Dem.'s gave all electoral votes to Rep.'s, but Democrat Cabinet members must be elected= Rutherford Hayes is President. Dem- cabinet member, the Dem.'s push 2 Rep.'s out of 2 Rep. states in the South. The election of 1876 both confirmed and completed the collapse of Reconstruction. (fails in completely securing rights to the free slaves in the South.) Despite the 14th and 15th amendments, blacks still were denied civil rights.

Slaves both objects and subjects (purpose enriching masters but also individuals); accentuated in S b/c slave-owner relationship; slavery ordered masters' existence; paternalism not benign but owners took interest in slaves, not just laborers but their people, inferior members of society, love for slaves showed more than buying/selling; increased antebellum; increasing call for slave holders to exercise spiritual responsibilities, spiritual need and general happiness, evident publicly and privately; conditions better than colonial, allowances of food, greatest crime too little food, medical care, housing; paid attention to major life events and mundane events - reading Bible, nursing sick; religious life evangelical revivals, no literacy but read to them, church members; rules re: meeting, travel, property, PUNISHMENT AND INTERFERENCE; MORE PRONOUNCED TO PROTECT PROPERTY AND CREATE "MORAL" ORDER; passed laws more restrictive and protective; laws approached cautiously b/c slaves recognized as humans; laws against slaves handled informally; more legislation to strengthen slavery by making it air tight; made difficult to trade, read - ONLY GA, N&SCA, VA had laws against - BECOME FREE (1853 LA law to leave country); ALSO STRENGTHEN BY MAKILNG MORE HUMANE (AL slave code); dualism acknowledged - difference b/t possibility of maltreatment and reality of maltreatment.

Centrality of slavery increasingly pronounced; undergirded S economy, politics, literature; rooted in profit lust & supported by defenders of liberty; both N&S materialistic; S slavery economy and society; contradiction: commercial activity in non-capitalist based economy; defense of slaverholders' interests increased: white suffrage (except SC) AND anti-elite political victory - evidenced by slaveholders' increase in politics AND increased orthodoxy - sending slaves to Liberia attempt to preserve; hostility against reform b/c slavery at risk (SC "spirit of conservatism" to preserve law and order); CENTRAL TO S CONSERVATISM DEFENDING SLAVERY; RALLYING FLAG FOR WHITE S; SLAVERY HADN'T BEEN UNDER SERIOUS ATTACK; CHANGED 1820'S/30'S ESPECIALLY 40'S/50'S WITH MORE ATTACK AND MORE IDENTIFICATION AS S WAY OF LIFE; AGAINST MORE THAN ABOLITIONISTS; CHALLENGES ECONOMIC (GAP B/T N & S), POLITICAL (FREE SOIL), AND IDEOLOGICAL (FREE LABOR ADVOCATES), GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION; MOST POPULAR ARGUMENT SLAVERY'S NECESSITY (CAN'T SENT TO AFRICA OR FREE) - STRENGTH DIDN'T ADVOCATE SLAVERY'S GOODNESS BUT IDENTIFIED LACK OF OPTIONS; RELIGIOUS ARGUMENTS (HEBREWS OWNED SLAVE; JESUS DIDN'T CONDEMN); RACIAL ARGUMENTS; SLAVES BETTER OFF; GOOD SOCIAL ORDER; ANTI FREE LABOR; N WRONG NOT S; slavery supported other places but not with same vehemence as in S, increasingly took siege mentality

Struggled to maximize autonomy and keep from falling into dependence; brought excitement, hope, changes, and oppression; how to fit into new system; black codes restricted occupations, property, judicial access; laissez-faire attitude toward slaves (Douglass - let them alone); didn't help slaves gain land; segregation; slave to free labor; one hope: cause identified with Union; acted to augment autonomy, first jubilee, took advantage of political liberty; wouldn't work under old overseers, migrated, favored sharecropping over wage labor - most didn't own land; those most free - 2% to 21 to 24; if couldn't own land, increased independence goal; bargaining power in labor shortage; wouldn't work under overseers, wouldn't agree to yearly contracts promoted by Freedman's Bureau; various working relationships; sharecroppers lacked independence BUT more control over lives - no one told what to do, incentive in itself; SHARECROPPING AND RESISTANCE TO DEPENDENT SOCIAL RELATIONS TRANSFORMED LIVES (supervised labor, slave cabins past); family preservation became an impetus; embraced education; black churches focus of lives BUT PREEXISTING; active political struggle (withholding labor, refusing children's indenture, etc.), blacks underrepresented in Reconstruction governments, continued demanding political power; new system like old to blacks: whites' search for cheap labor, blacks' ambivalence to S changes; blacks clung to some old ways by refusing conversion efforts; blacks self-asserted in labor, family defense, schools and separated from white society; increased black social stratification - poorer and richer; blacks disillusioned: hopes for land, freedom denied by attacks on rights; many blacks left S (beginning late 1870's), caused by agricultural depression, political attacks, racism, violence.