US History 1301 Final Exam Review – Flashcards
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Louisiana Purchase
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a land deal in 1803 between the US & France where the US got 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million (doubled the size of the nation)
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Macon's Bill #2
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a law made in 1810 intended to motivate Great Britain & France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars; purpose to reopen trade; would halt trade with the other if one repealed restrictions
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Embargo Act
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an 1807 law passed and signed by Pres. Jefferson prohibiting American ships from trading in all foreign ports; response to British attack on American warship off coast of Virginia
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Milan Decree
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a decree by Napoleon closing all Continental ports to British trade (1806)
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Trail of Tears
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the Cherokee were forced to leave their lands in Georgia during the winter of 1838 & travel under military guard to Oklahoma; exposure & disease killed 1/4 of the 16,000 Cherokees
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Whigs
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the second party system began in 1830's and ended in the 1850's with the rise of the Republican party
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Martin Van Buren
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8th President of the US from 1837-1841; Democratic; didn't deal with economic depression following the Panic of 1837 that led to his defeat in 1840
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Emancipation Proclamation
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Pres. Lincoln proclaimed that the slaves of the Confederacy were free in 1863
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Border States
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slave states that didn't secede from the Union (Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland & Missouri stayed that way); very divided within states as to which side to fight for; brother fought brother
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West Virginia
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broke away from Virginia in 1863 after unionists set up a loyalist state government
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13th Amendment
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ratified in 1865, it prohibits slavery & involuntary servitude
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Cotton
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first mass consumer commodity; important to the growth of the US economy in the 1830's and 1840's; cotton gin led to more production, therefore a need for more slaves
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Anaconda Plan
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the Union's plan to defeat the confederacy at start of Civil War; Goal was to blockade the southern ports & control the Mississippi; It would have worked but fellow Union commander wanted to aggressively attack south and defeat them in battle
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William Henry Harrison
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Whig candidate who defeated Van Buren in 1840; died after only a month in office
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Abolition
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the action of ending slavery
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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a book published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 that portrayed slavery as brutal & a threat to family
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William Lloyd Garrison
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a white newspaper publisher that demanded abolition of slavery immediately rather than gradually; The Liberator
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Nat Turner
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a slave who led a rebellion in Virginia in 1831 in which 55-65 white people died; they were executed and rebellions were stopped for a while
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Cotton Gin
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invented by Eli Whitey in 1793; caused the cotton industry to be more efficient (less costly) therefore more cotton therefore more slaves needed
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Adams-Onis Treaty
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allowed for annexation of Florida in 1819; signed by Adams & Luis de Onis
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Henry Clay
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helped negotiate the Compromise of 1820 & 1850; developed the "American System"; Whig; in politics for over 40 years; called the Great Compromiser
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John Calhoun
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established the Second Bank of US; advocated state veto or nullification of any law that impinged on their interests; defended slave plantations; in politics from 1815-1850
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Andrew Jackson
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7th President; supporter of states rights & slavery; forced Indian relocation; against Bank of US; General in Warn of 1812
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Tecumseh
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a Shawnee leader who rejected classification as a member of his tribe & indentified himself as only "Indian"; tried to unite the various tribes
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Manifest Destiny
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1845; a doctrine in support of territorial expansion based on belief that US should expand to encompass all of America
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"49ers"
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would-be gold miners who flocked to California in search of gold
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Missouri Compromise
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a sectional compromise in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state & Maine as a free state; it also banned slavery in part of the Louisiana Purchase Territory
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Compromise of 1850
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Five Federal laws that temporarily calmed the sectional crisis; it made California a free state, ended the slave trade in District of Columbia and strengthened the Fugitive Slave Law
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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an 1854 act that repealed the Missouri Compromise, split Louisiana Purchase into 2 territories & allowed its settlers to accept or reject slavery by popular sovereignty
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Popular Sovereignty
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the concept that the settlers of a newly organized territory had the right to vote on whether to accept slavery or not
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Nullification Crisis
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South Carolina declared that the Federal tariffs of 1828 & 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore not in force
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Interchangeable Parts
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increased production of manufactured goods by "continuous process"
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Battle of New Orleans
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a battle that occurred in 1815 at the end of the War of 1812 when US forces defeated a British attempt to seize New Orleans
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Impressments
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the act of taking men into a military by compulsion with or without notice
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Gettysburg
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a battle where Lee's Confederate army lost many soldiers & had to withdraw
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Antietam
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bloodiest one-day battle of Civil War; 5000 killed & 18000 wounded; it was a draw
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Shiloh
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bloody Civil War battle where only the arrival of reinforcements prevented the annihilation of Union troops backed up against the Tennessee River
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Vicksburg
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Lee's soldiers attacked Union troops on Cemetery Ridge with many casualties; had to withdraw
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Free Soilers
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the first broad, sectional, antislavery party; backed by Van Buren
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Anti-Nebraska Coalition
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a political alignment formed in opposition to the Kansas Nebraska Act
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Reconstruction
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process of rebuilding the South after the Civil War
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10% Plan
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reconstruction plan proposed by Lincoln as a quick way to readmit former Confederate states, pardon all Southerners except Confederate leaders, and allow readmission if 10% signed a loyalty oath & state abolished slavery
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Congressional Reconstruction
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belief that Congress, not the President, should direct reconstruction after the Civil War
