urine analysis test on 4/26/12
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myoglobinuria
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Abnormal presence of a hemoglobin-like chemical of muscle tissue in urine as a result of muscle deterioration.
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Phenylalanin
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Essential amino acid found in milk, eggs, and other foods
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Antibiotics
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Chemical reaction controlled by an enzyme
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polymorphonuclear
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White blood cells; leukocytes that have segmented nuclei; also known as polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) or segmented neutrophils
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Diabetes
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Presence of glucose in the urine
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Mononuclear
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White blood cells; leukoycytes that have unsegmented nuclei; moncytes and lymphocytes in particular.
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Refractile
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Causing light to refract, creating a sharp boundary or image.
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Filtrate
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Fluid that remains after a liquid is passed through a membranous filter
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urinometer
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A sealed glass float with a calibrated paper scale in its stem. With a slight spinning motion, it is placed in a cylinder containing a urine sample, and the value is read at themeniscus of the urine.
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Chemical regeant
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Strips used to test the specific gravity of urine
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Refractometer
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Glucose test on a reagent strip. A tablet is dropped into a test tube of urine, and the color of the tube's contents is compared with a chart.
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Clinitest
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Regeant tablets used to test for fat metabolism byproducts
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Hcg
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Substance detected by all pregnancy tests
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Culture and Senstivity (C&S)
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Procedured performed in the microbiology laboratory in which a specimen is cultured on artificial media to detect bacterial or fungal growth, followed by appropriate screening for antibiotic sensiviity.
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Bilirubinuria
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Medical term for a urine sample with a persistent greenish yellow foam that may indicate the patient has viral hepatitis
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Gold standards
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Definitive diagnostic test to which all others are compared.
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Casts
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Protein that has taken on the size and shape of the renal tubules that is washed into the urine
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Urine
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750 to 2000 ml of urine per day
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Urine
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2000 ml is equivalent to a 2 liter of pop
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CCMS
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Clean Catch Mid Stream/Sterile container.
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Antiseptic Wipes/Chapter 52
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3 for female
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Antiseptic Wipes/Chapter 52
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1 for male
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Urine/Chapter 52
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Women must use all 3 antiseptic wipes 1- for left side of vulva 1-for right side of vulva 1-down the middle
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Anuria
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inability to urinate
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Dysuria
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painful or difficult urination
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Nocturia
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excessive urination at night
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Polyuria
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renal disorder characterized by the production of large volumes of pale dilute urine
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Oliguria
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decreased urine production
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Ictotest
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Confirmatory test for bilirubin Test is done after the urin test to confirm
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Urobilnogen
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This compound forms from the breakdown of bilirubin. It is eliminated from the body through bile, into the digestive tract. Usually only small amounts of this compound are found in urine. The presence of this in the urine may indicate liver damage or blockage of the flow of bile from the gallbladder
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Urine/Chapter 52
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Normal Ph of urine is 5.0-8.0
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Kidney
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function regulate blood pressure -send out a chemical called renin - your kidney tells your heart what to do.
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Calcium
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function regulation of calcium ions by activating Vitamin D.
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Volume for testing urine
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needed at least 25ml but 50ml is ideal
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Urine Container
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Do not label the lid - label the container
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PD
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Pediatric Bag
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Midstream
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is the most accurate specimen to detect what is in the urine, external structures are cleansed, urine collected after inital stream begins to flow
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Color of urine
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comes from breakdown of hemoglobin which is called creatine. As the red cells are broken - those products are in the urine.
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Bilirubin
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is sensitive to light/liver problems or jaundice
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Antispasmotic Pyridium
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Dark red - is mostly caused by an active bleed.
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Porphyun products
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are breakdown product of RBC
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Myoglobin -
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is a protein that is release from muscle/is a muscle protein
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Clear Red
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Hemoglobin has leak out/burst apart - not able to detect RBC
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Cloudy Red
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Intact Red Blood Cells- no damage to them. You are able to detect in the urine.
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Biliverdin
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bile pigment produced from hemoglobin breakdown
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Odor
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Certain odors give clues to pathologic condition
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Ammonia
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Splitting of urea - hit the air-dehydration
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Sweet
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indication of glucose acetone ketones
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Fruity
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sickly sweet - high in Ketones
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Qualiative
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Yes or no
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Quantiative
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Number result
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Semiquantialive
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test determines the approximate disease
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Reagent
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longer than 2 months discard
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Sugar (most common)
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lactose, fructose, glactose and pentose
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Glycosuria
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occurs when blood glucose levels are so high
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Blood test/sugar
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you can get a number
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Glucose in urine
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Semiquanliative
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Glucose in blood
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Blood quantiative
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Glucose
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is the substance your body for energy - glucose is carbohydrates. It will go into protein and fat and ketones.
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Kidney
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Does not ketones. ketones will hurt your body
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ketones
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Fragments formed by the tissues during incomplete use of fat for energy, and released into the blood.
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Ketones/other conditions
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other conditions for ketones in urine are anorexia and starvation, low carbohydrate diets, excessive voimitting and fever.
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Acitest
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to test for ketones is in tablet form.
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Ketones
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Ketones are volatile/will evaporate
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Blood pad
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can pick up myoglobin
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myoglobin
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a substance like hemoglobin that transports oxygen in muscle tissues.
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Bilirubin
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The breakdown products of RBC - taken off to liver to be metabolize by the liver.
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Protein Pad
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can be normal if is negative or reading small. increase protein level indication of kidney issues Chemical Test
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Sulfosalicylic acid Test
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confirmatory test for protein.
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Protein in urine
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in the urine is detectable amount is called proteinuria and is the first sign of renal disease.
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Blood
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in the urine may indicate infection or trauma to UA or bleeding in the kidneys
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Bilirubin and Urobilinogen
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Product of the breakdown of hemoglobin
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Nitrite
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Leukocyte Esterase occurs in urine when bacteria break down nitrate, the radical -NO2 or any compound containing it (such as a salt or ester of nitrous acid)
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Leukocyte Esterase
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(WBC) occur in urin with infectins of the urinary tract
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Bladder cancer
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The most reliable test for identifying bladder cancer is CYSTOSCOPY
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First morning specimen
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When the patient arises in the morning. best to determine pregnancy.
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Random specimen
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freshly voided urine collected
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Two hour postprandial urine specimens
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collected 2 hours after a meal, are used in diabetes screening
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The 24-hour urine specimen
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usually is collected to determine glucose level
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Catheterized specimen
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must insert a sterile catheter into the bladder to collect the specimen
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macroscopically
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use a microscope
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chemically
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use a diptick
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kidney
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the funcitonal unit of the kidney is the nephron
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nephron
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functional unit of the kidney
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kidney
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each kidney has millions of nephrons
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nephrons
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are where urine are made
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urine
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are the waste produce from the plasma in your blood.
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Three funcitons of the kidney
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Glomerula filtration - happen between the glomerulus capsule. Tubular Reabsorption - happening in the tubular and Tubular Secretion - passage of urine
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kidney (outer layer)
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of the kidney is called cortez
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Calyx
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feeds into ureter and then goes to the bladder
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urine
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95% water/5% wastes (2 waste products/urea and creatinine)
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Urea
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made of nitrogens
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Urinometer
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normal gravity 1.005 to 1.030
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volatile
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evaporating readily at normal temperatures and pressures
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Luteimizing Hormone (LH)
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Increases in the concentration of urine shortly before ovulation.
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PH
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is a measurement of the degree of acidity or alkalinity
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Glucose
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is filtered at the glomerulus
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Protein
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in the urine in detectable amounts is called protenuria and is first sign of renal disease
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Ketones
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are the end product of fat metabolism in the body or bleeding in the kidneys
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Blood
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in the urine may indicate infection or trauma to UA
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Bilirubin and Urobilinogen
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product of the breakdown of hemoglobin
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Nitrite
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occurs in urine when bacteria break down nitrate
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Luekocyte Esterase
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(WBC) occur in urine with infections of the urinary tract
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How urine samples are used to screen for bladder cancer
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the most reliable test for identifying bladder cancer is cystoscopy, this is an invasive test. Urine cytology is noninvasive andaccurate at detecting high grade bladder cancer and carninoma in situ
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Microsocpy
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solids of urine
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Squamous cells
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are the epithelial cells that line the inside of organs/cells we see on our skin. Most common cell in urine is the squamous cell
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Red Cells
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when red blood cells are in the urine for a long period of time it is call crenation. Eventually when sit so long it will burst.
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Hemoglobin
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is in the red blood cells
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RBC
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When RBC touch the dipstick the background of the dipstick is yellow but when the RBC's touches the diptick it turns green.
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Trichomonas
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has tails on it because it swim. is the only parasitic that swim in urine
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Urine
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Normal urine nothing swimming
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Calcium
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Oxalatecrystals/does not mean the patient has an infection.
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Tyrosine
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the patient has a metabolic disorder
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Sulfa
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hooked on the antibiotic. (Bactrium) Sheave of Wheat
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Hydornephrosis
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accumulation of urine in the kidney
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Micturition
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Reflex of the bladder
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Urine
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When urine sit around and gets old/PH will increase/if it is glucos in the sample ph will decrease.
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Foam
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Foam substance on top of urine/Protein issue
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Red Blood
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in urine will give a false result
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Nitrates
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False negatives may occur when urine doesn't have enough time to sit in the bladder.
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Pathogens (FYI)
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Some pathogens do not produce nitrites/Some bacteria prodcues nitrites
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Bacterial growth
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Bacterial growth can elevate the PH
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Ictotest
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Confirmatory test for bilirubin
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Formalin/Formaldehyde
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is another name of embalm fluid
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Myoglobin
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is a protein that is release from muscle/is a muscle protein
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Clear Red
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Hemoglobin has leak out/burst apart/not able to detect RBC
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Cloudy Red
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Intact Red blood cells/no damage to them
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Urine
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from plasma in blood
