question

In tumor growth, the tumor generation time does not generally equal the tumor doubling time Which are the following are potential explanations for this phenomenon?

answer

necrosis and growth fraction less than one

question

Adenocarcinoma refers to

answer

a malignant glandular tumor

question

Fibrosarcoma refers to

answer

a malginant tumor of fibrous tissue

question

hemphilia B is associated with

answer

plasma

question

ion transport is associated with

answer

plasma

question

oxygen transport associated primarily with

answer

both

question

formed element associated with the body's defense system is an

answer

leukocytes

question

Petechiae describes

answer

pinpoints in skin or post-mortem organ

question

The most numerous formed element

answer

erythrocyte

question

when injury occurs to a blood vessel, damaged tissues expose

answer

(exposed) collagen

question

Aplastic anemia is

answer

more than one above

question

stenosis is

answer

narrowing of a blood vessel

question

variant angina differs from angina pectoris in that

answer

it may occur at rest

question

Fibrinolysis occurs at high level in which organ to combat thromboemboli

answer

lung

question

Why does a "Red Cap" occur most commonly in venous thrombosis

answer

Venous blood flow is slower and coagulation is more homogenous

question

Ventricular Hypertrophy reduces ventricular volume and obstructs outflow best describes

answer

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

question

An elite athlete has a resting heart-rate of 42 beats per minute and an enlarged heart (common in elite atheletes) so that the End Diastolic Volume is 125ml and the ejection fraction is 80%. What is this athlete's cardiac output at rest (1 liter=1000ml)?

answer

4.2 liters

question

S. aureus infection of the heart; 60-80% fatality rate

answer

acute inefective endocarditis

question

Which of the following statements is not true of type A COPD

answer

NOT patients have near normal blood gas NOT patients suffer from exercise intolerance MAYBE patients weeze?

question

Place the following ing the order they will most likely occur in congestive heart failure

answer

first:left ventricular failure second: pulmonary edema; third right ventricular failure; fourth: systemic edema

question

hyperplasia refers to

answer

Typically reversible increase in number of cells

question

Dysplasia refers to

answer

difficult to reverse conversion of one cell-type to another

question

thrombocytopenia is associated with

answer

formed elements

question

Osteosarcoma refers to

answer

a malignant tumor of bone tissue

question

Hemophilia A is associated with

answer

plasma

question

coagulation is associated with

answer

NOT formed elements NOT plasa

question

thrombocytopenia is

answer

insufficient circulation platelets

question

a disease which resulted in reduced erythropoiesis would effect

answer

RBC formation

question

Hematoma is

answer

large volume of blood trapped in a soft tissue

question

when injury occurs to a blood vessel, circulating vonWillebrand Factor binds

answer

exposed collagen

question

inadequate levels of erythrocytes result in

answer

anemia

question

which characteristics below is associated with a clot?

answer

form outside of vessel

question

genetic defect in vonwillebrand factor results in

answer

impaired ability to clot

question

an air emboli caused by a rib fragment piercing a vein would end up in what organ?

answer

heart

question

sickle-cell mutation in hemoglobin results in

answer

anemia

question

Patient comes to the clinic complaining of a cough that has lasted since before his daughters wedding two years ago. The cough is productive. He is most likely suffering from:

answer

chronic bronchitis

question

Blood (hemo) or fluid (hydro) in the pericardial space

answer

pericardial effusion

question

hypovolemic shock is a danger in which of the conditions below

answer

all of the above: burns, dehydration, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, pronounced perspiration

question

scar tissue in pericardial sac that restricts venous return and cardiac output

answer

chronic constrictive pericarditis

question

Rheumatic fever, as an example, may cause this

answer

acute pericarditis

question

Pleomorphism

answer

cells and nuclei of irregular size ans shpe

question

lipoma refers to

answer

benign adipose tissue

question

not all tumors metastasize successfully. Which of the following are important determinants of metastatic success?

answer

All of the above-attachment, degradation, chemo-attractants, growth factors,

question

defense against infectious agents is associated with

answer

"both"

question

lymph node metastasis is associated with

answer

"neither" formed elements of plasma

question

Lipid transport by chylomicrons is associated with

answer

plasma

question

red blood cells have retained which of the following abilities

answer

anaerobic metabolism

question

the "formed element" created by budding is an (a)

answer

platelet

question

Red blood cells have lost which of the ofllowing abilities

answer

reproduce

question

inadequate levels of leukocytes is characterized by

answer

immune deficiency

question

inadequate levels of platelets is characterized by

answer

impaired ability to clot

question

Why does a "red cap" rarely occur in arterial thrombosis

answer

arterial flow is under high pressure and therefore thrombi are denser

question

which of the following is not a characteristic of Hodgkin's lymphoma that distinguishes it from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?

answer

Can arise in various lymphoid tissues (spleen, marrow, lymph node)

question

Christmas Disease Results in

answer

impaired ability to clot

question

Thrombi occur more readily in the venous system than the arterial system

answer

true

question

A recreational runner has a resting heart-rate of 42 beats per minute but a normal heart volume. Her end diastolic volume is 100ml and the ejection fraction is 80%. what is the athlete's cardiac output at rest (1 liter=1000ml)

answer

3.36 liters

question

Chronic form caused by a parasite (trypanosomes cruzi) called Chases' (chagas' disease)

answer

myocarditis

question

Neurogenic shock is also known as

answer

primary shock

question

Anaphylactic shock is an example of what type of shock

answer

vascular

question

normal reflex compensatory mechanisms for low blood pressure can exacerbate congestive heart failure and place additional strain on the already failing heart

answer

true

question

Anaplasia refers to

answer

reversion to a less differentiated cell form

question

intestinal tumors are most likely to metastasize in which organ?

answer

liver

question

metaplasia

answer

usually reversible conversion of one cell-type to another

question

leukemia is associated with

answer

NOT both-formed elements and plasma

question

the discoloration seen in ecchymoses is associated with

answer

formed elements

question

Christmas disease is associated with

answer

NOT formed elements MAYBE plasma

question

ecchymoses is

answer

bruise

question

Red blood cells have retained which of the following abilities

answer

maintain cell structure

question

hemopoiesis is

answer

production of the blood's formed elements

question

When injury occurs to a blood vessel, circulating platelets bind to

answer

von willebrand factor

question

The most serious sequelae of thrombosis

answer

myocardial infarction

question

an embolism is

answer

an object migrates from one part of the body through the circulation and causes a blockage in a blood vessel in another part of the body

question

severity of an infarct is determined by

answer

all of above: tissue's vulnerability to hypoxia, pattern of vascular supply, the blood's oxygen delivery capacity, the rate at which tissue deprivation develops

question

ischemia is

answer

restriction in blood supply, often due to occlusion of a blood vessel

question

hypovolemic shock can most likely be caused by

answer

severing of a major artery

question

Which of the following is true of progressive shock

answer

all of the above-w/o proper intervention it can lead to irreversible shock and death, feedback intended to maintain hemostasis instead produces deeper shock, it can lead to widespread failure, it can occur in patients with serious burns, further complicating an already dangerous situation

question

cardiogenic shock can most likely be caused by

answer

thrombus lodged in heart

question

vascular shock can most likely be caused by

answer

anaphylaxis

question

a couch potato has a resting heart-rate of 60 beats per minute and an enlarged left ventricle. Her end diastolic volume is 100ml and the ejection fraction is 70%. What is this individual's cardiac output at rest (1 liter=1000ml)

answer

4.2 liters

question

drug transport via serum albumin (a serum protein) is associated with

answer

plasma

question

thrombocytopenia is associated with

answer

formed elements

question

a disease which resulted in reduced thrombopoiesis would affect

answer

platelet formation

question

varicose veins are

answer

enlarged, deformed veins due to valve malfunction

question

Which type of leukemia, caused by a genetic mutation in the Philadelphia chromosome, had a poor prognosis prior to the introduction of Gleevec?

answer

CML

question

An aneurysm is

answer

blood-filled bulge in blood vessel

question

most common type of arterial disease is

answer

atherosclerosis

question

Ventricular hypertrophy reduces ventricular volume and obstructs outflow best describes

answer

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

question

thrombophlebitis is a potential sequelae of

answer

venous thrombosis

question

a thromboemboli originating in the kidney portal vein would be most likely to lodge in the

answer

NOT liver

question

which of the risk factors for atherosclerosis below is considered "secondary"

answer

NOT hyperlipidemia NOT male gender

question

hemophilia A results in

answer

impaired ability to clot

question

Hemophilia B is associated with

answer

plasma

question

START OF PORT QUESTIONS

answer

UNIT 2

question

Cancerous transformation of a cell requires the activation of:

answer

multiple mutations

question

Although both grading and staging are methods for classifying cancer and selecting a treatment plan, staging is used to determine the:

answer

extent of disease spread

question

Paraneoplastic syndromes are manifestations of cancer that often result from

answer

inappropriate hormone release

question

A 16-year-old girl has been brought to her primary care provider by her mother due to the daughter's recent malaise and lethargy. Which of the following assessments should the clinician perform in an effort to confirm or rule out infectious mononucleosis?

answer

Palpating the patient's lymph nodes

question

Which of the following parts of the body are considered to be parts of the lymphatic system?

answer

thymus, spleen

question

Which of the following factors differentiates chronic leukemias from acute leukemias?

answer

The leukemic cells are more fully differentiated than in acute leukemias

question

The most recent blood work of a patient with a diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) reveals thrombocytopenia. Where is the patient most likely to experience abnormal bleeding as a result of low platelets?

answer

Skin and mucous membranes

question

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is characterized by

answer

hemorrhage

question

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) causes which of the following manifestations?

answer

Purpura, Petechiae

question

Conditions that predispose to sickling of hemoglobin in persons with sickle cell anemia include

answer

decreased oxygen saturation

question

Sue is fatigued and some blood tests are done. Her results include Hct 40%; Hgb 8g/dL; WBC 8,000; platelets 175,000. The nurse should interpret Sue's blood work as indicative of:

answer

low hemoglobin/anemia

question

When an Rh-negative mother has been sensitized and is pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus, what happens to the fetus?

answer

Profound red cell hemolysis

question

Heart muscle differs from skeletal muscle tissue by being able to generate

answer

action potentials

question

Turbulent blood flow can be caused by a number of factors, including

answer

increased velocity

question

Harmful effects on cardiac action potential are most likely to result from a deficit of which of the following electrolytes?

answer

Potassium (K+)

question

The patient is immobilized following a hip injury and has begun demonstrating lower leg discoloration with edema, pain, tenderness, and increased warmth in the mid-calf area. He has many of the manifestations of:

answer

deep vein thrombosis

question

Which of the following physiologic processes contributes most to the long-term regulation of blood pressure?

answer

Renal monitoring and adjustment of extracellular fluid volume

question

A 29-year-old woman who considers herself active and health conscious is surprised to have been diagnosed with preeclampsia-eclampsia in her second trimester. What should her care provider teach her about this change in her health status?

answer

"We don't really understand why some women get high blood pressure when they're pregnant."

question

Endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease are both cardiac complications of systemic infections. Characteristics include a new or changed heart murmur caused by:

answer

vegetative valve destruction.

question

An elderly female patient with complaints of increasing fatigue has been diagnosed with aortic stenosis, a disease which her primary care provider believes may have been long-standing. Which of the following compensatory mechanisms has most likely maintained the woman's ejection fraction until recently?

answer

Left ventricular hypertrophy

question

Chronic stable angina, associated with inadequate blood flow to meet the metabolic demands of the myocardium, is caused by:

answer

fixed coronary obstruction

question

Severe shock can be followed by acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) characterized by:

answer

ventilation-perfusion mismatch

question

Hypovolemic shock occurs as a result of:

answer

acute intravascular volume loss

question

Anaphylactic shock is directly associated with:

answer

type I hypersensitivity response.

question

Generalized acute hypoxia in lung tissue, when alveolar oxygen levels drop below 60 mm Hg, causes pulmonary:

answer

vasoconstriction

question

According to Poiseuille law, airway resistance would be largest in which of the following?

answer

A bronchiole

question

The carbon dioxide content in the blood affects the regulation of ventilation through its effect on the ___________ of the brain

answer

cerebrospinal fluid pH

question

A college student is lamenting the fact that she has developed a cold on the weekend prior to exam week. Which of the following statements shows that the student has an accurate understanding of her upper respiratory infection?

answer

"I suppose I should have been washing my hands more in the past few days."

question

Which of the following acute respiratory infections in children poses the greatest threat of severe hypoxia caused by inflammatory edema?

answer

Epiglottitis

question

Most respiratory disorders in infants produce a decrease in:

answer

lung compliance.

question

Which of the following manifestations typically accompanies an asthmatic attack?

answer

Hyperinflation of the lungs

question

Cystic fibrosis (CF), the major cause of severe chronic respiratory disease in children, is characterized by:

answer

salt depletion.

question

A patient with a history of emphysema is experiencing hypoxemia after a taxing physical therapy appointment. Which of the following physiologic phenomena will occur as a consequence of hypoxemia?

answer

Increased heart rate

question

Although clinical manifestations vary with the type of cancer and organs involved, abnormal tumor growth causes general manifestations that include:

answer

sleep disturbances

question

A child has Down syndrome and has recently experienced unexplained nose bleeds. His blood tests identify blast cells in the peripheral smear. In addition to nose bleeds, his acute leukemia will typically manifest all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

hypogammaglobulinemia

question

Leukemias are classified according to the predominant cell type. The myelogenous cell type of leukemia can

answer

originate in marrow and infiltrate nodes

question

The patient is diagnosed with Hodgkin type of lymphoma based on the results of laboratory tests and study of the tumor cells. A distinct characteristic of Hodgkin lymphoma is the presence of:

answer

Reed-Sternberg cells

question

Blood coagulation is initiated by either of two pathways. The intrinsic pathway requires circulating ________ to begin the step-wise coagulation cascade.

answer

factor XII

question

A patient was started on a protocol for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis shortly after admission, and has been receiving 5000 units of heparin twice daily for the last 5 days. An immune response to this treatment may increase the patient's chance of developing which health problem?

answer

Thrombocytopenia

question

With the exception of the first two steps, what is required in all steps of the clotting process?

answer

Calcium

question

The pathologic effects of the thalassemias are primarily due to which of the following pathophysiologic processes?

answer

Impaired hemoglobin synthesis

question

Manifestations of anemia that are directly due to the diminished oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin include:

answer

fatigue

question

Polycythemia develops in patients with lung disease as a result of:

answer

chronic hypoxia

question

A large increase in heart rate can cause:

answer

decreased stroke volume

question

Long-term autoregulation of local blood flow in the microcirculation is mediated by:

answer

collateral circulation

question

The tissue factor that contributes to humoral control of blood flow by causing vasoconstriction is:

answer

serotonin

question

Small-vessel vasculitides, a group of vascular disorders that cause vasculitis, are mainly mediated by:

answer

hypersensitivity reactions.

question

Atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease is symptomatic with at least 50% occlusion. The primary peripheral symptom, due to ischemia, is:

answer

calf pain

question

A postsurgical patient's complaints of calf pain combined with the emergence of swelling and redness in the area have culminated in a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. What treatment options will be of greatest benefit to this patient?

answer

Anticoagulation therapy and elevation of the leg

question

Dilated cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dysfunction is characterized by increased wall:

answer

thinning

question

In adults, sudden death from an acute myocardial infarction is usually caused by:

answer

acute ventricular arrhythmia

question

On the second or third day after an acute myocardial infarction, the area of necrosis is:

answer

granulation tissue

question

The pathophysiology of heart failure involves an interaction between decreased pumping ability and the ________ to maintain cardiac output.

answer

compensatory mechanisms

question

An 86-year-old male patient is disappointed to learn that he has class II heart failure despite a lifelong commitment to exercise and healthy eating. Which of the following age-related changes predisposes older adults to developing heart failure?

answer

Increased vascular stiffness

question

In right-sided heart failure, peripheral edema is evidenced by:

answer

weight gain

question

Which of the following forms accounts for the greatest percentage of carbon dioxide transport?

answer

Bicarbonate

question

Respiratory movement of air that does not participate in alveolar gas exchange is known as alveolar dead space. Dead space increases when alveoli:

answer

air supply exceeds blood flow

question

A patient with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia is producing copious secretions that are physically obstructing her airway. Which of the following pathophysiologic processes will result from this condition?

answer

Perfusion without ventilation

question

Legionnaire disease is a form of bronchopneumonia caused by an organism frequently found in:

answer

warm, standing water

question

Which of the following characteristics of the lungs of infants and small children creates an increased risk of respiratory disorders?

answer

Smaller airways create a susceptibility to changes in airway resistance and airflow.

question

Which of the following respiratory infections in children is associated with the poorest outcomes?

answer

Epiglottitis

question

With bronchiectasis, persistent airway obstruction and chronic infection results in bronchial:

answer

dilation

question

A motor vehicle accident has resulted in a tension pneumothorax for the driver of the car. Which of the following manifestations is associated with tension pneumothorax?

answer

Mediastinal shift

question

Pleuritic chest pain associated with respiratory movements is usually described as:

answer

localized

question

A male patient with a diagnosis of liver cancer has been recently admitted to a palliative care unit following his recent development of bone metastases. Despite his family's encouragement, the patient has experienced precipitous weight loss in recent weeks. Which of the following factors may underlie the patient's loss of fat and muscle mass?

answer

The action of cytokines and consequent inflammation (real one)

question

A patient's oncologist has presented the possibility of implementing biotherapy in the treatment of the patient's brain tumor. Which of the following mechanisms of action provide the therapeutic effects of biotherapy?

answer

Stimulating the immune response to tumor cells AND Inhibiting tumor protein synthesis

question

A 51-year-old patient has been diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer with lung metastases. Which of the following treatment options is most likely to treat both her primary and distant cancer sites?

answer

Chemotherapy

question

Which of the following dietary guidelines should a nurse provide to a group of older adults to possibly decrease their risks of developing colon cancer?

answer

"Try to minimize fat and maximize fiber when you're planning your meals."

question

Leukocytes consist of three categories of cells that have different roles in the inflammatory and immune responses. Which of the following leukocytes is correctly matched with its function?

answer

Eosinophils; allergic reactions

question

The 16-year-old boy has enlarged lymph nodes and a sore throat. His girlfriend was recently diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by ________ and commonly transmitted in ________.

answer

Epstein Barr virus; saliva

question

Which of the following abnormal blood work results is most closely associated with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma?

answer

Low glomerular filtration rate and high calcium levels

question

Which of the following patients likely faces the highest risk of an acquired hypocoagulation disorder and vitamin K deficiency?

answer

A patient who has a diagnosis of liver failure secondary to alcohol abuse

question

Increased platelet function, and consequent hypercoagulability, can be caused by:

answer

vascular wall damage

question

To form a platelet plug, platelets are attracted to the damaged vessel, and then platelet ___________ occurs.

answer

adhesion

question

A 48-year-old male patient, who normally enjoys good health, has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment of polycythemia vera. The nurse who is providing care for the patient should prioritize assessments aimed at the early identification of which of the following health problems?

answer

Thromboembolism

question

A 72-year-old woman with complaints of increasing fatigue has completed a series of fecal occult blood tests that indicate the presence of blood in her stool. Which of the following health problems is likely to accompany this patient's gastrointestinal bleed?

answer

Iron-deficiency anemia

question

Which of the following patients is most susceptible to experiencing the effects of inadequate erythropoiesis?

answer

A patient who has developed renal failure as a result of longstanding hypertension

question

A male patient with a history of angina has presented to the emergency department with uncharacteristic chest pain and his subsequent ECG reveals T-wave elevation. This finding suggests an abnormality with which of the following aspects of the cardiac cycle?

answer

Ventricular repolarization

question

During ventricular systole, closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves coincides with:

answer

isovolumetric contraction.

question

Preload represents the volume work of the heart and is largely determined by:

answer

venous blood return

question

A patient with a diagnosis of chronic renal failure secondary to diabetes has seen a gradual increase in her blood pressure over the past several months, culminating in a diagnosis of secondary hypertension. Which of the following has most likely resulted in the patient's increased blood pressure?

answer

Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

question

Although both are characterized by ischemia, Raynaud phenomenon is caused by _________, and thromboangiitis obliterans is caused by:

answer

vasospasm; inflammation

question

A major cause of secondary hyperlipoproteinemia is _______, which increases the production of VLDL and conversion to LDL.

answer

high-calorie diet

question

Which of the following individuals is suffering the effects of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?

answer

A patient who occasionally experiences persistent and severe chest pain when at rest

question

A child's history of a recurrent sore throat followed by severe knee and ankle pain has resulted in a diagnostic workup and a diagnosis of rheumatic fever. What are the treatment priorities for this child?

answer

Antibiotics and anti-inflammatories

question

Football fans at a college have been shocked to learn of the sudden death of a star player, an event that was attributed in the media to "an enlarged heart." Which of the following disorders was the player's most likely cause of death?

answer

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

question

A common symptom of the ischemia associated with gastrointestinal redistribution of blood flow is:

answer

gastric bleeding

question

A patient who developed a deep vein thrombosis during a prolonged period of bedrest has deteriorated as the clot has dislodged and resulted in a pulmonary embolism. Which of the following types of shock is this patient at risk of experiencing?

answer

Obstructive shock

question

The most recent blood work of a patient with a diagnosis of heart failure indicates increased levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). What are the most likely effects of these peptides on the patient's physiology?

answer

Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

question

A patient who is in a room at one atmosphere (760 mm Hg) is receiving supplementary oxygen therapy that is being delivered at a concentration of 50%. What is the consequent PO2?

answer

380 mm Hg

question

A respiratory therapist has asked a patient to breathe in as deeply as possible during a pulmonary function test. Inspiration is normally the result of which of the following phenomena?

answer

Decreased intrathoracic pressure

question

Which of the following respiratory pressures is always negative in relation to alveolar pressure?

answer

Intrapleural pressure

question

A nurse who provides weekly care in a homeless shelter has unknowingly inhaled airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and has subsequently developed latent tuberculosis infection. Which of the following is true of this nurse?

answer

The nurse is likely asymptomatic

question

A 6-month-old infant has been hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis. Which of the following treatments should be prioritized in the infant's care?

answer

Supplementary oxygen therapy

question

Increased upper airway resistance and decreased airflow into the lungs in neonates (0 to 4 weeks of age) can result from:

answer

nasal congestion

question

Which of the following is most likely to precipitate an asthmatic attack in a child with a diagnosis of extrinsic, or atopic, asthma?

answer

Pet dander

question

Acute onset bronchial asthma causes wheezing and breathlessness as a result of:

answer

airway inflammation

question

Pain is an expected assessment finding in patients who have which of the following lung diseases?

answer

Pleuritis

question

Early diagnosis of childhood cancers is often difficult because the signs and symptoms are:

answer

similar to those of other childhood diseases

question

Genetic screening may be indicated for individuals who have a family history of which of the following neoplasms?

answer

Breast cancer

question

In contrast to malignancies, benign tumors are characterized by:

answer

a fibrous capsule

question

Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of:

answer

plasma cells

question

Which of the following statements accurately describes a component of the hematopoietic system?

answer

Lymphocytes lack cytoplasmic granules

question

Which of the following patient complaints should prompt a clinician to order a diagnostic work-up for multiple myeloma?

answer

"Lately my bones just seem to ache so bad, and nothing seems to help."

question

Removal of a patient's peripheral intravenous catheter resulted in brief bleeding and the loss of a small amount of blood. Which of the following processes occurred during the formation of the platelet plug that helped to stop blood flow?

answer

Release of von Willebrand factor from the epithelium

question

A healthy, primiparous (first-time) mother delivered a healthy infant several hours ago, but the mother has experienced postpartum hemorrhage. Which of the following disorders is most likely to underlie the patient's excessive bleeding after delivery?

answer

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

question

A public health nurse is conducting a health promotion campaign under the auspices of the local community center. Which of the following measures that the nurse is promoting are likely to influence the participants' risk of hypercoagulability disorders?

answer

Cholesterol screening and management, Smoking cessation, Blood pressure screening and management, Weight management, Blood glucose screening

question

An elevated level of unconjugated bilirubin, due to hemolysis of RBCs, results in a high level of iron released and:

answer

jaundice

question

For which of the following health problems is stem cell transplantation likely to be of therapeutic benefit?

answer

Aplastic anemia

question

A 68-year-old patient with an 80 pack/year history of smoking was diagnosed with emphysema 18 months ago. The patient's most recent scheduled blood work showed red blood cell indices, a problem that suggests the need for which of the following interventions?

answer

Increased supplementary oxygen therapy

question

The difference between the end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes is the:

answer

stroke volume.

question

In the arterial-venous circulatory system, pressure is inversely related to:

answer

volume

question

Which of the following factors is the primary governor of the local control of blood flow?

answer

The nutritional needs of the tissue involved

question

The most important complication of atherosclerosis is _________, which may cause occlusion of small heart vessels.

answer

thrombosis

question

A patient is receiving homecare for the treatment of a wound on the inside of her lower leg which is 3 cm in diameter with a yellow wound bed and clear exudate. Assessment of the patient's legs reveals edema and a darkened pigmentation over the ankles and shins of both legs. What is this patient's most likely diagnosis?

answer

Chronic venous insufficiency

question

Which of the following patients should most likely be assessed for orthostatic hypotension?

answer

An elderly patient who has experienced two falls since admission while attempting to ambulate to the bathroom.

question

The plaques in a patient's coronary arteries are plentiful and most have small- to moderate-sized lipid cores with thick fibrous caps. This form of atherosclerosis is most closely associated with which of the following diagnoses?

answer

Stable angina

question

Implantation of a pacemaker is most likely to benefit a patient with which of the following cardiomyopathies?

answer

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

question

In aortic regurgitation, failure of aortic valve closure during diastole causes an abnormal drop in diastolic pressure. This change in pressure causes decreased:

answer

coronary perfusion

question

A patient with a diagnosis of heart failure has returned from a visit with his primary care provider with a prescription for a change in his daily medication regimen. Which of the following drugs is likely to improve the patient's cardiac function by increasing the force and strength of ventricular contractions?

answer

A cardiac glycoside

question

One of the principal mechanisms by which the heart compensates for increased workload is:

answer

myocardial hypertrophy

question

A nurse is performing patient health education with a 68-year-old man who has recently been diagnosed with heart failure. Which of the following statements demonstrates an accurate understanding of his new diagnosis

answer

"I'm trying to think of ways that I can cut down the amount of salt that I usually eat."

question

Bronchial circulation differs from the pulmonary circulation by providing blood for the:

answer

conducting airways.

question

In addition to being the site of gas exchange, the lungs also:

answer

contain cells that produce heparin.

question

A patient has experienced a bout of coughing after aspirating some of his secretions. The patient's coughing was triggered by which of the following?

answer

Signals from receptors in the tracheobronchial wall

question

Which of the following individuals is most clearly in need of diagnostic testing for lung cancer?

answer

A man who demonstrates wasting of the pelvic and shoulder muscles combined with signs of hypercalcemia

question

Which of the following types of lung cancer is associated with the best prognosis in the majority of patients?

answer

Squamous cell carcinoma

question

The pathogenic capacity of the tubercle bacillus is related to:

answer

the initiation of a cell-mediated immune response.

question

Emphysema is characterized by hyperinflation of the lungs that produces increased:

answer

total lung capacity

question

The adverse effects of emboli on the pulmonary circulation and airways include:

answer

local vasoconstriction

question

The common results of respiratory failure are hypoxemia and:

answer

hypercapnia

question

The metastatic spread of tumor cells is facilitated by _______ that enables invasion and movement to distant tissues

answer

enzyme secretion

question

Which of the following processes characterizes an epigenetic contribution to oncogenesis?

answer

A tumor suppressor gene is present, but it is not expressed

question

A public health nurse has cited a reduction in cancer risk among the many benefits of maintaining a healthy body-mass index. Which of the following facts underlies the relationship between obesity and cancer?

answer

Obesity can cause inflammation and hormonal changes that are associated with cancer

question

Manifestations of Hodgkin lymphoma that distinguish it from non-Hodgkin lymphoma include:

answer

pruritus and night fevers

question

A young adult is preparing to begin treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), a disease that has disseminated widely. What is the most likely treatment regimen for this patient?

answer

Radiation and chemotherapy

question

A patient with a long-standing diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has recently developed neutropenia and been admitted to a hospital. Which of the following measures should be prioritized by the nurses who are providing his care?

answer

Vigilant infection control and handwashing

question

The first step of hemostasis occurs as a:

answer

vessel spasm

question

During a patient's admission assessment prior to reduction mammoplasty surgery, the nurse notes a reference to a Leiden mutation in the patient's history. The nurse would recognize the patient's increased risk for

answer

Deep vein thrombosis

question

A 69-year-old patient who is obese and has a diagnosis of angina pectoris has been prescribed clopidogrel (Plavix) by his primary care provider. The patient's medication achieves its therapeutic effect in which of the following ways?

answer

Prevention of platelet aggregation

question

The patient is an average-sized adult and has abnormal microcytic hypochromic red blood cells due to a long-term, chronic disease. Which of the following CBC results is characteristic of her type of anemia?

answer

Hemoglobin 8 g/dL

question

Megaloblastic anemias caused by folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiencies can seriously affect RBC production. This is because both are necessary for _______ synthesis and _______

answer

DNA; red blood cell maturation

question

Which of the following types and characteristics of anemia are correctly matched?

answer

Folate; decreased erythropoiesis

question

Release of which of the following humoral factors will result in vasodilation?

answer

Histamine

question

The parasympathetic nervous system causes a slowing of the heart rate by increasing:

answer

vagus nerve activity

question

A patient with a diagnosis of secondary hypertension has begun to experience signs and symptoms that are ultimately suggestive of decreased cardiac output. Which of the following factors that determine cardiac output is hypertension likely to affect most directly?

answer

afterload

question

Because of its location, the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm may first be noticed as:

answer

a pulsating mass.

question

A 52-year-old man who is moderately obese has recently been diagnosed with hypertension by his primary care provider. Which of the patient's following statements indicates a need for further health-promotion teaching?

answer

"I'm resolving to eat organic foods from now on and to drink a lot more water."

question

Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor for the development of primary hypertension?

answer

African American race

question

Which of the following assessment findings of a cardiac patient would be suggestive of cardiac tamponade?

answer

20 mm Hg Drop in systolic blood pressure during respiration

question

Cardiac tamponade and pericardial effusion can be life-threatening when the pericardial sac _______ and ______ the heart.

answer

fills rapidly; compresses

question

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a relevant treatment modality for which of the following disorders of cardiac function?

answer

Atherosclerosis with history of MI

question

Which of the following health problems is associated with heart failure as a result of diastolic dysfunction?

answer

Myocardial hypertrophy

question

Assessment of an elderly female patient reveals the presence of bilateral pitting edema of the patient's feet and ankles and pedal pulses that are difficult to palpate. Auscultation of the patient's lungs reveals clear air entry to bases, and the patient's oxygen saturation level is 93% and vital signs are within reference ranges. What is this patient's most likely health problem?

answer

Right-sided heart failure

question

Cardiac output is the ________ each minute.

answer

blood pumped

question

The oxyhemoglobin buffer system changes with the metabolic needs of the tissues. When the change causes a shift to the right in the dissociation curve, it is often the result of:

answer

increase tissue metabolism

question

A patient's recent history of emphysema has resulted in the functional loss of many alveoli. Which of the following physiologic functions is the primary role of type II alveoli?

answer

Production of surfactant

question

Diffusion of gases in the lung is decreased, as in pulmonary edema or pneumonia, by causing an increase in alveolar:

answer

capillary membrane thickness.

question

People infected with HIV and tuberculosis lack a hypersensitivity response to the tuberculin test as a result of:

answer

inherent anergy

question

A patient has been admitted to a medical unit of a hospital for the treatment of pneumonia that is attributable to S. pneumonia. Which of the following considerations is the priority in this patient's treatment?

answer

Maintaining the patient's airway

question

Which of the four categories of bronchogenic carcinoma has the greatest association with tobacco smoking and tends to metastasize to the brain?

answer

A 30-year-old African American man who has been diagnosed with sarcoidosis

question

Prolonged immobility is implicated in the development of which of the following disorders?

answer

Atelectasis and pulmonary embolism

question

A patient has just been admitted to the postsurgical unit following a below-the-knee amputation. Which of the following measures should her care team prioritize to prevent atelectasis during the patient's immediate recovery?

answer

Deep-breathing exercises and early mobilization

question

Which of the following individuals is experiencing a disorder of ventilation that has a restrictive rather than obstructive etiology?

answer

A 30-year-old African American man who has been diagnosed with sarcoidosis

question

The angiogenesis process, which allows tumors to develop new blood vessels, is triggered and regulated by tumor-secreted:

answer

growth factors

question

A 5-year-old girl's diagnosis of bone cancer required an aggressive treatment regimen. Which of the following considerations forms the most significant threat to her future health?

answer

Unwanted effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy

question

Unlike the tissue growth that occurs with hypertrophy and hyperplasia, the growth of a malignancy is:

answer

autonomous

question

A patient has been diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), a form of malignancy that most likely originated in which of the following sites?

answer

Lymph nodes

question

In contrast to acute leukemias, chronic leukemias are malignancies involving abnormal _________________ blood cells in the marrow

answer

proliferation of well-differentiated

question

Following peripheral blood testing and a bone marrow biopsy, a patient has been diagnosed with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Which of the following is most likely to have preceded the patient's diagnosis?

answer

The presence of a Philadelphia chromosome

question

Immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is a/an ________ disorder that destroys ________.

answer

autoimmune; platelets

question

In persons with a bleeding disorder caused by vascular defects, laboratory tests will most often reveal:

answer

normal values

question

In light of the presence of numerous risk factors for coronary artery disease, a patient's primary care provider has recommended that he take low-dose aspirin once daily. Doing so will reduce the patient's risk of myocardial infarction by altering which of the following stages of hemostasis?

answer

Platelet plug formation

question

A mother has brought her 2-week-old infant to the emergency department due to the baby's persistent and increasing jaundice. Blood testing reveals that the infant's unconjugated bilirubin level is 28 mg/dL and assessment does not reveal neurologic deficits. The infant's weight is normal and the mother claims to have had no significant difficulty feeding the infant. The most likely treatment for this infant will be:

answer

phototherapy

question

Which of the following individuals likely faces the highest risk of megaloblastic anemia

answer

A 21-year-old college student who lives a vegan lifestyle

question

Hemoglobin solubility results and hemoglobin electrophoresis have resulted in a diagnosis of sickle cell anemia in an African American infant. The parents of the child should be aware that their child is at a significant risk for which of the following health problems?

answer

stroke, acute pain, respiratory disease

question

In the days following a tooth cleaning and root canal, a patient has developed an infection of the thin, three-layered membrane that lines the heart and covers the valves. What is this patient's most likely diagnosis?

answer

Endocarditis

question

A patient who lives with a diagnosis of angina pectoris has taken a sublingual dose of nitroglycerin to treat the chest pain he experienced while mowing his lawn. This drug has resulted in a release of nitric oxide, which will have what effect?

answer

Smooth muscle relaxation of vessels

question

A patient has entered hypovolemic shock after massive blood loss in a car accident. Many of the patient's peripheral blood vessels have consequently collapsed. How does the Laplace law account for this pathophysiologic phenomenon?

answer

Blood pressure is no longer able to overcome vessel wall tension.

question

A serum marker for systemic inflammation, _______, is now considered a major risk factor marker for atherosclerosis, and vascular disease.

answer

C-reactive protein

question

A patient with persistent, primary hypertension remains apathetic about his high blood pressure, stating, "I don't feel sick, and it doesn't seem to be causing me any problems that I can tell." How could a clinician best respond to this patient's statement?

answer

"You may not sense any problems, but it really increases your risk of heart disease and stroke."

question

Because cholesterol is insoluble in plasma, it is mainly carried by the lipoprotein:

answer

LDL

question

Atherosclerotic plaque is most likely to be unstable and vulnerable to rupture when the plaque has a thin fibrous cap over a:

answer

large lipid core.

question

Patients with ischemic coronary vessel disease and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are classified as low or high risk for acute myocardial infarction based on characteristics that include significant:

answer

ECG changes

question

Which of the following assessment findings of a cyanotic infant is incongruent with a diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot?

answer

The infant's aorta is narrowed

question

In shock, one of the best indicators of blood flow to vital organs is:

answer

urine output

question

A patient has been experiencing increasing fatigue in recent months, a trend that has prompted an echocardiogram. Results of this diagnostic test suggest that the patient's end-diastolic volume is insufficient. Which of the following parameters of cardiac performance will directly decrease as a result of this?

answer

Preload

question

The most common causes of left-sided heart failure include:

answer

acute myocardial infarction.

question

Above the glottis that opens and closes for speech, the epiglottis functions to _______ the larynx during swallowing

answer

cover

question

The function of the mucociliary blanket that lines the conducting airways is to:

answer

remove foreign materials

question

A patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is undergoing pulmonary function testing. Which of the following instructions should the technician provide in order to determine the patient's forced vital capacity (FVC)?

answer

"I'll ask you to breathe in as deep as you can, and then blow out as much of that air as possible."

question

The "cold viruses" are rapidly spread from person to person. The greatest source of spread is:

answer

fingers

question

A distinguishing feature of viral influenza is:

answer

abrupt-onset, profound malaise.

question

Which of the following individuals should be prioritized for receiving a seasonal influenza vaccination?

answer

An 81-year-old resident of a long-term care facility

question

Atelectasis is most commonly caused by

answer

airway obstruction.

question

As a result of hypoxemia and polycythemia, persons with chronic obstructive bronchitis are prone to:

answer

breakdown of elastin

question

A man sustained a puncture injury to his chest that caused a tension pneumothorax to form. This is a life-threatening condition because:

answer

expiratory airway collapse.

question

A lung biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging have confirmed the presence of a benign lung tumor in a patient. Which of the following characteristics are associated with this patient's neoplasm?

answer

The tumor will grow by expansion and is likely encapsulated.

question

A farmer's long-term exposure to pesticides has made the cells in his alveoli and bronchial tree susceptible to malignancy. Which of the following processes has taken place in the farmer's lungs?

answer

initiation

question

Paraneoplastic syndromes are manifestations of cancer that often result from:

answer

inappropriate hormone release.

question

Cytokines that affect hematopoiesis in bone marrow are called colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) based on their ability to:

answer

regulate blood cells

question

The patient has an abnormally low neutrophil count. Neutropenia is most commonly caused by:

answer

drug reactions

question

A 23-year-old female patient has been diagnosed with von Willebrand disease following a long history of "heavy periods" and occasional nosebleeds. Which of the patient's following statements demonstrates a sound understanding of her new diagnosis?

answer

"I'll make sure to take Tylenol instead of aspirin when I get aches and pains."

question

Hemophilia A is a hereditary blood disorder caused by inadequate activity or absent:

answer

factor VIII.

question

Which of the following trends in the hematologic status of a 6-week-old infant most clearly warrants medical intervention?

answer

Increasing white blood cell counts

question

Hemolytic anemia is characterized by excessive red blood cell destruction and compensatory:

answer

increased erythropoiesis

question

A patient with a history of heart failure has been referred for an echocardiogram. Results of this diagnostic test reveal the following findings: heart rate 80 beats per minute; end-diastolic volume 120 mL; end-systolic volume 60 mL. What is this patient's ejection fraction?

answer

50%

question

Following several weeks of increasing fatigue and a subsequent diagnostic work-up, a patient has been diagnosed with mitral valve regurgitation. Failure of this heart valve would have which of the following consequences?

answer

Backflow from the left ventricle to left atrium

question

A patient's primary care provider has added 20 mg of Lasix (furosemide) to his medication regimen to treat his primary hypertension. How does this diuretic achieve its therapeutic effect?

answer

By decreasing vascular volume by increasing sodium and water excretion

question

By definition, hypertension is systolic blood pressure of ____ mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of ____ mm Hg or higher

answer

140; 90

question

Congenital heart defects can cause a right heart to left heart shunting of blood that results in increased:

answer

unoxygenated blood flow

question

Persistent cyanosis has led an infant's care team to suspect a congenital heart defect. Which of the following assessment findings would suggest coarctation of the infant's aorta?

answer

Blood pressure in the child's legs is lower than in the arms.

question

For which of the following types of shock might intravenous antibiotic therapy be indicated

answer

Distributive shock

question

Electrical burns over a large surface area of a patient's body have resulted in hypovolemic shock after the loss of large amounts of blood and plasma. Which of the following mechanisms is the patient's body likely to implement to compensate for this loss of fluid?

answer

Increased heart rate

question

Completion of a patient's pulmonary function study has yielded the following data: tidal volume: 500 mL; inspiratory reserve: 3100 mL; expiratory reserve: 1200 mL; residual volume: 1200 mL; functional residual capacity: 2400 mL. What is this patient's inspiratory capacity?

answer

3600 mL

question

Lung compliance is a measure of the change in ________that occurs with a change in intrapulmonary pressure.

answer

lung volume

question

A common cause of bacterial pneumonia in both community and hospital setting is:

answer

S. aureus

question

A patient has presented to an ambulatory clinic complaining of a persistent headache. What assessments should the clinician conduct to differentiate between rhinosinusitis and alternative health problems

answer

Perform transillumination and ask the patient if bending forward exacerbates the headache.

question

An elderly patient who has been restricted to bed by numerous comorbidities for several weeks has been diagnosed with a large pleural effusion. Which of the following treatment modalities is most likely to resolve the patient's most recent health problem?

answer

Thoracentesis

question

A 51-year-old man has been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis after a long history of recurrent coughing. Which of the man's following statements demonstrates a sound understanding of his new diagnosis?

answer

"If I had quit smoking earlier than I did, I think I could have avoided getting bronchitis."

question

PRACTICE QUIZZES

answer

...

question

Most conditions of leukopenia involves which leukocyte

answer

nuetrophils

question

anemia

answer

erythrocyte disorder

question

in the erythrocyte disorder, secondary polycythemia, excessive red blood cells are due to

answer

EPO

question

M/C: most conditions of white blood cell depletion involve:

answer

neutrophils

question

which of the following characterizes chronic lymphocytic leukemia

answer

none of the above

question

there are how many different classifications of leukemia?

answer

four

question

this leukocyte disorder is most common in children and has decent prognosis with chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant

answer

ALL

question

which of the following is NOT a blood cellular disorder?

answer

Pleurisy

question

an anemic individual may show signs and symptoms of hypoxia such as:

answer

all of the above

question

indication of a rupture of capillary or small arteriole

answer

petechiae

question

in vitamin B12 deficiency there is a high MCV and a normal MCHC

answer

true

question

thrombocytopenia involves a person having too few red blood cells

answer

false

question

leukemia cells retain their ability to divide.

answer

true

question

there is a higher than 50% chance of remission for acute myeloblastic leukemia

answer

true

question

an anemia is an erythrocyte disorder in which the hemoglobin level falls below the lower limit of the normal range

answer

false

question

anemia results from increased hemoglobin or erythrocyte number

answer

fasle

question

leukopenia, is a deficiency in the number of red blood cells

answer

false

question

persons affected with polycythemia have thickened blood as a main characteristic

answer

true

question

excessive numbers of red blood cells do not cause any problems. in fact it increases the efficiency of oxygen transport

answer

false

question

in varicose veins, blood flow rates are decreased because of disrupted functioning of the leaflet valves

answer

true

question

the growth pattern for non lymphoma is less systematic than Hodgkins lymphoma

answer

true

question

leukocyte disorders involve only elevated WBCs?

answer

false

question

polycythemia describes an excess of white blood cells

answer

false

question

all of the following are examples of acquired clotting factor disorders except

answer

hemophilia

question

Hemophilia A is due to

answer

defect in factor VIII

question

this disorder is characterized an insufficient amount of circulating platelets

answer

thrombocy????????

question

M/C: which clotting factor has a defect in hemophilia A?

answer

factor VIII

question

in hemophilia A, what factor defect is responsible for abnormal bleeding?

answer

factor VIII, in females who have parents without the disorder

question

which is a genetic clotting factor disorder?

answer

von willebrands disease

question

_______ is the accumulation of coagulated blood massing over the alternating layers of platelets and fibrin

answer

red cap

question

the process of RBC production

answer

erythropoiesis

question

pinpoints of hemorrhage seen in the skin, or in post-mortem organ sections are called

answer

petechiae

question

a defect in factor IX describes

answer

hemophilia B

question

put the types of lipoproteins in order from most unhealthy to most healthy (least dense to most dense)

answer

chylomicron, LDL, VLDL, and HDL

question

toxic shock is associated with what kind of shock

answer

vascular shock

question

diuretic drugs are a therapy for

answer

hypertension

question

which of the following types of shock is not classified as secondary

answer

neurogenic

question

the most common type of vascular shock is _____, in which failing pressure is the result of widespread peripheral microcirculation effects

answer

septic shock

question

neurogenic shock that includes symptoms of fainting, emotional and intense pain, decreased cardiac output, and vasodilation?

answer

primary shock

question

______shock is the result of the cardiovascular systems ability to maintain blood flow adequate to meet tissue requirements

answer

none of the above

question

in response to CHF the myocardium becomes thinner and less elastic with normal tone being reduced, this is called

answer

myocardial dilation

question

what cardiac deficiency requires that you take prophylactic antibiotics before a dental cleaning?

answer

ineffective endocarditis

question

chronic constrictive pericarditis involves:

answer

permanent scar tissue in the pericardial sac

question

the body compensates for congestive heart failure by:

answer

all of the above

question

which of the following is not a symptom of acute ineffective endocarditis?

answer

nausea

question

which is not a sequelae of myocardial infarction?

answer

pericarditis

question

all of these are factors in influencing infarction except?

answer

level of angina

question

what is true about mild acute pericarditis?

answer

a and c

question

which form of angina is an indicator of possible progression to an MI

answer

unstable angina

question

which type of ineffective endocarditis derives from a preexisting heart condition?

answer

subacute

question

malignant tumor of the cartilage is called

answer

chondrosarcoma

question

all of the following about dysplasia are correct EXCEPT:

answer

it is easier to reverse than metmorphism

question

all of the following are malignant tumors except:

answer

fibroma

question

what is the study of oncology?

answer

cancer

question

which of the following is not a factor that determines metatastic success

answer

Iatrogenic factors

question

_______refers to cells that are variable in their size and shape, in contrast to the cell structure seen in normal tissue

answer

Pleomorphism

question

a malignant tumor that grows in the fibrous tissue is called a

answer

fibrosarcoma

question

which of the characteristics below is not from the ABCDE rule to check for abnormalities in malignant melanoma.

answer

Boundaries regular

question

malignant tumor would be characterized as

answer

having rapid growth

question

malignant tumor of neuroglia is:

answer

glioma

question

nonneoplastic growth includes all of the following except include:

answer

aplasia

question

pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis includes

answer

all of the above-all of the statements are part of the pathogenesis of the disease

question

what lung disease is characterized by abnormal enlargement of the lungs airways and is due to the destruction of alveolar septa

answer

pulmonary emphysema

question

all of the following are considered obstructive lung diseases except:

answer

pulmonary edema

question

which of the following is not an abbreviation meaning a chronic obstruction of the lung?

answer

none of the above

question

asthma is mediated by

answer

combination of immune and autonomic nervous system

question

_____ is a lung disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the lungs airways, beyond the level of the terminal bronchioles?

answer

pulmonary emphysema

question

what type of respiratory condition is due to chronic irritation, is characterized by a productive cough for more than 2 years, and metaplasia loss of cilia?

answer

chronic bronchitis

question

that collapse of a portion of the lung is:

answer

atelectasis

question

which is NOT a type A symptom of a COPD patient

answer

systemic edema

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