question

define learning

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a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

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what did John Locke and David Hume claim we learn by

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association

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define associative learning

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learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli (like in classical conditioning) or a response and consequence (like in operant conditioning)

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define classical conditioning

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a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

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conditioning is the process of

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learning associations

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define observational learning

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learning from others experiences and examples

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define learning and the two forms of learning

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learning; relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior because of experience 2 forms; associative {associate 2 stimuli or response & consequence} and observational {learning by watching}

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who's experiments established classical conditioning

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Ivan Pavlov

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define behaviorism

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the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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define unconditioned response (UR)

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in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth

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define unconditioned stimulus (US)

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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response

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define conditioned response (CR)

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in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

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define conditioned stimulus (CS)

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in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response

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who established behaviorism

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John B Watson

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what are the five main conditioning processes

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acquisition extinction spontaneous recovery generalization discrimination

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define acquisition

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the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

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define extinction

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the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS) occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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define spontaneous recovery

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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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define generalization

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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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define discrimination

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in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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what was John Watson's experiment

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Baby Albert

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define classical conditioning an behaviorism and describe the basic parts of classical conditioning

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classical conditioning; type of learning where organisms associate stimuli behaviorism; view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior basic parts; UR- event that occurs naturally US- something that naturally and automatically triggers a UR CS- originally a neutral stimulation, that through learning creates a response CR- learned response to the original neutral stimulation

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define operant conditioning

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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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define respondent behavior

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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinners term fro behavior learned through classical conditioning

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define operant behavior

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behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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define law of effect

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Throndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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define operant chamber

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aka Skinner box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking

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define shaping

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an operant conditioning procesdure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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define reinforcer

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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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define positive reinforcement

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increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response

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define negative reinforcement

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increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimulus, such as shock. a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response (NOT punishment)

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define primary reinforcer

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an innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need

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deine conditioned reinforcer

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a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (aka secondary reinforcer)

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define continuous reinforcement

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reinforcing the retired response every time it occurs

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define partial intermittent reinforcement

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reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

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define fixed ratio schedule

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in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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define variable ration schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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define fixed interval schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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define variable interval schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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define punishment

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an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

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define positive punishment

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in declining behavior, giving a punishment

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define negative punishment

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in declining behavior, taking away something to reinforce a punishment

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define cognitive map

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a mental representation of the layout of ones environment. for example; after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

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define latent learning

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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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define intrinsic motivation

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a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

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define extrinsic motivation

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a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

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define modeling

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the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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define mirror neurons

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frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brains mirroring of another action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy

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define prosocial behavior

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positive, constructive, helpful behavior

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Classical and operant conditioning both illustrate:

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associative learning

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The most crucial ingredient in all learning is:

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experience

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The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is:

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Pavlov

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If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mnouth, the UCR is the:

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salivation to the food in the mouth

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A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n):

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conditioned response

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In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a CR was:

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salivation to the sound of a tone

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After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year old Vaclav experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates:

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generalization

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The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of:

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modeling

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Pavlov is to classical conditioning as _____________ is to _______________.

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Bandura; observational learning

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The Law of Effect refers to the tendency to:

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repeat behaviors that lead to desirable consequences

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In order to teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as:

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shaping

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Money is to food as __________ is to ____________.

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secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer

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Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ________ reinforcer.

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negative

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Intermittent reinforcement is associated with __________ acquisition and __________ exctinction than continuous reinforcement.

answer

slower; slower

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A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):

answer

npredictable number of responses have been made

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