Unit 7A – Flashcard
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3 kinds of memory
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Episodic, semantic/generic, implicit/procedural
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3 processes of memory (Atkinson-Shiffrin)
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Encoding, storage, retrieval
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3 stages of memory
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Sensory, Short-term, Long-term
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The process by which we collect prior experiences, information, and skills learned in the past
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Memory
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Memory of a specific event that took place in the person's presence or through experience
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Episodic memory
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Events that are so important that every detail is remembered (9/11)
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Flashbulb memory
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General knowledge that people remember (1st president)
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Semantic/Generic memory
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Memory that consists of the skills and procedures one has learned (riding a bike)
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Implicit/Procedural memory
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The translation of information into a form in which it can be stored
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Encoding
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Forming a mental picture of the information
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Visual encoding
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Recording the information as a series of sound
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Acoustic encoding
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Linking meaning to the information
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Semantic encoding
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The maintenance of encoded information over a period of time
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Storage
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Repeating over and over (role in play)
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Maintenance rehearsal
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Relate to what you already know (foreign language
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Elaborative rehearsal
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Locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought
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Retrieval
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Return to the place where the memory was encoded
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Context-dependent memories
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Recreate the mood in which the memory was encoded (drugs)
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State-dependent memories
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The immediate, initial recording of information that enters through our senses
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Sensory memory
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Mental pictures called icons store visual stimuli
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Iconic memory
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Photographic memory. Remember info over a long time
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Eidetic memory
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Mental traces of sound
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Echoic memory
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Narrowing down that comes into our senses
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Feature extraction
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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the info is lost or forgotten (working memory)
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Short-term memory
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Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system that includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
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Long-term memory
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Tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items
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Primacy effect
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Tendency to recall the last items first
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Recency effect
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Organizing information into familiar or manageable units
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Chunking
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When new info forces old info out of STM
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Interference
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Mental representations of objects; may distort memory
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Schemas
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Unconscious encoding of incidental information and of well-learned information such as word meanings
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Automatic processing
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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Effortful processing
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Conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
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Rehearsal
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Tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
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Spacing effect
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Tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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Serial position effect
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Mental pictures; powerful aid to effortful processing
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Imagery
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Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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Mnemonics
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Loss of memory
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Amnesia
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An increase in a synapse's firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation. Neural basis for learning and memory
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Long-term potentiation (LTP)
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Retention independent of conscious recollection
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Implicit memory
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Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
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Explicit memory
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Turns genes on/off
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CREB
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Enhances LTP
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Glutamate
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Retrieve information learned earlier (fill in the blank)
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Recall
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Identify items previously learned (MC)
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Recognition
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Assesses amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
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Relearning
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Activation of particular associations in memory
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Priming
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Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
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Mood-congruent memory
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Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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Proactive interference
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Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
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Retroactive interference
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Basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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Repression
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Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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Misinformation effect
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Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, read about, heard about, or imagined
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Source amnesia
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3 sins of forgetting
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Absent-mindedness, transcience, blocking
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Inattention to detail leads to encoding failure (car keys)
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Absent-mindedness
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Storage decay over time (don't use it)
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Transcience
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Inability to retrieve info; tip-of-tongue phenomena
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Blocking
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Those who learn quickly, forget quickly
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Ebbinghaus curve
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Occurs when info in a list is unique or strange in some way (assassinated presidents)
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Von Restorff Effect
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Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.
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Sensory memory
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Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of
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Encoding
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Hermann Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that
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The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning
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Recalling the pleasurable high points of an experience while forgetting its more mundane moments helps explain
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Rosy retrospection
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Mnemonic devices such as the peg-word system make effective use of
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Visual imagery
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Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of
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Hierarchical organization
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Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as
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12 seconds
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Research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve
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Synaptic changes
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Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall provides an example of
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Priming
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Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of
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Retrieval
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Based on Herman Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" how will your memories for psychological concepts change?
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I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years
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After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of
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Retroactive interference
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A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as
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Repression
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Compared with false memories, true memories are more likely to
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Contain detailed information
