Unit 7 Psychology – Flashcards
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memory
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learning that has persisted over time
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encoding
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getting information into our brain
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storage
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the process of retaining information
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retrieval
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the process of getting information out of memory
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parallel processing
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the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
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what happens to the neurons in your brain every time you learn something new?
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the neural connections change, forming & strengthening pathways that allow you to learn & interact with the environment
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sensory memory
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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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short-term memory
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activated memory that holds a few items briefly
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long-term memory
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the relatively permanent & limitless storehouse of the memory system
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working memory (short-term memory)
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newer understanding that focuses on conscious, active processing of information
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explicit memory (declarative memory)
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memory of facts & experiences that one can consciously know & "declare"
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effortful processsing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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implicit memory (nondeclarative memory)
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retention independent of conscious recollection
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automative processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information
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iconic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
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echoic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
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how many things can short-term memory hold?
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about seven
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chunking
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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
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mnemonics
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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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hierarchies
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chunks composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided
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spacing effect
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the tendency of distributed study of practice to yield better long term memory
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testing effect
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enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading information
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shallow processing
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encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
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deep processing
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encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words; yields the best retention
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what part of the brain lays down new explicit memories?
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hippocampus
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what happens to memories while you are sleeping
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hippocampus processes memories for a later retrieval
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what kinds of memories does the cerebellum form?
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implicit memories created by classical conditioning
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what kinds of memories does the basal ganglia form?
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formation of our procedural memories for skills
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flashbulb memories
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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long-term potentiation
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an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
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recall
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retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but was learned
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recognition
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identifying items previously learned
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relearning
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learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time
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priming
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the activation of certain associations
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state-dependent memory
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what we learn in one state might be easier than in another state
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mood congruent
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our mood can trigger other memories
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serial position effect
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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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anterograde amnesia
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an inability to form new memories
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retrograde amnesia
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an inability to retrieve information from one's past
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proactive interference
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the distruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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retroactive interference
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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
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repression
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the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety, thoughts, and feelings
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misinformation effect
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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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source amnesia
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attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard, or read about
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deja vu
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the sense that "i've experienced this before"
