Unit 5 vocab – Flashcards
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Aneuploidy
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Abnormal number of chromosomes.
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Asexual reproduction
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A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
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Binary fusion
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material from one cell separates into two cells - genetic material of the original cell first doubles so that each daughter cell has an exact copy of the DNA
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Cancer cells
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Hormone therapy reduces the interaction of hormones with __________.
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Cell cycle
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series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
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cellular division
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Mitosis
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chromosome
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A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
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Diploid cell
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A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.
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DNA
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A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
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Eukaryotic cell
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A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
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Fertilization
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Fusion of an egg and sperm cell
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Haploid cell
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A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).
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Meiosis
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Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
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Mitosis
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Cell division
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Monosomy
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Chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number
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Nondisjunction
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Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.
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Nucleus
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A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
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Oogenesis
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Egg production
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Prokaryotic cell
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A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
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Sexual reproduction
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A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
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Somatic cell nuclear transfer
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Or therapeutic cloning involves removing the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell, replacing it with the material from the nucleus of a "somatic cell" (a skin, heart, or nerve cell, for example), and stimulating this cell to begin dividing.
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spermatogenesis
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Formation of sperm
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Trisomy
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3 copies of a chromosome
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Autosome
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Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
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Budding
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A form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.
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Cloning
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A process in which a cell, cell product, or organism is copied from an original source.
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Daughter cell
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The product of cell division.
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Gamete
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Sex cell
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Gene
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A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
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Homologous chromosomes
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Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
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karyotype
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A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
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Mutation
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A change in a gene or chromosome.
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Parent cell
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The first cell before it splits into the daughter (the original cell) (neither)
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Recombinant DNA
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DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
