question

According to B. F. Skinner, we develop self-awareness largely through Select one: a. trial-and-error learning. b. imitation of others. c. seeing our images reflected in mirrors. d. the comments of other people.

answer

d. the comments of other people.

question

Whether children imitate an aggressive model depends largely on Select one: a. the nature of the aggressive behavior. b. whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished. c. whether the child is encouraged to imitate the model. d. the relationship between the child and the model.

answer

b. whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished.

question

Presley and Riopelle studied vicarious avoidance learning in monkeys. They found that Select one: a. the slowest learning observer did as well as the fastest learning model. b. there was not much difference in the performance of observers and models. c. the observers were no match for the models. d. observers did not attend to the model.

answer

a. the slowest learning observer did as well as the fastest learning model.

question

The Sherry and Galef experiment with milk bottles suggests that Select one: a. chickadees learn very well through observation. b. chickadees can't learn through observation. c. many of the birds that seem to have learned through observation actually have not. d. most birds don't like milk.

answer

chickadees learn very well through observation.

question

In Bandura's theory of vicarious learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called ______________ processes. Select one: a. mnemonic b. cognitive c. retentional d. memorial

answer

c. retentional

question

When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Ms. Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to result in

answer

c. the use of excessively strong punishers. Correctp.

question

According to the views of Miller and Dollard, vicarious learning Select one: a. should vary across age groups. b. takes place before the observer makes any imitative act. c. is really a form of operant learning. d. requires attentional and retentional processes.

answer

c. is really a form of operant learning.

question

In his experiments on verbal behavior, William Verplanck reinforced expressions of opinion using ______ as a reinforcer. Select one: a. M&Ms b. effusive praise c. music d. paraphrases and expressions of agreement

answer

d. paraphrases and expressions of agreement

question

The Miller-Dollard theory of vicarious learning emphasizes the Select one: a. consequences of the model's behavior. b. consequences of the observer's behavior. c. cognitive activity of the model. d. cognitive activity of the observer.

answer

b. consequences of the observer's behavior.

question

Perhaps the first person to demonstrate learned helplessness experimentally was Select one: a. Thorndike. b. Pavlov. c. Watson. d. Seligman.

answer

a. Thorndike.

question

Judith Fisher and Mary Harris found that if a model wore an eye patch, observers learned Select one: a. less from the model's behavior. b. more from the model's behavior. c. about the same amount from the model's behavior. d. only about the eye patch.

answer

b. more from the model's behavior.

question

A form of treatment for phobia that makes use of observational learning is called Select one: a. virtual exposure therapy. b. observational desensitization. c. participant modeling. d. vicarious sensitization.

answer

c. participant modeling.

question

When using punishment to suppress an undesirable behavior, it is important to provide alternative means of obtaining the reinforcers that have maintained that behavior. Select one: True False

answer

True

question

Extinction is often the best treatment when the unwanted behavior is potentially injurious. T/F

answer

False

question

Vicarious learning leads inevitably to imitation. Select one: True False

answer

False

question

Only humans and the great apes show evidence of self-awareness. Select one: True False

answer

False

question

Carl Warden was one of the first researchers to demonstrate vicarious operant learning in animals. Select one: True False

answer

True (monkies)

question

If an observer watches a well-trained model perform a response, the procedure is not really observational learning. T/F

answer

False

question

The solution to a problem is behavior that produces ___________

answer

reinforcement

question

A kindergarten teacher asked her class to stand up and get ready to sing the national anthem. All the students stood up to the right of their desks and sang the anthem. Which one of the following applies to this item? Select one: a. modeling (do not select this if one of the more specific types of modeling in b to i applies) b. vicarious reinforcement c. vicarious punishment d. peer modeling e. generalized imitation f. self-modeling g. symbolic modeling h. participant modeling i. covert modeling j. not an example of modeling

answer

j. not an example of modeling

question

Lee hated using public transportation, but found herself having to do so to get to school. Her mother, who was a behavior analyst, told Lee to imagine a young girl like herself getting on the bus, paying her token, sitting down, getting off, and so on. Lee did this several times each day, and when the school term started she was able to ride the bus without difficulty. Which one of the following applies to this item? Select one: a. vicarious reinforcement b. vicarious punishment c. generalized imitation d. peer modeling e. self-modeling f. symbolic modeling g. participant modeling h. covert modeling i. not an example of modeling

answer

h. covert modeling

question

Tilly's mom decided to stop giving in to Tilly whenever she nagged for a candy bar at the grocery store. As a result, Tilly soon stopped nagging for candy. Select one: a. DRO b. DRI c. extinction d. none of the above

answer

c. extinction

question

Kyle's teacher suspected that his speaking out in class was a result of him getting a lot of attention for such behavior. She decided to ignore Kyle whenever he spoke out in class. As a result of this, the number of times that Kyle spoke out in class decreased. Select one: a. DRO b. DRI c. extinction d. none of the above

answer

c. extinction

question

Lucy's left eye twitched rapidly. A procedure was introduced in which Lucy was required to close her eyes tightly for 8 seconds each time an eye twitch occurred. This successfully reduced the frequency of Lucy's eye twitches. Select one: a. punishment b. punishment - exclusionary timeout c. punishment - nonexclusionary timeout d. punishment - response cost e. not punishment

answer

punishment

question

When Julio misspelled a word he was required to spell the word correctly 10 times on the chalkboard. As a result of this, Julio's rate of misspelling words declined. Select one: a. punishment b. punishment - exclusionary timeout c. punishment - nonexclusionary timeout d. punishment - response cost e. not punishment

answer

a. punishment

question

Positive punishment is most often confused with Select one: a. negative punishment. b. negative reinforcement. c. aversion therapy. d. counterconditioning.

answer

b. negative reinforcement.

question

The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when doing so is not reinforced is called Select one: a. superstitious imitation. b. neurotic imitation. c. generalized imitation. d. habitual imitation.

answer

c. generalized imitation.

question

Farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists riding across his meadow land, tearing up sod, and frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area and no longer had a problem. Gable's approach is best described as an example of

answer

response prevention

question

In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often Select one: a. ineffective. b. effective. c. effective, but the results are short-lived. d. effective, but a new form of undesirable behavior typically appears.

answer

b. effective.

question

Verplanck's opinion experiment used a/an ______ design. Select one: a. group b. ABA c. between subjects d. crossover

answer

b. ABA

question

Learning is a change in behavior due to experience. In vicarious learning, the experience consists of Select one: a. observing a model. b. imitating a model. c. vicariously participating in events in one's environment. d. sharing the experiences of another person or animal.

answer

a. observing a model.

question

In Bandura's theory of vicarious learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called ______________ processes.

answer

retentional

question

You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock video performer in Germany, has killed himself. He left a note ("Goodbye, cruel world"). You predict that Select one: a. Germans will riot in the streets. b. Germans will pass laws against rock video. c. the sale of rock video cassettes will decline markedly in Germany. d. there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock video fans.

answer

d. there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock video fans.

question

Studies of learned helplessness use the ______ procedure. Select one: a. reward training b. escape training c. positive punishment d. negative punishment

answer

b. escape training

question

Each of the following is a self-control technique except Select one: a. deprivation. b. distancing. c. distraction. d. distortion.

answer

d. distortion.

question

Negative punishment is also sometimes called __________ training. Select one: a. escape b. penalty c. withdrawal d. subtraction

answer

b. penalty

question

The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that Select one: a. something is added. b. something positive is removed. c. the results are positive. d. the procedure is used with good intentions.

answer

a. something is added.

question

The use of corporal punishment in the schools is approved by about ________ per cent of Americans. Select one: a. 50 b. 60 c. 70 d. 80

answer

a. 50

question

A form of treatment for phobia that makes use of observational learning is called Select one: a. virtual exposure therapy. b. observational desensitization. c. participant modeling. d. vicarious sensitization.

answer

c. participant modeling.

question

Positive punishment necessarily involves aversives. Select one: True False

answer

True

question

An early theory of punishment proposed that response suppression occurred because aversives disrupt ongoing behavior. Select one: True False

answer

True

question

Creative behavior is a function of its consequences. Select one: True False

answer

True

question

If an observer watches a well-trained model perform a response, the procedure is not really observational learning. Select one: True False

answer

False

question

Bandura says that observational learning involves four processes. One of these is

answer

motivational

question

Coincidental reinforcement plays an important role in

answer

superstitious behavior

question

If Tommy threw his toys on the floor rather than putting them away, he was required to put away his toys and his brother's toys as well. Tommy soon stopped throwing his toys on the floor after this procedure was introduced. Select one: a. punishment b. punishment - exclusionary timeout c. punishment - nonexclusionary timeout d. punishment - response cost e. not punishment

answer

a. punishment

question

When Mabel knocked over the towers that other children had carefully built with blocks, she was required to rebuild the tower using even more blocks than had been used in the tower she knocked over. As a result, she soon stopped knocking over other children's towers. Select one: a. punishment b. punishment - exclusionary timeout c. punishment - nonexclusionary timeout d. punishment - response cost e. not punishment

answer

a. punishment

question

Billie had terrible table manners. He would chew with his mouth open. His parents decided to rap his knuckles lightly whenever he chewed with his mouth open. As a result, Billie's rate of chewing with his mouth open declined. Select one: a. DRO b. DRI c. extinction d. none of the above

answer

d. none of the above

question

Susanna's parents had decided to award her gold stars whenever she brushed her teeth before bed without being asked. This worked well and Susanna almost always brushed her teeth. Her parents then decided that this behavior was well established and they stopped awarding stars for teeth brushing. As a result, Susanna hardly ever brushed her teeth anymore. Select one: a. DRO b. DRI c. extinction d. none of the above

answer

c. extinction

question

A ski instructor at a local hill was working with a class of novices. She gathered them all at the top of the hill. She demonstrated the snowplow method of skiing down part of the hill and asked each student to do the same thing. As a result of the demonstration, the students were able to snowplow down a short section of the hill. Which one of the following applies to this item? Select one: a. modeling (do not select this if one of the more specific types of modeling in b to g applies) b. vicarious reinforcement c. vicarious punishment d. generalized imitation e. participant modeling f. covert modeling g. not an example of modeling

answer

a. modeling (do not select this if one of the more specific types of modeling in b to g applies)

question

2. The first studies of observational learning ______. a. proved beyond a doubt that animals learn by observing models b. proved that only higher animals learn by observing models c. suggested that some animals can learn by observing models under special circumstances d. failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals

answer

d. failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals

question

3. Learning is a change in behavior due to experience. In observational learning, the experience consists of _______. a. observing events and their consequences b. imitating a model c. vicariously participating in events in one's environment d. sharing the experiences of another person or animal

answer

a. observing events and their consequences

question

4. If an observer looks on as a model's behavior is reinforced, we speak of _______. a. vicarious reinforcement b. model reinforcement c. observer reinforcement d. imitation

answer

a. vicarious reinforcement

question

6. According to the author of your text, observational learning involves observing a. events and their consequences. b. the behavior of a model. c. the effects of a model's behavior. d. and imitating a model's actions.

answer

a. events and their consequences.

question

7. Herbert and Harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed a model perform an act 30 times with cats that had observed only 15 performances. They found that _________. a. the extra 15 observances made no difference b. the first 15 observations had a greater impact than the next 15 c. cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15 d. cats that observed 15 performances actually did better than those that observed 30

answer

c. cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15

question

8. Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children would imitate a model's reinforced preferences for _______. a. pets b. pictures c. dolls d. cartoon characters

answer

b. pictures

question

9. Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models. In their study, the observers _______. a. watched a video of models talking b. chatted with models in a bar c. received text messages written by models d. listened to models on a tape

answer

d. listened to models on a tape

question

Emotional arousal can severely interfere with learning - this is called:

answer

The Venus effect

question

15. Fisher and Harris found that observers learned more when a model _______. a. frowned and shook her head b. showed no emotional reaction c. vacillated between happy and sad d. avoided looking at the observer

answer

a. frowned and shook her head

question

A character in soap opera called _______ took a drug overdose to get attention

answer

EastEnders

question

21. Those who are most likely to learn from observing a model are probably _______. a. young children b. older children c. adults d. very old adults

answer

c. adults

question

23. Keith and Catherine Hayes found that their adoptee, Viki, learned more from observing models than some children of about the same age. This was surprising because Viki was a _________. a. monkey b. chimpanzee c. porpoise c. Golden Retriever b. chimpanzee

answer

b. chimpanzee

question

24. In Bandura's theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called ________. a. mnemonic processes b. cognitive processes c. retentional processes d. memorial processes

answer

c. retentional processes

question

27. A panel of experts reviewed studies on the influence of violence depicted on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children. They found that the evidence for a causal connection between viewing such violence and aggressive behavior was _______. a. weak b. suggestive c. strong but inconclusive d. overwhelming

answer

d. overwhelming

question

28. Carl Warden was one of the first researchers to demonstrate observational learning in animals. T/F

answer

True

question

30. Herbert and Harsh demonstrated observational learning in cats. T/F

answer

True

question

32. All studies of observational learning involve learning to solve a problem or perform a skill. T/F

answer

False

question

34. Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children's liking for pictures was influenced by the consequences of the model's preferences. T/F

answer

True

question

Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models, even though the observers did not see the models. T/F

answer

True

question

It is possible to reinforce general tendency to imitate (generalized imitation) T/F

answer

True

question

57. Bandura says that observational learning involves four processes. One of these is _______.

answer

attentional/retentional/motor reproductive/motivational

question

56. Berger found that one important variable affecting observational learning in humans is the _______ of the model.

answer

status

question

1. Problem behavior in children can usually be dealt with effectively through ___________.

answer

differential reinforcement

question

10. Lovaas and Simmons used punishment to reduce self-injurious behavior in a boy. Before treatment, this boy would hit himself at a rate of up to _______. a. 5 times a minute b. 10 times a minute c. 20 times a minute d. 30 times a minute

answer

d. 30 times a minute

question

11. Carr and McDowell found that Jim's scratching was reinforced mainly by _______. a. teacher reprimands b. being laughed at by other students c. strange sensations he experienced from scratching d. parental attention

answer

d. parental attention

question

19. Your text describes the use of _______ to get a bull elephant to cooperate with having his toenails trimmed. a. physical restraint b. shaping c. chaining d. episodic training

answer

b. shaping

question

23. Time out is a form of punishment. T/F

answer

True

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