question

Prejudice is an ____ (and usually ____) attitude toward a group that involves overgeneralized beliefs known as ____.

answer

unjustifiable negative stereotypes

question

Like all attitudes, prejudice is a mixture of ____, ____, and predispositions to ____.

answer

beliefs emotions action

question

Prejudice is a negative ____ and ____ is a negative ____.

answer

attitude discrimination behavior

question

Americans today express ____ racial and gender prejudice than they did 50 years ago.

answer

less

question

Blatant forms of prejudice ____ diminished. However, even people who deny holding prejudiced attitudes may carry negative ____ about race.

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have associations

question

Studies of prejudice indicate that it is often an unconscious, or ____, action. Several studies have shown that the more a person's features are perceived as typical of their ____ the more likely they are to elicit ____ responding.

answer

implicity racial category race-based

question

Today's biopsychosocial approach has stimulated neuroscience studies that have detected implicit prejudice in people's ____-muscle responses and in the activation of their brain's ____.

answer

facial amygdala

question

Worldwide, ____ are more likely to live in poverty. People tend to perceive women as being more ___ and ____ and less ____ than men.

answer

women nurturant sensitive aggressive

question

For those with money, power, and prestige, prejudice often serves as a means of ____ social inequalities.

answer

justifying

question

Discrimination increases prejudice through the tendency of people to ____ victims for their plight.

answer

blame

question

Through our ____, we associate ourselves with certain groups.

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social identities

question

Prejudice is also fostered by the ___, a tendency to favor groups to which one belongs--called the ___-- while excluding others, or the ____.

answer

ingroup bias ingroup outgroup

question

Research studies also reveal that the terror of facing ____ tends to heighten patriotism and produce loathing and aggression toward people who threaten one's ____.

answer

death world

question

That prejudice derives from attempts to blame others for one's frustration is proposed by the ____ theory.

answer

scapegoat

question

People who feel loved and supported become more ___ to and ___ of those who differ from them.

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open accepting

question

Research suggests that prejudice may also derive from ____, the process by which we attempt to simplify our world by classifying people into groups. One by-product of this process is that people tend to ____ the similarity of those within a group. One manifestation of this is the ____, the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than those of other races.

answer

categorization overestimate other-race effect

question

Another factor that fosters the formation of group stereotypes and prejudice is the tendency to ____ from vivid or memorable cases.

answer

overgeneralize

question

The belief that people get what they deserve--that the good are rewarded and the bad punished--is expressed in the ____ phenomenon. This phenomenon is based in part on ____, the tendency to believe that one would have foreseen how something turned out.

answer

just-world hindsight bias

question

Aggressive behavior is defined by psychologists as ____. THus, psychologists ____ consider assertive salespeople to be aggressive.

answer

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy do not

question

Like other behaviors, aggression emerges from the interaction of ___ and ___.

answer

biology experience

question

Today, most psychologists ____ consider human aggression to be instinctive.

answer

do not

question

In humans, aggressiveness ____ greatly from culture to culture, era to era, and person to person.

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varies

question

That there are genetic influences on aggression can be shown by the fact that many species of animals have been ____ for aggressiveness.

answer

bred

question

Twin studies suggest that genes ___ influence human aggression. One genetic marker of those who commit the most violence is the ____ chromosome. Studies of violent criminals reveal diminished activity in the brain's ____, which play an important role in controlling ____.

answer

do Y frontal lobes impulses

question

In humans and animals, aggression is facilitated by ____ systems, which are in turn influenced by ____, alcohol, and other substances in the blood.

answer

neural hormones

question

The aggressive behavior of animals can be manipulated by altering the levels of the hormone ____. When this level is _____, aggressive tendencies are reduced.

answer

testosterone decreased

question

High levels of testosterone correlate with ____, low tolerance for ___, ____, and ____. Among teenage boys and adult men, high testosterone also correlates with ___, hard ____, and aggressive-bullying responses to ____. With age, testosterone levels--and aggressiveness--____. Although testosterone heightens aggressiveness, aggression ____ testosterone level.

answer

irritability frustration assertiveness impulsiveness delinquency drug use frustration decrease increases

question

One drug that unleashes aggressive responses to provocation is ____.

answer

alcohol

question

According to the ____ principle, inability to achieve a goal leads to anger, which may generate aggression.

answer

frustration-aggression

question

Other aversive stimuli can provoke hostility, including _____.

answer

physical pain, personal insults, foul odors, hot temperatures, cigarette smoke

question

Aggressive behavior can be learned through ____, as shown by the fact that people use aggression where they've found it pays, and through ____ of others.

answer

rewards observation (or imitation)

question

Crime rates are higher in countries in which there is a large disparity between those who are ____ and those who are ____. High violence rates also are typical of cultures and families in which there is minimal ____.

answer

rich poor father care

question

Once established, aggressive behavior patterns are ____ to change. However, ____ programs have been successful in bringing down re-arrest rates of juvenile offenders and gang members.

answer

difficult aggression-replacement

question

Violence on television tends to ____ people to cruelty and ____ them to respond aggressively when they are provoked.

answer

desensitize prime

question

The "rape myth" is the mistaken idea that _____. Most rapists _____ this myth.

answer

some women invite or enjoy rape accept

question

Experiments have shown that, among other factors, depictions by the media of ____ most directly affect men's acceptance and performance and aggression against women. Such depictions may create ____ to which people respond when they are in new situations or are uncertain how to act.

answer

sexual violence social scripts

question

Kids who play a lot of violent video games see the world as more ____, get into more ____ and ____, and get worse ____.

answer

hostile arguements fights grades

question

Research studies of the impact of violent video games ____ the idea that we feel better if we "blow off steam" by venting our emotions. This idea is the ____. Expressing anger breeds ____ anger.

answer

disconfirm catharsis hypothesis more

question

Many factors contribute to aggression, including ____ factors, such as an increase in testosterone; ____ factors, such as frustration; and ____ factors, such as deindividuation.

answer

biological psychological social-cultural

question

A prerequisite for, and perhaps the most powerful predictor of, attraction is _____.

answer

proximity

question

When people are repeatedly exposed to unfamiliar stimuli, their liking of the stimuli _____. This phenomenon is the ____ effect. Robert Zajonc contends that this phenomenon was ____ for our ancestors, for whom the unfamiliar was often dangerous. One implication of this is that ____ against those who are culturally different may be a primitive, ____ emotional response.

answer

increases mere exposure adaptive prejudice automatic

question

Our first impression of another person is most influenced by the person's ____.

answer

appearance

question

In a sentence, list several of the characteristics that physically attractive people are judged to possess:_________.

answer

attractive people are perceived as happier, more sensitive, more successful, and more socially skilled

question

A person's attractiveness ____ strongly related to his or her self-esteem or happiness.

answer

is not

question

Cross-cultural research reveals that men judge women as more attractive if they have a ____ appearance whereas women judge men who appear ____, ____, and ____ as more attractive. People also seem to prefer physical features that are neither unusually ____ nor ____. Average faces, which tend to be ____, are judged to be more sexually attractive.

answer

youthful mature dominant affluent large small symmetrical

question

Compared with strangers, friends and couples are more likely to be similar in terms of _____.

answer

attitudes, beliefs, interests, religion, race, education, intelligence, smoking behavior, economic status, age

question

Hatfield has distinguished 2 types of love: ____ love and ____ love.

answer

passionate companionate

question

According to the 2 factor theory, emotions have 2 components: physical ____ and a ____ label.

answer

arousal cognitive

question

When college men were placed in an aroused state, their feelings toward an attractive women ____ more positive than those of men who had not been aroused.

answer

were

question

Companionate love is promoted by ____--mutual sharing and giving by both partners. Another key ingredient of loving relationships is the revealing of intimate aspects of ourselves through ____.

answer

equity self-disclosure

question

An unselfish regard for the welfare of other is called ____.

answer

altruism

question

According to Darley and Latane, people will help only if a 3 stage decision making process is completed: Bystanders must first ____ the incident, then ___ it as an emergency, and finally _____ for helping.

answer

notice interpret assume responsibility

question

When people who overheard a seizure victim calling for help thought others were hearing the same plea, they were ____ likely to go to his aid than when they thought no one else was aware of the emergency.

answer

less

question

In a series of staged accidents, Latane and Darley found that a bystander was ____ likely to help if other bystanders were present. This phenomenon has been called the _____.

answer

less bystander effect

question

The idea that social behavior aims to maximize rewards and minimize costs is proposed by ____ theory.

answer

social exchange

question

One rule of social behavior tells us to return help to those who have helped us; this is the ____ norm.

answer

reciprocity

question

Another rule tells us to help those who need our help; this is the ____ norm.

answer

social-responsibility

question

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas is called ____. This perception can take place between individuals, _____, or _____.

answer

conflict groups nations

question

Situations in which conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior by pursuing their own self-interests are called ____.

answer

social traps

question

The distorted images people in conflict form of each other are called ____ perceptions.

answer

mirror-image

question

In most situations, establishing contact between 2 conflicting groups ____ sufficient to resolve conflict.

answer

is not

question

In Sherif's study, two conflicting groups of campers were able to resolve their conflicts by working together on projects in which they shared ____ goals. Shared ____ breed solidarity, as demonstrated by a surge in use of the word ____ in the weeks after 9/11.

answer

superordinate predicaments "we"

question

When conflicts arise, a 3rd party ____ may facilitate communication and promote understanding.

answer

mediator

question

Osgood has advanced a strategy of coniliation called GRIT, which stands for ____ and ____ in ____. The key to this method is each side's offering of a small ___ gesture in order to increase mutual trust and cooperation.

answer

Graduated Reciprocated Initiatives Tension-Reduction concilitory

Unit 14: Social Psychology, Social Relations – Flashcards

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