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Therapy

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treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively

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Psychotherapy

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use of psychological techniques to treat emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems (in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional to understand themselves better) - Insight therapies - Action therapies

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Biomedical Therapy

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use of medications and other medical therapies to treat the symptoms associated with psychological disorders - Drugs - ECT - Psychosurgery

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Insight Therapy

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gain insight into problems

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Action Therapy

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goal is to change behavior

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Psychoanalysis

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INSIGHT therapy developed by Sigmund Freud that is designed to help unearth past (unconscious) conflicts so the patient attains insight as to the real source of the problem - long-term - more useful for non-psychotic disorders

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Psychoanalysis Elements

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- Hypnosis - Free Association - Dream Interpretation - Transference - Resistance - Interpretations

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Free Association

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spontaneous report of all mental images, thoughts, and feelings as a way of revealing unconscious conflicts without fear of negative evaluations

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Dream Interpretation

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content of dreams is analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations (manifest and latent content)

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Interpretations

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the psychoanalyst's explanations of the patient's dreams, free associations, or behaviors

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Resistance

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patient's unconscious attempt to block revelation of unconscious material; usually sign that patient is close to revealing painful memories (reluctant to talk about a certain topic)

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Transference

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process where emotions originally associated with a significant person are unconsciously transferred to the therapist (positive or negative)

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Directive

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therapist actively gives interpretations of a client's statements and may suggest certain behavior or actions

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Psychodynamic Therapy

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modern version of psychoanalysis - shorter-term and based on goals that are specific and attainable - therapists are more directive than traditional psychoanalysis and emphasize transference

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Humanistic Therapies

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(Carl Rogers) emphasizes human potential, self-awareness, and free-will - focus on self-perception and individual's conscious thoughts and perceptions - nondirective

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Nondirective

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therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not make decisions, offer solutions, or pass judgement

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Client-Centered Therapy

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(Carl Rogers - most common form of INSIGHT therapy) nondirective humanistic therapy designed to help clients move toward self-actualization; emphasizes the client's subjective perception of himself and his environment - does not speak of "illness" or "cure" - help through self-directed change

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Basic Elements of Humanistic Therapies

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- Reflection - Unconditional Positive Regard - Empathetic Understanding - Authenticity/Genuineness

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Reflection

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therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements

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Unconditional Positive Regard

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therapist must value, accept, and care for the client, whatever the problems or behaviors

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Empathic Understanding

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therapist actively listens and reflects the content and personal meaning of the client's feelings

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Authenticity (Genuineness)

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therapist openly shares thoughts without defensiveness

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Gestalt Therapies

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(Fritz Perls) direct INSIGHT therapy that helps clients see the "whole" picture and accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences (uses leading questions and role playing) - different than others because it does not talk about unconscious causes but the denied past (client needs to own up to past)

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Motivational Interviewing

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designed to help clients overcome mixed emotions/reluctance about making a change

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Evaluation of Psychoanalysis

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lacks scientific support for basic premises and requires client to be fairly intelligent and verbally expressive (p)

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Evaluation of Humanistic Therapy

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lacks scientific support for basic premises and requires client to be fairly intelligent and verbally expressive (h)

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Behavior Therapy (Behavior Modification/Applied Behavior Analysis)

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(Watson, Jones, Skinner, Bandura) ACTION therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior - uses learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior - assumes that maladaptive behaviors are learned

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Therapies based on Classical Conditioning

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- Counterconditioning - Systematic Desensitization - Virtual Reality Therapy - Aversive Conditioning/Therapy - Exposure Therapy/Flooding - Bell and Pad Treatment

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Systematic Desensitization (Counterconditioning)

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(Mary Cover Jones) learning of a new conditioned response that is incompatible with a previously learned one (used to treat phobias) - patient may be desensitized through the repeated introduction of a series of stimuli that approximate the phobia (i.e. peter and the rabbit) - often combined with observational learning (virtual reality)

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Virtual Reality Therapy

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easier and less expensive method of systematic desensitization using a computer-generated, three-dimensional environment

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Steps of Systematic Desensitization

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1 -progressive relaxation 2 - development of anxiety hierarchy and control scene 3 - progressive presenting items (imagined or real) using a combination of progressive relaxation with anxiety hierarchy

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Aversive Therapy (Conditioning)

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(John Garcia) pairs an aversive stimulus with the undesired behavior - taste aversion experiment (rats w/saccharine water) - relatively ineffective, does not generalize very well beyond therapy

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Flooding (Exposure Therapy)

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may be used to deal with anxiety, phobias, and post-traumatic stress quickly by having the patient confronts a feared situation, object, or memory - danger includes the strengthening of the phobia instead

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Steps of Flooding

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1 - exposure to feared stimulus 2 - prevention of typical response

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Bell and Pad Treatment

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(used for bed-wetting) whenever liquid hits the pad, a loud bell alarm goes off to wake the person so that they can go to the bathroom

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Therapies based on Operant Conditioning

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- Token Economy (reinforcement) - Contingency Contract (reinforcement) - Modeling - Time-Out (extinction)

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Token Economy

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(reinforcement) used to change behavior with the use of rewards (group settings like prisons, classrooms, hospitals) - has been successful with severely disturbed people - difficult to implement and administer

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Contingency Contract

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(reinforcement) formal, writing agreement between therapist and patient that clearly states goals and responsibilities for both patient and therapist

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Modeling

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learning through the observation and imitation of others (participant modeling)

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Participant Modeling

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technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model

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Time-Out

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(extinction) a person is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior, usually by being placed in a quiet corner or room away from possible attention and reinforcement opportunities

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Shaping

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reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior

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Contingency Management Interventions

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involves specified behaviors, a target group of clients, and the use of vouchers or other conditioned reinforcers that can be exchanged for prizes, cash, or other rewards

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Reinforcement

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strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence (positive) or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (negative)

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Extinction

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removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior

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Evaluation of Behavior Therapy

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more effective than other forms of therapy in treating specific behavioral problems, but not serious psychological disorders

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Cognitive Therapy

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based on the assumption that psychological problems are due to maladaptive patterns of thinking (focuses on recognizing and alternating unhealthy thinking patterns/thoughts)

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Distortions of Thinking

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(Aaron Beck) - Arbitrary Inference - Selective Thinking - Overgeneralization - Magnification and Minimization - Personalization

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Arbitrary Inference

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jumping to conclusions without any evidence

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Selective Thinking

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focusing on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring all other relevant aspects

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Overgeneralization

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person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original

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Magnification and Minimization

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person blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization)

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Personalization

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person takes responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person

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Aaron Beck Cognitive Therapy (CT)

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ACTION therapy where problems are due to distorted perceptions and interpretations of events - recognize the illogical/distort belief - discuss the test accuracy of these beliefs - therapist acts as model and aims for collaborative therapy

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

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ACTION therapy that integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques and is based on the assumption that thoughts, moods, and behaviors are interrelated - therapists design integrated treatment plans for specific problems (i.e. behavior modification, shaping, modeling) - very helpful in treating depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, anxiety disorders

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Basic Goals of CBT

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- Relieve symptoms/resolve problems - Help develop strategies for future issues - Help change the way of thinking

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REBT (Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy)

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(Albert Ellis) ACTION cognitive-behavioral therapy in which the goal is identification and elimination of core irrational beliefs by changing thinking (ABC Model)

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ABC Model of REBT

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- Activating Event - Beliefs - Consequences

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Group Therapy

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one or more therapists working with several people at the same time

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Self-Help Groups (Support Groups)

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group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support (i.e. AA or Overeaters Anonymous)

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Family Therapy (Counseling)

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family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family - based on the assumption that the family is a system and treats the family as a unit - goal is to discover the unhealthy ways in which family members interact and communicate with one another and change them

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Advantages of Group Therapy

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- Lower cost - Exposure to others that have the same issues/problems - Opportunity for both therapists and client to see how the client interacts with others - Social and emotional support

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Disadvantages of Group Therapy

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- No confidentiality - Client has to share therapist's time - Hard for shy people - People with severe issues may not be able to tolerate a group setting

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Couple Therapy

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relationship therapy that helps with difficulty in marriage or other committed relationships

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EMDR (Eye-movement Desensitization Reprocessing)

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controversial therapy for PTSD and anxiety issues where the client is asked to recall a negative memory and then focus on the memory while watching the therapist's fingers as they move rapidly from side to side

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Eclectic Therapy

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(Hans Eysenck) therapy style that results from combining elements of several different therapy techniques

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Therapeutic Alliance

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relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding

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Cybertherapy (Online/Internet/Web Therapy or Counseling)

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psychotherapy that is offered on the Internet

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Biomedical Therapies

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directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain

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Psychopharmacology (Drug Therapy)

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use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders

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Antipsychotic Drugs

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drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior - Typical Neuroleptics - Atypical Neuroleptics - Partial Dopamine Agonists

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Typical Neuroleptics

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block certain dopamine receptors in the brain, thereby reducing the effect of dopamine in synaptic transmission - Chlorpromazine

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Tardive Dyskinesia

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syndrome causing the person to make repetitive, involuntary jerks and movements of the face, lips, legs, and body caused by typical neuroleptics (motor side effect)

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Atypical Neuroleptics

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suppress dopamine but to a much greater degree in the one dopamine pathway that seems to cause psychotic problems (also partially block serotonin receptors) - Decreased cognitive functioning with long term use - Clozapine (side effect of potentially fatal reduction in white blood cells)

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Partial Dopamine Agonists

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(mimics) affects the releasing of dopamine rather than the blocking of it (treat low dopamine) - Abilify (only one approved by FDA)

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Antianxiety Drugs

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used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers (benzodiazepines) that relieve symptoms within 1/2 hour by increasing level of GABA - Side effects include decreased coordination, reaction time, alertness, and addiction - Include Xanax, Ativan, and Valium - Antidepressant Drugs - Non-benzodiazepine (Buspar)

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Antidepressant Drugs

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used to treat depression and anxiety that takes 3-5 weeks to work (are not subject to abuse like the minor tranquilizers listed above and have fewer of the same side effects)

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Non-benzodiazepine (Buspar)

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may take a few weeks to work and does not reduce alertness

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Antimanic Drugs

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used to treat bipolar disorder and episodes of mania that can have serious side effects and must be closely monitored - Lithium - Anticonvulsant Drugs

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Anticonvulsant Drugs

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normally used to treat seizure disorders (Depakote)

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MAOIs (Antidepressants)

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class of antidepressants that blocks the activity of an enzyme called monamine oxidase to allow the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine more time to do their job in mood control - Isocarboxazid (Marplan) - Phenelzine Sulfate (Nardil) - Tranylcypromine Sulfate (Parnate)

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Tricyclic Antidepressants

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discovered in the development of treatments for schizophrenia; increase activity of serotonin and norepinephrine in the nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake - Side effects are similar to those of MAOIs but can also include skin rashes, blurred vision, lowered blood pressure, and weight loss - Imipramine (Tofranil) - Desipramine (Norpramin, Pertofrane) - Amitriptyline (Elavil) - Doxepin (Sinequan, Adapin)

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SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

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antidepressant drugs that inhibit the reuptake process of only serotonin - Causes fewer side effects while still providing effective antidepressant action - May take two to six weeks to produce effects - Fluoxetine (Prozac) - Sertraline (Zoloft) - Paroxetine (Paxil)

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

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used to treat severe depression in which electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person's head and an electric current is passed through the electrodes that is strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion

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Bilateral ECT

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electrodes are placed on both sides of the head

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Unilateral ECT

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electrodes placed on only one side of the head and the forehead

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Psychosurgery

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performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders

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Prefrontal Lobotomy

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connections of the prefrontal lobes of the brain to the rear portions are severed

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Bilateral Cingulotomy

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an electrode wire is inserted into the cingulated gyrus area of the brain with the guidance of a magnetic resonance imaging machine for the purpose of destroying that area of brain tissue with an electric current

Unit 13: Treatments/Therapies – Flashcards

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