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Unit 11 12 – Flashcards

Jazzlyn Howe

7 July 2022

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107 During and after the Civil War, the Republican Congress implemented its economic vision for the United States by No answer provided a. enacting a national minimum wage. b. subsidizing the transcontinental railroad. c. weakening the national banking system. d. lowering tariffs on foreign goods.

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108 Which Reconstruction-era politician created the blueprint for American economic expansion and later imperialism? No answer provided a. Ulysses Grant b. William Seward c. Thaddeus Stevens d. Edwin Stanton

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109 The 1868 Burlingame Treaty achieved the American goal of No answer provided a. setting the terms of emigration for Chinese laborers. b. purchasing Alaska. c. reopening international access to Japanese ports. d. annexing Hawaii.

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110 Which of the following events demonstrated the newfound international power of the United States in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War? No answer provided a. Britain's damage payments to the United States b. Annexation of Hawaii c. Annexation of Panama and the Philippines d. Monroe Doctrine

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111 How did the federal and state governments encourage railroad building in the nineteenth century? No answer provided a. They bailed out failing railroad companies with federal funds. b. They secured privately owned land through eminent domain. c. Both granted public lands to private companies. d. They operated the American Railroad Corporation.

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112 The federal government's Civil War debt was paid off primarily through No answer provided a. tariff revenues. b. corporate taxes. c. inflation. d. income taxes.

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113 Republicans used which of the following arguments to justify high tariffs? No answer provided a. Benefits for low-wage workers in England and Germany are needed. b. Protection against European-style industrial poverty is necessary. c. American debts must be reduced. d. Low prices of imported goods are beneficial for consumers.

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114 Which constitutional amendment did the Supreme Court use in the 1870s to the 1890s to protect the rights of corporations—even though it had been written to protect individual rights? No answer provided a. Thirteenth b. First c. Tenth d. Fourteenth

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115 Which of the following countries was the first to convert to the gold standard? No answer provided a. United States b. Germany c. Britain d. France

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116 The United States adopted the gold standard in the 1870s for its currency because No answer provided a. it hoped to encourage European investment in the United States. b. it sought economic development through a larger money supply. c. geologists predicted huge gold strikes out west. d. gold was a more durable form of currency than greenbacks.

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117 In 1867, the United States bought Alaska from No answer provided a. China. b. Britain. c. France. d. Russia.

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118 Which of the following was one of the reasons that the United States encouraged Chinese immigration after the Civil War? No answer provided a. It was intended as a gesture of American egalitarianism. b. The United States needed additional laborers to mine gold deposits in the West. c. Many Chinese were useful railroad workers and farm laborers in the West. d. The United States needed to populate lands in the American West.

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119 Which of the following describes the Homestead Act of 1862? No answer provided a. Land speculators accumulated most of the available homesteads. b. Homesteaders were required to occupy and improve the land. c. It provided 160 acres of free land to qualifying white men. d. Republican leaders hoped it would bring white settlers to the Pacific coastal regions.

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120 In the 1860s and 1870s, Nevada's Comstock Lode, Colorado's Rocky Mountains, and South Dakota's Black Hills were all known for No answer provided a. mining b. sheep raising. c. cattle grazing. d. frontier farming.

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121 Who benefitted most from the General Mining Act of 1872, which allowed individuals who discovered minerals on federally owned land to work the claim and keep the proceeds? No answer provided a. Small independent mining prospectors b. Mexican miners c. Homesteaders d. Powerful investors

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122 Which of the following developments made open ranching feasible on the Great Plains between the 1860s and the 1880s? No answer provided a. The cultivation of new feed crops b. The availability of free land c. The Homestead Act of 1862 d. The introduction of barbed-wire fencing

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123 Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the post-Civil War western cattle boom? No answer provided a. The ranchers demonstrated unusual foresight in protecting the environment. b. It attracted both investors seeking large profits and romantics drawn by the allure of the West. c. It required the extensive introduction of new feed crops. d. The boom aided the later development of agriculture by providing a good source of fertilizer.

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124 Why was it necessary for railroads and land speculators to promote settlement of the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century? No answer provided a. The region was heavily forested and hard to cultivate b. The U.S. government had not publicized the Homestead Act. c. Without economic incentives, few people could afford homesteads. d. Americans thought of the area as the Great American Desert.

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125 Which of the following technological advances played an important role in opening up the Great Plains to farming? No answer provided a. Scientific development of synthetic pesticides b. Steel plows and other farm machinery c. Corporate development of drought-resistant grains d. Advanced irrigation techniques

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126 Which of the following groups called themselves the Exodusters in 1879? No answer provided a. Chinese who were forced to leave California b. Scandinavian settlers in Minnesota c. Mexicans who immigrated to the United States d. Blacks who migrated to Kansas

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127 What distinguished farming on the plains in the 1880s from frontier farming in America fifty or one hundred years earlier? No answer provided a. Plains farmers raised cash crops that sold on the global market. b. Plains farmers used immigrant laborers rather than slaves. c. Farmers on the plains received federal crop subsidies. d. Farms on the plains focused on livestock rather than crops.

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128 Which of the following statements describes women's experience in the West in the late nineteenth century? No answer provided a. Single women made up between 5 and 20 percent of homesteaders in North Dakota. b. Women made up only a small percentage of the American population in the West. c. The Homestead Act reflected the attitudes of the day by excluding women as homesteaders. d. Most women living in the West rejected the eastern ideal of domesticity.

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129 Which of the following was a consequence of widespread settlement on the Great Plains after the Civil War? No answer provided a. A decline in railroad building b. The explosive growth of the mining industry c. New rights and opportunities for many women d. Improved Indian relationships

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130 Farmers on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century often faced which of the following natural challenges that could easily destroy crops? No answer provided a. Hailstorms b. Dust storms c. Hurricanes d. Earthquakes

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131 Which of the following statements describes the agricultural technique known as dry farming? No answer provided a. Dry farming was feasible only on small farms of three hundred acres or less. b. It involved deep planting and quick harrowing after rainfalls. c. Dry farming was developed by Mormons in the area near the Great Salt Lake. d. Its chief benefit was that it did not require new machinery.

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132 Why were late-nineteenth-century farms on the Great Plains much larger than eastern farms? No answer provided a. Dry-farming techniques required about three hundred acres to support a family. b. Homesteaders were usually able to purchase more than the minimum allotment of land. c. European immigrant farmers were accustomed to caring for large farms. d. The land was so fertile that farmers could grow more with less work.

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133 The phrase "The largest, longest-run agricultural and environmental miscalculation in American history" refers to No answer provided a. the cattle kingdom. b. cotton's reign as king in the South. c. the plantation system. d. farming the Great Plains.

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134 The majority of white settlers on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century viewed themselves as No answer provided a. responsible for preserving the environment for future generations. b. simple subsistence farmers with modest wants and needs. c. warriors who had to defeat the natives. d. conquerors over the wilds of nature.

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135 John Wesley Powell, in his Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions of the United States (1878), famously stated that No answer provided a. the Mormon experiment in Utah was doomed to fail because the land in that territory was totally dry. b. individual farmers, not the federal government, should be responsible for their own water needs. c. 160-acre homesteads would serve as the best way to settle and cultivate the Great Plains. d. massive cooperation under government control was the only way farming would succeed on the Great Plains.

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136 In 1872, which of the following was established by Congress as the first national park? No answer provided a. Yosemite b. Yellowstone c. The Black Hills d. The Grand Canyon

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137 Which Indian tribe was pursued 1,100 miles and forced to surrender just south of the Canadian border in 1877? No answer provided a. Cheyenne b. Dakota c. Sioux d. Nez Perce

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138 What was the result of the first wildlife protection bill passed by Congress in 1874? No answer provided a. President Grant vetoed the bill because he knew that killing the bison would cripple Indian resistance. b. Bison and other protected species, although still hunted and threatened, began to thrive in America's new national parks. c. Its passage helped save the bison, which were dwindling rapidly and faced almost certain extinction. d. Even though President Grant signed the bill, it was widely ignored by hunters and western settlers.

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139 Which of the following was a reason the U.S. government elected to define small preserves of "uninhabited wilderness" in the 1860s and 1870s? No answer provided a. To promote the development of privately owned hotels within national parks b. To contribute to the conquest of Native Americans in the West c. To promote more business for the faltering railroad industry d. To ensure its permanent right to exploit the regions' natural resources

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140 Which of the following was the dominant northern Plains Indian tribe? No answer provided a. Iroquois b. Comanches c. Sioux d. Kiowas

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141 The largest mass execution in American history took place as a result of No answer provided a. the Battle of Bozeman Trail. b. Custer's last stand. c. the Dakota uprising. d. an Indian uprising against the Dawes Severalty Act.

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142 Which of the following is true of the Sand Creek Massacre? No answer provided a. It was the last event in the Indian Wars. b. A Cheyenne camp under federal protection was brutally attacked by a state militia.. c. John Chivington believed it was necessary because the Cheyenne were so hostile. d. It killed most Cheyenne men, leaving women and children without support.

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143 Which president refashioned U.S. Indian policy in the latter half of the nineteenth century? No answer provided a. Johnson b. Lincoln c. Buchanan d. Grant

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144 White reformers, such as those who founded the Indian Rights Association, advocated for No answer provided a. the preservation of Indian culture. b. a reservation system as a means of saving Indian lives. c. a continuation of tribal authority. d. the idea that Indians had the innate capacity to become equal with whites.

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145 Reformers believed that the best way to save the Indians was through No answer provided a. education. b. reservations. c. accommodation. d. colonization.

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146 What was the purpose of Indian boarding schools in the late nineteenth century? No answer provided a. To assimilate Native American children more easily into white culture. b. To teach the children how to speak their native languages more fluently c. Only to provide the children with an education in English, mathematics, and other disciplines d. To teach Native American children the ways of their ancient peoples

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147 Which of the following factors contributed to the failure of the Indian peace policy in the late nineteenth century? No answer provided a. Rivalries among different Christian missionary groups. b. The federal government's unwillingness to allocate funds c. Indians' desire to assimilate into white society d. The extermination of the bison

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148 Why did Indians view reformers as just another white interest group? No answer provided a. Indians did not really believe that white reformers cared about them. b. They suspected that white reform organizations were deceitful. c. Indians did not understand the goals and the efforts of the white reform groups. d. Reform groups sent mixed messages and made promises that were not kept..

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149 In Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903), the Supreme Court No answer provided a. granted all male Indians the right to vote. b. upheld the constitutionality of the Dawes Severalty Act. c. ruled that Congress could ignore all existing Indian treaties. d. extended citizenship rights to Indians.

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150 The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was intended to No answer provided a. place Indians on reservations in Arizona and New Mexico. b. exclude Japanese immigration into California. c. promote Indian assimilation by dividing their lands. d. encourage ethnic diversity within large industries.

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Question 1 Who of the following represented the American notion that through hard work, even a poor immigrant could become tremendously successful? No answer provided a. Andrew Carnegie b. Jay Cooke c. Thomas Edison d. John D. Rockefeller

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Question 2 Why was the strike by steelworkers at Homestead, Pennsylvania, significant? No answer provided a. It ended when the strike leaders were held in contempt of court and jailed. b. The lockout represented Carnegie's effort to break the plant's union. c. The strike was the culmination of a long history of poor labor relations at Homestead. d. The steelworkers were led by immigrant German Marxists.

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Question 3 Which of the following resulted from industrialization in the decades after the Civil War? No answer provided a. Slowing immigration b. A higher standard of living c. A shortage of agricultural products d. Rapid price inflation

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Question 4 Which of the following arguments did Andrew Carnegie make in his famous 1889 essay "Wealth" (later called "The Gospel of Wealth")? No answer provided a. Industrialization had allowed the poor to raise themselves to nearly same level as the wealthy. b. Industrialization would bring economic decline in the United States as it did in England, a mature industrial power. c. Industrialization only led to a decrease in the standard of living, especially for the working classes. d. Though industrialization increased the gap between rich and poor, everyone's standard of living rose.

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Question 5 After the Civil War, Republican economic policies led to No answer provided a. huge budget deficits. b. sustained inflation. c. the dominance of large corporations. d. significant tax increases.

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Question 6 As American industry expanded in the late nineteenth century, its energy source shifted from No answer provided a. water to coal. b. electricity to steam. c. steam to water. d. coal to iron.

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Question 7 New corporate managers pioneered which system to track expenses and revenues in the late nineteenth century? No answer provided a. Cost accounting b. Line-by-line bookkeeping c. Balanced spending d. The management revolution

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Question 8 Gustavus Swift boosted productivity in his Chicago slaughterhouses in the 1860s by using No answer provided a. assembly lines. b. the closed shop. c. horizontal integration. d. the foreman system.

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Question 9 What did Andrew Carnegie, Gustavus Swift, and John D. Rockefeller have in common? No answer provided a. All these men were immigrants into the United States. b. They succeeded through horizontal integration. c. They succeeded through vertical integration. d. Each one began his career as an industrial mechanic.

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Question 10 Which of the following describes vertically integrated corporations? No answer provided a. They made it difficult for a few corporations to monopolize an industry. b. These corporations operated using predatory pricing. c. Such corporations controlled all aspects of their operations' businesses. d. These corporations concentrated on one function in the production process.

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Question 11 Which of the following technological innovations made it possible for Gustavus F. Swift to undercut the prices of local butchers? No answer provided a. Friction gear b. Automatic coupler c. Refrigerated car. d. Air brake

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Question 12 Which business strategy did John D. Rockefeller pioneer in the late nineteenth century? No answer provided a. The corporation b. Middle management c. Horizontal integration d. Vertical integration

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Question 13 he United States had become the leading steel producer in the world by 1900 because of No answer provided a. the Bessemer process. b. incorporation. c. government subsidies. d. the transportation revolution.

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Question 14 How did John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Corporation come to control 95 percent of the nation's oil refining capacity by the 1880s? No answer provided a. By inventing the process that extracted kerosene from crude oil b. Through expanded sales and production overseas c. By implementing the process of vertical integration d. Through predatory pricing and the creation of the trust

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Question 15 What late-nineteenth-century development made it possible for rural Americans to participate in the national consumer culture? No answer provided a. Automobiles b. Catalogs c. Billboards d. Store chains

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Question 16 The development of print advertising illustrates the significance of which late-nineteenth-century phenomenon? No answer provided a. Consumers' desire for information about the products they consumed b. The importance of proper labeling on food packages c. Businesses creating demand for brand names d. Government intervention to ensure pure food and drugs

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Question 17 Which magazine was the first to take advantage of advertising revenue to build mass readership, with over one million subscribers? No answer provided a. The Atlantic Monthly b. Time Magazine c. The Saturday Evening Post d. Ladies' Home Journal

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Question 18 Which of the following statements characterizes the employment of women in the American labor force during the late nineteenth century? No answer provided a. By the 1920s, the two-career marriage was the middle-class norm. b. In 1890, almost half of all married white women worked outside the home. c. More than 75 percent of all stenographers and typists were female. d. Young women were not encouraged to enter the workforce until they married.

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Question 19 Why was clerical and office work appealing to white working-class women in the late nineteenth century? No answer provided a. There was a decrease in demand for domestic servants. b. Office work was cleaner and better paid than domestic service or factory work. c. Women were often promoted to better-paying positions in the company. d. Factory work was too difficult to obtain because it paid higher wages.

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Question 20 Which of the following describes the traveling salesmen of the late nineteenth century? No answer provided a. Many men sought these jobs because they appreciated independence and autonomy. b. Salesmen, like workers, organized to improve their wages and working conditions. c. They helped build nationwide distribution networks for a multitude of products. d. Nineteenth-century salesmen were little different from their eighteenth-century predecessors.

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Question 21 Which of the following were skilled workers with a relatively high degree of autonomy in the 1870s? No answer provided a. Domestic servants b. Assembly-line workers c. Machinists d. Labor gangs

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Question 22 Which of the following was a consequence of mass production? No answer provided a. Workers' wages increased as they grew more productive. b. Workers became masters of their craft. c. Skilled workers gradually lost their autonomy. d. Craft workers became more valuable to industry.

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Question 23 The introduction of mass production in the late-nineteenth-century American economy had which of the following advantages? No answer provided a. It gave workers greater control over the pace of their work. b. It gave workers a greater sense of accomplishment. c. Mass production increased workers' output. d. Mass production made work more interesting.

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Question 24 "It looks to me like slavery to have a man stand over you with a stop watch." This statement by an iron molder refers to No answer provided a. yellow-dog contracts. b. industrial unionism. c. working conditions for breaker boys. d. scientific management.

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Question 25 The outcome of the implementation of scientific management was No answer provided a. that workers found unions less appealing. b. decreasing production efficiency. c. resistance from workers. d. resistance from managers.

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Question 26 Which of the following statements characterizes the economics of working-class family life in late-nineteenth-century America? No answer provided a. Except for the lowest-paid factory workers, most male heads of household were able to support their families through their own labor. b. As children grew older, their material needs increased, which strained family budgets and made supporting the children's adolescent years hardest on families. c. Due to their dire economic circumstances, working-class families frequently sent their children out to work in mills, factories, or mines. d. Women's household work was crucial in maintaining the family, and this work was commonly done by older daughters because wives were employed outside the home.

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Question 27 Why did so few African American men hold factory jobs in the United States in 1890? No answer provided a. White-dominated labor unions generally refused to allow blacks to join and seek industrial employment. b. Black workers intensely disliked factory work and preferred agricultural or casual urban labor. c. There were almost no factories in the South, where the majority of African Americans lived at that time. d. Factory owners found that they could satisfy most of their labor needs with immigrant workers, so they rejected most black applicants.

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Question 28 New immigration patterns in the early twentieth century reflected growing emigration from No answer provided a. southern and Eastern Europe. b. north and central Europe. c. eastern Africa. d. the British Isles.

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Question 29 During the late 1800s, an adult male immigrant from which of the following locations would most likely be a skilled worker? No answer provided a. Italy b. Greece c. Wales d. Poland

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Question 30 Which of the following statements describes the experiences of the new immigrants who entered the United States between 1880 and 1920? No answer provided a. These groups found adjustment to the new country easier than earlier groups had. b. They quickly assimilated into American culture and gave up their customs and languages. c. The new immigrants were welcomed much more graciously than were the Irish in 1840. d. They often planned on working and saving money for a few years before returning home.

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Question 31 Why did Chinese immigrants come to the United States in the nineteenth century? No answer provided a. Chinese men sought jobs as indentured servants in the houses of rich Californians. b. Chinese immigrants came to open laundry businesses in American cities. c. The burgeoning population of China created widespread famine and shortages. d. They were motivated by poverty and upheaval in southern China.

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Question 32 Which of the following statements describes the Chinese immigrants to the United States in the nineteenth century? No answer provided a. They faced more severe discrimination than European immigrants. b. Most were unemployed and depended on government assistance to survive. c. They came in greatest numbers prior to 1850. d. Chinese immigrants were mostly women escaping sexual slavery.

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Question 33 The federal government responded to the problem of discrimination against the Chinese in nineteenth-century California by No answer provided a. paying white workers higher wages to do agricultural work. b. barring Chinese immigration to the United States in 1882. c. passing a civil rights law that protected them from anti-immigrant violence. d. establishing a quota limiting Chinese immigration to 10,000 per year.

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Question 34 Which of these factors were the critical determinants of workers' occupational opportunities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? No answer provided a. Age and ethnicity b. Ethnicity and skills c. Gender and race d. Skills and race

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Question 35 Which of the following was a nineteenth-century example of a trade union? No answer provided a. The Farmer's Alliance b. The American Federation of Labor c. The Greenback-Labor Party d. The Grange

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Question 36 Why has the labor movement always been relatively weak in American politics? No answer provided a. Historically, labor unions have not been interested in engaging in the political process. b. Industrial workers put other concerns ahead of labor issues, making it difficult for labor to present a cohesive platform. c. Most industrial workers live in urban areas and cities, which are underrepresented in Congress. d. Poor leadership has often hindered the political effectiveness of the labor movement.

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Question 37 The Great Strike of 1877 involved workers in which industry? No answer provided a. Steel b. Copper c. Coal d. Railroads

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Question 38 What did the Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Homestead Strike of 1892 have in common? No answer provided a. The leaders of both strikes were jailed. b. Government troops helped put down both strikes. c. The American public supported the strikers. d. The American Railway Union led both strikes.

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Question 39 Founded in 1867, the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry No answer provided a. agitated for laws to exclude immigrants from the Homestead Act. b. sponsored events to improve the social life of farm families. c. worked with state and national banks to reduce inflation. d. built railroad networks to lower farmers' transportation costs.

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Question 40 Which of the following policies did the Greenback-Labor Party support in the 1870s? No answer provided a. Inflation b. The gold standard c. Ending Reconstruction d. The graduated income tax

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Question 41 State Granger laws were designed primarily to No answer provided a. require banks to be more generous in granting loans. b. decrease wholesale commodity prices. c. regulate big business. d. regulate prices.

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Question 42 In terms of membership, the Knights of Labor discriminated No answer provided a. against unskilled laborers. b. by excluding the Chinese c. by ethnicity. d. against women.

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Question 43 The Knights of Labor advocated which of the following reforms in their 1878 platform? No answer provided a. The right to bear arms b. The family wage c. Workplace safety laws d. Workers' revolution

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Question 44 Why was the Haymarket incident of 1886 significant? No answer provided a. The incident led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor. b. It led to an eight-hour day for McCormick workers. c. It demonstrated the professionalization of Chicago's police force. d. It created greater public respect for unions.

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Question 45 In 1891, the Texas Alliance proposed cooperative enterprise to No answer provided a. fight inflation. b. provide a safe place for farmers' savings. c. give farmers access to cheap credit. d. reduce the influence of government in agriculture.

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Question 46 The Supreme Court decision to overturn Granger laws in Wabash v. Illinois (1886) led to No answer provided a. passage of the Gold Standard Act. b. the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. c. passage of the McKinley Tariff. d. the implementation of the Specie Resumption Act.

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Question 47 What was the purpose of the Hatch Act, passed by Congress and President Grover Cleveland in 1887? No answer provided a. To provide federal funding for agricultural research and education b. To establish state-regulated farms to sell produce at a cheaper rate c. To provide funds to farmers struggling to pay debts d. To fund large corporate farms, encouraging the growth of the farming industry

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Question 48 Established in 1887, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) No answer provided a. sued in court to force companies to reduce high rates. b. helped to transition companies into public ownership. c. investigated in-state shipping. d. encouraged companies to cooperate in setting prices.

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Question 49 Why was the American Federation of Labor more successful than the Knights of Labor in the late nineteenth century? No answer provided a. The AFL was open to all workers. b. The AFL focused on goals such as better wages, hours, and working conditions. c. The Knights were too restrictive. d. The Knights' push for practical job interests was not idealistic enough.

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Question 50 Which of the following pairs is properly matched? No answer provided a. Closed shop—force applied on a comparable industry to bring pressure on the primary target b. Collective bargaining—union negotiates with the employer for all the employees c. Trade union—all jobs reserved for union members d. Yellow-dog contract—workers in one industry organized into a single organization, regardless of skill

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Question 51 The following questions refer to the following excerpt. "Throughout the . . . nineteenth century, the number of policemen in American cities grew more rapidly than the population. . . . Drink and disorder continued to dominate the arrest lists. Nevertheless, some important changes lay ahead. The discipline . . . demonstrated by New York's police in the draft riots of 1863 persuaded businesses and professional leaders . . . of the value of uniformed, professional officers. . . . The uniformed police took over tasks . . . that had formerly been done by watchmen and magistrates. They also began to institute their own surveillance of workers' political activities. . . . The capacity of the state to govern had been greatly increased where it mattered most: in the suppression of popular behavior that disrupted the mastery of society by capitalist markets." — David Montgomery, historian, Citizen Worker: The Experience of Workers in the United States with Democracy and the Free Market During the Nineteenth Century, 1993 Which of the following historical developments was the most direct cause of the phenomena Montgomery describes in the excerpt? No answer provided a. The influx of 25 million immigrants into the United States between 1860 and World War I b. The growth of big business and its power to influence local and national governments c. The emergence of organizations intended to win reforms for industrial workers d. Growing levels of urban disorder caused by poverty and excessive alcohol consumption

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Question 52 The following questions refer to the following excerpt. "Throughout the . . . nineteenth century, the number of policemen in American cities grew more rapidly than the population. . . . Drink and disorder continued to dominate the arrest lists. Nevertheless, some important changes lay ahead. The discipline . . . demonstrated by New York's police in the draft riots of 1863 persuaded businesses and professional leaders . . . of the value of uniformed, professional officers. . . . The uniformed police took over tasks . . . that had formerly been done by watchmen and magistrates. They also began to institute their own surveillance of workers' political activities. . . . The capacity of the state to govern had been greatly increased where it mattered most: in the suppression of popular behavior that disrupted the mastery of society by capitalist markets." — David Montgomery, historian, Citizen Worker: The Experience of Workers in the United States with Democracy and the Free Market During the Nineteenth Century, 1993 Which of the following events most directly supports the ideas expressed in the excerpt? No answer provided a. Use of the Social Gospel to challenge the dominance of the corporate ethic b. The consolidation of corporations into trusts c. Violent labor protests such as the one at Haymarket Square in 1886 d. Mob violence directed against Chinese workers in the 1880s

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