Unit 10 – French Revolution and Napoleon Study Guide – Flashcards
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Estates General
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-France's traditional national assembly -representatives of the three estates/classes (French society): clergy, nobility, and commoners. - (1789) calling of the Estates General led to the French Revolution
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First Estate
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-Roman Catholic Clergy -they received special privileges and paid no direct taxes -1% of total population
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Second Estate
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-aristocrats, nobles, and high-positioned government and military officials -paid few taxes if at all and were as wealthy as the First Estate. -2% of total population
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Third Estate
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-bourgeoisie above the san-culottes above the peasants -paid high taxes -no special privileges -97% of total population -some rich, but wealth not buy them influence in government
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Voting Rules of the Estates General
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Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
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-queen and king during the French Revolution -Marie was Austrian (French hate Austrians) -lived a spoiled, lavish lifestyle when the rest of France was starving
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Tennis Court Oath
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-(1789) pledge made by the members of Third Estate in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution -Louis then allowed each representative to have vote
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National Assembly
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-French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791) -called first as the Estates General (the three estates came together and demanded radical change) -(1789) passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man
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Delcaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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-adopted by National Assembly -laid out basic priciples of French Revolution "liberty, equality, fraternity" -inspired by Bil of Rights and Delcaration of Independence -men are born equal and remain equal -freedom of speeh, press and religion -not for women
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Storming the Bastille
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-July 14th, 1789 -rumor that the king had been planning a military coup against the National Assembly -mob defend their city and marched to the Bastille prison for gunpowder -mob killed commander and stuck head on stick and paraded through streets
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Great Fear
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-panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille -feared king would punish them and end Revolution -massacres spread, rumors, violence
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Women's Bread March
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-7,000 women march to Versailles carrying weapons -demanded attention to poverty (not women's rights), -murdered several guards -Louis agreed to move back to Paris (Tuileries Palace with family)
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Role of Catholic Church in Revolution
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Jacobin Party-national convention
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-Mountains, Montagnards: most belonged to Jacobin -radical party -believed terror would help reconstruct French society
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Guillotine
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- used to behead peopleused -execution during the French Revolution
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Sans Culottes
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-"without breeches" -radical group of shopkeepers and wage earners -wanted a larger voice in government and an end to food shortages
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Jean Paul Marat
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-advocate of violence -leader of Paris sans culottes -National Convention radical leader
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Maximillian Robespierre
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-dedicated to Revolution -radical -led National Convention during most blood-thirsty time
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Committee of Public Safety
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- Reign of Terror -set up by National Convention --(get rid of the counter-revolutionaries) -manage country military defense against foreign forces on France borders -draft of able unmarried men between ages 18-45 for military service
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Reign of Terror
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-series of accusations, trials, and exeutions by Mountains -violent period of time -Robespierre rule (ended up being victim himself)
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Origins and rise to power of Napoleon
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-turmoil of French Revolution -placed by Directory as commander of French forces -won territory for France -dictator
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1799 Coup de'etat
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-to seize more power for Napoleon, armed supporters of him surrounded Directory legislature and forced member to give government to him -forced transfer of power
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Domestic Policies: -Napoleonic Code
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-made laws uniform across the nation and eliminated many injustices -also promoted order and authority over individual rights, though
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Domestic Policies: -Bank of France
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-Napoleon knew a good financial system was essential for the stability of France so established the Bank of France **to regulate the economy
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Domestic Policies: -Meritocracy
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-specific to government positions -Ex./ if you're a bad noble you could get fired...you're not just born into it and can stay (your job is worth as well as you can make it worth)
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Domestic Policies: -Education
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Domestic Policies: -Concordat
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-was an agreement with the pope; acknowledged that most French citizens were Roman Catholics, but did not require they be Catholic because religious tolerance was still the law
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Continental System
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-to disrupt G. Britians trade with other nations -Napoleon planned blockade -prohibited French or allied ships from trading with Britian -led to Peninsular War
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Peninsular War
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-Napoleon sent French troops to Portugal to take king out -conquered spain and but brother (Joseph) on throne -spanish didn't want foreign ruler so rebelled with the aid of British forces to drive Napoleon's French troops out of Spain -Napoleon pull troops out because slaughtered many innocent people
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The Russian Campaign
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-Napoleon tried to take over Russia -troops had lack of supplies on way there -cold weather -Russians burned down Moscow leaving nothing for French -French ran into Russians and won -French went home same cold way they came
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Scorched Earth Policy
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-burning crops -killing livestock during wartime -so enemy cannot live off the land
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Elba Island
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-Mediterranean island off coast of Italy -Naploeon exiled there by his enemies who allowed him to keep title of emperor but new empire was Elba
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Battle of Waterloo
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-battle that Napoleon lost after return from Elba -1815 Britian, Russia, Prussia, Austria defeat Napoleon -both suffered losses, Napoleon lost military career
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St. Helena
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-captors sent him further away this time -volcanic island in South Atlantic -never escaped, died 6 years later (age 51) (unknown how)
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Effects of Napoleon's reign (see essay)
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Congress of Vienna
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-a meeting held in Vienna -purpose was to create a plan to restore order and stability to Europe after the turmoil of the Napoleonic Wars (redrew the map of Europe)
