question

The particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain.

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weight set point

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"The presence of too many fat cells from earlier weight gain may result in the set point's becominging ""stuck"" at a higher level than desirable. In such circumstances, losing weight becomes a difficult proposition because one is constantly at odds with one's own internal set point when dieting."

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weight set point hypothesis

question

"Women's speech is more precise. Female patterns also lead people to view them as more tentative and less assertive. Women more often raise their pitch at the end of a sentence and add ""tags"" at the end of an opinion rather than stating the opinion outright. When they use such language, they are judged less competent and knowlegeable than when they speak assertively."

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gender differences in speech

question

"Stereotyped and restrictive attitudes that appear on the surface to be beneficial to women. Ex. Male employer may compliment a woman on her attractiveness or offer her an easy job so that she won't have to ""work so hard."". Such comments or favors may undermine the employee's sense of cometence and she may feel that she is not being taken seriously."

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benevolent sexism

question

Sexual harrasment often has less to do with sex than with power (similar to rape). Higher-status persons may be less interested in receiving sexual favors than in demonstrating their power over their victims.

answer

Motivations for sexual harrassment

question

"Beliefs may result in favoritism towards members of one of the sexes. May produce stereotyping, judgements about individuals on the basis of their membership in a group - sexism. Potentially keep gender inequalitites alive. Stereotypes put pressure on people to fulfil them, possibly leading people to perform in accorance with stereotypes, not abilities."

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Problems arising from gender roles

question

Sex typically refers to sexual anatomy and sexual behavior. Gender refers to the sense of maleness or femaleness related to our membership in a given society.

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Sex vs. Gender

question

How can we distinguish between the environmental causes of behaviour (nurture) vs. the hereditary causes (nature). Most theories now rely on some combination. How and to what degree?

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Nature vs. Nurture debate

question

A research method that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

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cross-sectional research

question

A research method that investigates behavior as participants age.

answer

longitudinal research

question

A research method that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research by considering a number of different age groups and examining them at several points in time.

answer

sequential research

question

"Requires an enormous expenditure of time. Pariticipants may drop-out, move, die, etc. Partiicpants may become ""test-wise"" and perform better each time they're measured on an indicator."

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Weakness of longitudinal research

question

"A part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware."

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unconscious

question

Part of the unconcious - contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind. Ex. 2+2=4

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preconcious

question

"Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges. (Oral,Anal,Phallic,Latency,Genital)"

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psychosexual stages

question

"According to Freud, a stage from birth to age 12 to 18 months, in which an infant's center of pleasure is the mouth."

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oral stage

question

"According to Freud, a stage from age 12 to 18 months to 3 years of age, in which a child's pleasure is centered on the anus."

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anal stage

question

"According to Freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a child's pleasure focuses on the genitals."

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phallic stage

question

"According to Freud, the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which children's sexual concerns are temporarily put aside."

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latency period

question

"According to Freud, the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior (that is, sexual intercourse)."

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genital stage

question

Freud's theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality.

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psychoanalytic theory

question

"The raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses. All uncioncious)"

answer

id

question

The part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world. Split concious and unconcious.

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ego

question

"According to Freud, the final personality structure to develop; it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a person's parents, teachers, and other important figures. Split concious and subcoincious. Much of concious."

answer

superego

question

"In Freudian theory, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source of it from themselves and others."

answer

defense mechanisms

question

"Repression, Regression, Displacement, Rationalization, Denial, Projection, Sublimation (chanelleing unwanted impulses into socially acceptable), Reaction formation (behaving oposite)"

answer

common defense mechanisms

question

Belief in one's personal capabilities. Self-efficacy underlies people's faith in their ability to carry out a particular behavior or produce a desired outcome.

answer

self-efficacy

question

The component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations.

answer

self-esteem

question

"used factor analysis (statistical method of identifiying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns - idetintifies patterns or combinaations of traits called factors), but came to a different conclusion than Cattell. Found that personaility could best be described in just 3 major dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism (emotional stability), and psychoticism (degree to which reality is distorted)."

answer

Eysenck's Model of Personality

question

"Biology at least in part responsible. Some traits more influenced: social potency (leadership roles) and traditionalism. Some less: achievement and social closeness. Infants are born with a temperment, an inate disposition. Dopamine-r receptor gene are more likely to be thrill seekers."

answer

Heritability of personaility

question

"Openess to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism"

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Big Five personality traits

question

central, secondary traits",Cardinal -

answer

"Cardinal

question

One that directs most of a person's activities

answer

Cardinal trait

question

"Most don't develop a single cardinal, rather handful of central. Inidividual's major characteristices."

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Central trait

question

Affect behaviour in fewer situations and are less influential than central or cardinal.

answer

Secondary traits

question

"The study of the relationshiop among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain."

answer

Psychoneuroimmunology

question

"Symptoms: re-experiencing the event in vivid flashbacks or dreams, emotional numbing, sleep difficulties, interpersonal problesm, alchohol and drug abuse, suicide . Causes: major catastrophes and sever personal stressors, war, child abuse, rape, rescue workers, natrural disasters, accidents, terrorist attacks."

answer

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

question

"Rise in hormone secretions by adrenal glands, increase in heart rate and blood pressure, changes in how well the skin conucts electrical impulses. Over time, deteriioration of body issues such as blood vessels and the heart. Eventually our ability to fight off infection is lowered. Psychophysiological disorders."

answer

Biological response to stress

question

Attempts to modify the stressful problem or sources of stress. Lead to changes in behavior or plans of action.

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Problem-focused coping

question

People try to manage their emotions in the face of stress by seeking to change the way they feel about or perceive a problem

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Emotion-focused coping

question

"Type A men develop coronary heart disease 2X as often and suffer significantly more hear attacks as Type B. Also predicts who is going to develop heart disease at least as well as, and independently of any other single factor. Hostility is the key component of Type A that is related ot heart disease. Hostility produces excessive pysiological arousal in stressful situations. That results in increased hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine as well as heart rate and blood pressure. "

answer

Type A Personality and Heart Disease

question

1.Deviation from average. 2.Deviation from ideal. 3.Sense of personal discomfort. 4.inability to function effectively.5.Legal concept. Abnormal behavior broadly defined as behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives.

answer

Disordered behavior

question

"I:Clinical Disorders, II:Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation, III:General Medical Conditions, IV:Psychosocial and Environmental Problems, V:Global Assessment of Functioning"

answer

Major axes of DSM

question

"Intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations"

answer

Phobia

question

"The perspective that suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the individual, which may reveal a hormonal imbalance, a chemical deficiency, or a brain injury."

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medical perspective

question

The perspective that suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression.

answer

psychoanalytic perspective

question

"The approach that suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study."

answer

behavioral perspective

question

"The approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world."

answer

cognitive perspective

question

"The approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior."

answer

humanistic perspective

question

"The perspective that assumes that people's behavior-both normal and abnormal-is shaped by the kind of family group, society, and culture in which they live."

answer

sociocultural perspective

question

A disorder in which a person alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression.

answer

bipolar disorder

question

A disorder in which a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities. Separation of different facets of a person's personality that are normally integraated and work together. (Multiple personality disorder)

answer

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

question

A disorder in which people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health.

answer

hypochondriasis

question

"A persistent, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring."

answer

obsession

question

An irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable.

answer

compulsion

question

The transfer of feelings to a psychoanalyst of love or anger that had been originally directed to a patient's parents or other authority figures.

answer

transference

question

"A form of therapy that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an aversive, unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior."

answer

aversive conditioning

question

A behavioral technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety.

answer

systematic desensitization

question

"Time consuming, expensive, less articulate patients don't do as well. Unclear if it actually works. Questioning of theoretical basis - not scientifically confirmed."

answer

Problems with psychoanalysis

question

"Side effects-disoreientation, confusion, memory loss. Often not long-term improvement. May cause permanent brain damage."

answer

ECT criticisms

question

Reduction in depression Changing concentration of specific neurotransmitters in the brain.

answer

Effects of antidepressants

question

Block dopamine receptors. Aytypical antipsychotics affect both serotonin and dopamine levels. Not a cure

answer

Effects of antipsychotics

question

Increase activity of neurotransmitter GABA. Reduce anxiety.

answer

Effects of antianxiety drugs

question

Most changes tend to occur relatively early in the course of treatment. Half of patients in therapy improve by the 8th session. 3/4 by the 26th. Average with college students is 5.

answer

Timing of therapy

question

The cognitive processes by which people understand and make sense of others and themselves.

answer

social cognition

question

"In public settings, women are more likely to be persuaded, particularly when they have less knowledge about the topic. Women less likely than men to change their private attitures. Margin of difference is not large"

answer

Gender differences in persuasion

question

Perceived causes of behavior that are based on environmental factors.

answer

situational causes (of behavior)

question

Perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors.

answer

dispositional causes (of behavior)

question

"Message interpretation characterized by thoughtful consideration of the issues and arguments used to persuade. People who are highly involved and motivated use central processing to comprehend a message. People with a high need for cognition are more likely to employ central route processing. They enjoy thinking, philosophizing, and reflecting on the world. More likely to be persuaded by complex logical and detailied messages."

answer

central route processing

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