Ultimate Latin Grammar Review – Flashcards
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What is a purpose clause?
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A clause that uses the uses the subjunctive verb to indicate purpose (eg: The chicken crossed the road to get to the other side)
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Ut
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to/so that
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Ne
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not to/so that not/lest
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What are some ways to identify a purpose clause?
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An action verb as the main verb; Use of the words ut or ne; A subjunctive mood verb after ut/ne
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Translate: Puer currit ut equum capiat
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The boy ran to catch the horse
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Translate: Miles pugnat ne Roma a hostibus capiatur
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The soldier fought so that Rome may not be captured by the enemies.
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What is a result clause?
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A clause that uses the subjunctive verb to indicate the result of something happening (eg: Samaje Perine is so strong that he did 100 bench press reps of 225 pounds)
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Ut .... non
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That .... not/so that .... not
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What are some ways to identify a result clause
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A word that means "so" is included in the sentence; Use of the words ut or ut .... non; A subjunctive mood verb after the "so" words
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tam
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so
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tot
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so many
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ita
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thus, so
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adeo
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so much
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tantus
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so great
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sic
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thus
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What is a cum clause?
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A clause that uses the subjunctive verb to indicate the cause of the main verb (eg: Since you've been gone, I can breathe for the first time)
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What are some ways to identify a cum clause?
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The use of the word "cum" that translates to since or because; The use of the imperfect subjunctive after "cum"
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What are some words used to translate ablatives?
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By, with, from, in, on, at, than
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What is an Ablative Absolute?
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A noun in the ablative case paired together with a participle in the ablative case
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How is an Ablative Absolute translated?
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With the noun having been participled (eg: with the girl having been kissed)
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Translate: Caesar, acceptis litteris, nuntium mittit
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Caesar sends the messenger with the letter having been received
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How is the Passive Periphrastic formed?
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Gerundive + form of sum
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Why is the Passive Periphrastic the strongest expression in the Latin language?
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Because it expresses obligation or necessity and it is associated with the helping verbs "must," "ought to," and "needs." (Carthage must be destroyed)
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What three verb moods can periphrastic conjugations be used with?
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Indicative, Infinitive, and Subjunctive
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Gerundive Endings
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-ndus for masculine, -nda for feminine, -ndum for neuter
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What are some ways to identify a cum clause?
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The use of the word "cum" as since or because in the sentence; The cause of the main action explained in the sentence; The use of the imperfect subjunctive after "cum"
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Translate: cum prima luce surgeremus, defessi eramus
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Since we rose at dawn, we were tired
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4 Main Purposes
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Jussive/Hortatory, Potential, Optative, Deliberative (Question)
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Jussive/Hortatory
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Saying a command that you can say yes or no to
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Example of Jussive/Hortatory
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Let's go to the movies
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Potential
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Proposing a possibility
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Example of Potential
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We could go to the movies
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Optative
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Wishing
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Example of Optative
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I wish we could go to the movies
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Deliberative (Question)
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Sometimes the subjunctive is included in a question that reflects doubt or even an impossibility; Questions that reflect unreality
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Example of Deliberative
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What could I have done?
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Imperative Mood
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commands
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Indicative Mood
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a statement of facts or an opinion
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Subjunctive Mood
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unreal, hypothetical answers
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Example of Imperative
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Eat! (order)
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Example of Subjunctive
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Let's Eat (unnecessary proposition)
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Example of Indicative
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I see food on the table
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Why do you need to know the Principle Parts?
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Because knowing them helps you produce all the other forms of the word
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First Principle Part
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Present Active 1st Person Singular
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Second Principle Part
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Present Active Infinitive
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Third Principle Part
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Perfect Active First Person Singular
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Fourth Principle Part
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Perfect Passive Participle
