U.S History Semester 2 Final Exam – Flashcards

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The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression -relief -reform -recovery
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New Deal
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*REFORM* FDIC provided federal insurance for individual bank accounts up to $5,000, reassuring people that their money was safe
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Glass Stegall Act
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*REFFORM*-recovery required corporations to provide complete info on all stock offerings
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Federal Securities Act
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934
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FDIC
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re-established the NIRA provision of collective bargaining prohibited unfair labor practices such as: -threatening workers -firing union members -interfering with union organizations
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Wagner Act
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Agricultural Adjustment Act: *RELIEF* raised crop prices by lowering production (paying farmers for every acre of unseeded land)
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AAA
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Louisianna Senator who opposed FDR's New Deal and came up with a , "Share the Wealth" wants to give $5k to all families ,was later assasinated thought every family should have $5000 for a home/car
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Huey Long
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Public Works Administration. *RELIEF/RECOVERY* Part of Roosevelts New Deal programs. Put people to work building or improving public buildings like schools, post offices,etc.
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PWA
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Works Progress Administration - Relief- Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during World War II.
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WPA
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California Doctor who supported elderly and wanted them to have pensions ,proposed that everyone above the age of 60 to receive a pension, or a payment, of $200 a month
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Francis Townshed
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The greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers
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Social Security Act 1935
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Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member in U.S. history.
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Francis Perkins
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(Tennessee Valley Authority Act) Relief, Recover, and Reform. one of the most important acts that built a hyro-electric dam for a needed area.
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TVA
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the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.
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Hundred Days
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Where FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court to pass his programs.
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Court Packing
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African Americans: good - "Black Cabinet" bad - President doesnt support Civil Rights/poll tax Mexican Americans: good: organizations to help fight discrimination Native Americans: good: Indian Recognition Act Laborers: good: better working conditions bad: violent strikes
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Gains/Problems for FDR Reforms
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Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition *totalinatrianism - governments supresses all (individuals have no rights) -focused to create communist state -goals: agricultural/industrial growth (5 year Plan)
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Joseph Stalin
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Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), *Fascism - stressed nationalism and places the interests of state above indeividuals joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)
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Benito Mussolini
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stressed nationalism and places the interests of state above individuals
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Fascism
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allowed U.S. to ship arms and other supplies without immidiate payment to nations fighting Axis Powers
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Lend-Lease Act
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german leader of Nazi Party. 1933-1945. rose to power by promoting racist and national views *Nazism - the German brand of Fascism on extreme nationalism
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Adolph Hitler
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a policy of giving in to aggression in order to avoid war
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appeasment
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-Good Neighbor Policy (Latin America) -recognized Soviet Union (hoped it would temper Hitler) -Reciprocal Trade Agreement
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Neutrality Act 1935
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1940-41- Series of bombing raids launched against British cities by the German air force
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Battle of Britian
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the agreement which two nations agreee not to go to war with each other
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non-agression pact
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"ightning war" a sudden massive attack on air or ground for a quick victory
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blitzkrig
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policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.
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"cash and carry"
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United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. -tremedous loss of life -couldnt respond -wiped out U.S. destoryers
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Pearl Harbor
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isolatonism with international cooperation
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Foreign Policy
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government agency that decided which companies would make war materials and how to distribute raw materials
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War Production Board
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*last German offensive Battle , World War II battle in December 1944 between Germany and Allied troops that was the last German offensive in the West.
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Battle of Bulge
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a limited portion or allowance of food or goods; limitation of use (for war)
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rationing
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U.S. strategy with war in the Pacific to hop for island to island
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island hopping
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Office of Price Administration, -set price controls to help check inflation
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OPA
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commander of DDAy invasion
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Dwight Eisenhower
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Commander: Chester Nimitz (naval commander) -stopped japanese advancement in the Pacific -allowed US to island hop
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Battle of Midway
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Purpose:Invade France and Free Western Europe from Nazis Commander: Dwight Eisnehower most brutal battle, June 6, 1944; invasion led Dwight D. Eisenhower; landing on Normandy beaches (Omaha, Utah, Sword, Gold, and Juno); successful turing point of WWII, first time allied forces successfully set foot in Europe; largest land-sea-air operation in army history
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D-Day invasion
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provided education and training for veterans, paid for by the federal government
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G.I. Bill of Rights
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his Third Army could advance after DDAY invasion
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George Patton
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-punished Nazi war criminals -principle: no longer could excuse "I was following orders" work
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Numremburg Trials
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Women: -more jos Minorites; farmers/workers (good wheather, good income, new macheniery)
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WWII benefits for women/minorites
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*turning point of the war Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.
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Battle of Stalingrad
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*German Goal: prevent Americans from supllying Britian (German u-boats attack allied ships)
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Battle of Atlantic
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Americans were afraid the Japanese Americans were spies, so 100,000 were relocated to internment camps.
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Japanese-American Internment camps
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policy by President Truman providing economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents
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Truman Doctrine
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Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.
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iron curtain
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The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.
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Berlin blockade
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Chinese communist leader
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Mao Zedong
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An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO
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Warsaw Pact
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(military) the act of containing something or someone (communism)
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containment
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the program proposed by Secretary of state George Marshall US supllied economic aid to European nations to help them rebuild after WWII
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Marshall Plan
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*first peacetime military alliance North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
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NATO
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the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down
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brinkmanship
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The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States. Results: -called off Summit -withdrew invidatation to visit Russia
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U-2 incident
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one that is dominated politically and economically by a more powerful nation
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satellite nation
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A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
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Cold War
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Eisenhower's Secratery of State; harsh anti-Communist;
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John Foster Dulles
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Central Intelligence Agency, an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest
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CIA
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(containment policy) He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.
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George Kennan
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nationalist -didnt have support of peasants -weak leadership -collected tax during a famine
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Chiang Kai-Shek
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ex. $400 million in aid to Turkey and Greece
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Truman Doctrine example
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ex. during time when Iranian oil industry was under governments contorol US gave money to the CIA to bring Shah back, remove foreign powers
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CIA covert action
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In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.
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Bay of Pigs
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(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America
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Peace Corps
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On November 22, 1963, he assassinated President Kennedy who was riding downtown Dallas, Texas.
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Lee Harvey Oswald
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a federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them (welfare)
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Medicaid
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an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later -US didnt invade Cuba -US removed missiles from Turkey
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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President during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.
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John Kennedy
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The U.S. commission in charge with investigating the assassination of JFK. It came to the conclusion that Oswald was alone in his actions and advised to reform presidential security measures.
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Warren Commission
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A government-funded program for children from low-income families (welfare) the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success (pre-school)
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Project Head Start
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Federally funded program that offers support and funding for projects that exhibit artistic excellence
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National Endowment for the Arts
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The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.
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New Frontier
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President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
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Great Society
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provided hospital insurance and low-cost medical insurance for almost every American age 65 or older
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Medicare
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$1 billion in youth programs, anti-poverty measures, small buisness loans, job training ex. -Job Corps Youth Training Program -VISTA -Project Head Start -Community Action Program
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Economic Oppurtunity Act
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-Television Debate Kennedy was coached/better on TV
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Kennedy victory
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Berlin was in turmoil--> people fleeing country Krushev wanted to close all access roads to west Berlin
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Purpose of Berlin Wall
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kennedy's foreign policy: prepared for a variety of military responses to international crisis rather than focusing on uses of nuclear weapons ex. -increased defense spending (no nuclear forces) -created special army: Special Forces or Green Berets -tripled overall nuclear capabilities of US -US able to fight in limited war (maintain Soviet Union)
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Flexible Response
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U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
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Martin Luther King Jr.
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lawyer who had a team of the best law students to fight racial segregation before the Supreme Court ex. Linda Brown (Brown vs. Board of Education)
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Thurgood Marshall
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prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender. Gave all citizens the right to enter public accomodations
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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segregation by law by eliminating it, it requires a change in peoples attitudes rather than repealing laws (south)
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de jure segregation
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exists by practice and custom harder to fight than de jure
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de facto segregation
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"separate but equal"
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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Southern Christinan Leadership Conference: organization set up by MLKJ to work for civil rights on non-violent means
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SCLC
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Student NonViolent Coordinating Committee: organization to coordinate "sit-ins" and other protests to give young blacks a larger role in civil rights movement
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SNCC
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Islamic black leader thought blacks and whites should be separate (blamed problems on whites) after trip to Mecca, changed his views and didnt suppport violence
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Malcom X
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In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
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Montgomery Bus boycott
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-eliminated literacy tests -could allow voters to vote who had been denied -voting increased (south tripled) -MAJOR civil rights Victory
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Voting Rights Act 1965
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Marshall brings up pyschological effects little girl wants to go to a white school -overturns Plessy v. Ferguson
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Brown v. Board of Education
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head of the SNCC making a separatist philosophy of black power as the official objective of the organization
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Stokely Carmichael
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created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States
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Kerner Commission
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direct support -US marshalls to protect riders -banned segregation in travel facilities
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President response to freedom riders
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persuade congress to pass bill that garenteed equal acess to all public accomodations and attorney general to de-segregate schools
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Purpose of marches
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1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable
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Ho Chi Minh
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an organization of Vietnamese Communists and other nationalist groups that between 1946 and 1954 fought for Vietnamese independence from the French
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Vietminh
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the commander of u.s. forces in Vietnam
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General Westmoreland
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President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces
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Vietnamization
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The South Vitnamese Non communist leader
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No Dinh Diem
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a network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam
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Ho Chi Minh Trail
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The gap between the Johnson Administration and the American public support about the Vietnam War
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credibility gap
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that group of quiet honest hard-working middle class Americans who supported the war efforts "Peace with Honor"
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silent majority
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the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
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domino theory
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Gave the president the authority to "take all necessary measures" to repel any attacks and "to prevent further aggression." The resolution became the legal basis for a war that would last for eight more years.
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Tonkin Gulf Resolution
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National Securty Advisor Secratary of State, The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).
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Henry Kissinger
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-7.000 pg document written for Defense Secratary Robert McNamara -plans not to withdraw from Vietnam if North Vietnamese persisted -damaged Nixon admisnistration -confirmed governments untruthfulness
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Pentagon Papers
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-said didnt want to send troops -sent troops
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Johnsons views on Vietnam
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root out Communism
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Main goal of US in Vietnam
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1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment TURNING POINT OF WAR
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TET Offensive
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-Notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops; -had to gain congress' approval to stay longer than 90 days; -designed to curtail President's power
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War Powers Act
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-high causlaties -large number of refugees flee Vietnam -treatment/health issues of veterans -changes in public policy---> war powers act
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Effects of Vietnam War
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(limit power of federal government to states) Nixon a policy in 1969, that turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems)
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New Federalism
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foreign policy based on consideration of a nations powee rather than its ideals or moral principles
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realpolitik
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Ehrlichman, along with Haldeman, was one of Nixon's most trusted aids. He was deeply involved with Nixon's scandals (Watergate) since he and Haldeman were Nixon's most trusted aids, doing whatever they felt necessary to protect Nixon.
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John Ehrlichman
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The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
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Camp David Accords
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a law enacted during Carter admin, established a tax on gas-guzzling cars, removed price controls on US oil and natural gas, and provided tax credits for development of alternative energy sources.
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National Energy Act
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Nixons plan to attract support of Southren Conservative Democrats who were unhappy with federal de-segragation policies and liberal Supreme Court
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Southern Strategy
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flexible policy, involving willingness to negotiate and easing off tensions (Cold War)
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detente
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an economic condition marked by both inflation and high unemployment
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stagflation
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Nixon's first attorney general and his close friend and adviser; many people believe he ordered the Watergate break-in. He participated in the cover-up and served nineteen months in prison for his role
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John Mitchell
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a program by the Ford administration to curb inflation and dramatic price increases by putting pressure on businesses to lower prices and deter consumers from hording goods
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Whip Inflation Now
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Introduced by Nixon. The federal govt usually told state and local governments how to spend their federal money. Under revenue sharing state and local officals could spend their federal dollars however they saw fit with few limits.
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revenue sharing proposal
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White House Chief of Staff for Richard Nixon, involved in Watergate.
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H. R. Halderman
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name given to an incident in which nixon ordered attorney general elliot richardson to fire archibald cox the special prosecutor who was relentlessly investigating watergate richarson refused and resigned along with his deputy who also refused to carry out nixons order a subordinate then fired cox the incident created a firestorm of protest in the country
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Saturday Night Massacre
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US ship captured in Cambodia that Ford sent US troops in to take back, unaware that the Cambodians had already agreed to give it back. 41 troops lost their lives for 39 Cambodian lives
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Mayaguez
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A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.
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Watergate Scandal
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Carters foreign policy (freedom, Bill of rights etc)
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Human Rights
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-cut personal income taxes -lowered buisness taxes -cut back federal spending -cancelled previous administrations synthetic fuel projects
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Economic Recovery Act
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President Reagan's proposed weapons system to destroy Soviet missiles from space.
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Star wars
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North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada
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NAFTA
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the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991) PURPOSE: drive out Saddam Hussein from Saudia Arabia
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Operation Desert Storm
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a federal statute prohibiting discrimination against the disabled in employment, public transportation, telecommunications services, and public accommodations and services operated by private entities to anyone physically or mentally disabled
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American Disabilities Act
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Also known as Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Act, this act mandates maximum allowable deficits until 1991 when the budget should balance. It was abandoned in 1991.
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Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act
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lower federal deficit -taxes
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Omnibus Budget reconciliation Act
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- wanted to elimintate federal deficit spending in 5 years - reducing costs of certain programs
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Balanced Budget Act of 1997
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-guarenteed money to poor families with children -have to find work in 2 years -only lasts for 5 years
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Clinton Administration (Welfare)
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-purgery/lying under oath -obstruction of justice
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Clinton Impeached
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