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Causes of the Civil War

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• Slavery • States' rights • Territorial claims • Abolitionist movement • Regional differences

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Consequences of the Civil War

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• Reconstruction • Thirteenth Amendment • Fourteenth Amendment • Fifteenth Amendment

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Dred Scott

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A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

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Abraham Lincoln

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16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

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Andrew Johnson

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17th President of the United States; he was elected Vice President and succeeded Lincoln when Lincoln was assassinated

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Jefferson Davis

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President of the Confederate States of America

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Frederick Douglass

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United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)

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Ulysses S. Grant

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an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

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Robert E. Lee

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Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

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William T. Sherman

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general whose march to sea caused destruction to the south, union general, led march to destroy all supplies and resources, beginning of total warfare

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Harriet Tubman

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United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

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Sojourner Truth

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United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

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Radical Republicans

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Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war

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Buffalo Soldiers

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Nickname for African-American soldiers who fought in the wars against Native Americans living on the Great Plains during the 1870s

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The impeachment of Andrew Johnson

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when the Radical Republicans tried Andrew Johnson for impeachment because he wanted to fire Edwin Stanton, the Secretary of War. The Radical Republicans passed a law called the Tenure of Office Act saying that a President cannot fire a worker "just because". President Johnson stayed in office by one vote.

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Black Legislators

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Many blacks were elected to Federal offices after the Civil War

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White Extremist Groups

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-KKK -Knights of the White Camellia -The White League -Red Shirts -Pale Faces

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13th Amendment

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abolished slavery in the U.S. in 1865

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14th Amendment

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Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws regardless of race

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15th Amendment

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Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or previous condition of servitude

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carpetbagger

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Northerners who traveled south just to make money off the Reconstruction. They were called this because their suitcases were usually made from carpet.

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Suffrage

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the right to vote

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Jim Crow Laws

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The "separate but equal" segregation laws state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965

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Black Codes

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Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

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Sharecropping

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a system used on southern farms after the civil war in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

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Effects of Reconstruction on Native Americans

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• Westward expansion • Reservation system • The Dawes Act • Indian Schools • Government involvement in the killing of the buffalo • Wounded Knee Massacre • Sand Creek Massacre • Battle of Little Big Horn

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Westward expansion

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territorial acquisitions as settlers began moving westward beyond the Appalachian Mountains

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Reservation system

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introduced in 1870, forced nations to live on barren land, it confined people so they could not support themselves in their accustomed way. It has left to the institutional of this enforced segregation.

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Indian Schools

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These places were created in order to forcibly assimilate Indian children to white culture. They cut their hair, converted them to Christianity, forced them to change their language and used various other ways to make Indian children act like white Americans.

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The Dawes Act

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Passed by Congress in 1887. Its purpose was to Americanize the Native Americans. The act broke up the reservations, gave some of the land to Native Americans.

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Wounded Knee Massacre

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In December 1890, Army troops captured some of Sitting Bull's followers and took them to a camp. 300 Sioux men, women, and children were killed

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Sand Creek Massacre

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an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members

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Battle of Little Big Horn

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Sioux leader Sitting Bull led the fight against general George Custer and the 7th cavalry. The Sioux wanted miners out of the black hills, and had appealed to government officials in Washington to stop the miners. Washington doesn't listen. When Custer came to Little Bighorn rivers Sitting Bull and his warriors were ready and killed them all!

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Indian Removal Act

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(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

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18th Amendment

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Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

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19th Amendment

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Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

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20th Amendment

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(FDR) , change of dates for start of presidential/congressional terms

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21st Amendment

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Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment

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Bessemer Process

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A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

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robber baron

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Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

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Thomas Edison

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American inventor who developed many devices such as the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb

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John D. Rockefeller

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Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

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Andrew Carnegie

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A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry

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Transcontinental Railroad

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Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

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Henry Ford

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1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

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Upton Sinclair

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muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

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muckraker

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Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

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Homestead Act

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Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

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Spanish American War

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In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

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U.S.S. Maine

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Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

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Rough Riders

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The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixture of Ivy League athletes and western frontiersmen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

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Big Stick Diplomacy

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The policy held by Teddy Roosevelt in foreign affairs. The "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them.

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Dollar Diplomacy

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Foreign Policy idea by Taft to make countries dependent on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies

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Monroe Doctrine

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(1823) A political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that states the Western Hemisphere is closed to European interference.

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Manifest Destiny

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A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

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Second Industrial Revolution

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(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

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mass production

answer

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

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easy credit

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People could purchase things off of credit which before they would have had to save up for years

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installment buying

answer

A consumers buys products by promising to pay small, regular amounts over a period of time

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buying on margin

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Purchasing stock with a little money down with the promise of paying the balance at sometime in the future

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Black Tuesday

answer

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

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Great Depression

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(1929-1939) The dramatic decline in the world's economy due to the United State's stock market crash of 1929, the overproduction of goods from World War I, and decline in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations. Results in millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. Many people were reduced to homelessness, and had to rely on government sponsored soup kitchens to eat. World trade also declined as many countries imposed protective tariffs in an attempt to restore their economies.

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New Deal

answer

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

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Causes of World War I

answer

Militarism Alliance System Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Imperialism Nationalism

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militarism

answer

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

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alliances

answer

agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

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imperialism

answer

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

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nationalism

answer

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

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Effects of World War I

answer

New weapons invented, tons of casualties, France destroyed, Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to take responsibility and pay reparations, "Lost Generation"

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Lusitania

answer

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

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Zimmerman Note

answer

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

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Treaty of Versailles

answer

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WWI and handed down harsh punishment.

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vertical integration

answer

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

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horizontal integration

answer

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

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trench warfare

answer

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

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monopoly

answer

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

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Taft-Hartley Act

answer

1. outlawed "closed shops and required union leaders to sign loyalty oath 2. required 80 day cooling off period before strike

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unions

answer

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

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Mexican-American War

answer

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

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flapper

answer

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

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Roaring Twenties

answer

the decade of the 1920's which got this nickname because of the times prosperity and excitement

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urbanization

answer

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

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United Nations

answer

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

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League of Nations

answer

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

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Wilmot Priviso

answer

1846 - stated that no territory gained from Mexico would allow slavery. Never became a federal law, but was endorsed by most of the legislatures of the free states Symbolized the issue of slavery in the territories

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

answer

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

question

Election of 1860

answer

Presidential Election that ended with Abraham Lincoln as President, the Southern states began to secede forming the Confederate States of America with Jefferson Davis as their President.

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Missouri Compromise

answer

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

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Bleeding Kansas

answer

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

question

John Brown's Raid

answer

1859. Harpers Ferry - attempt by white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt by seizing US Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia. defeated by detachment of US marines led by Robert E. Lee. Within 36 hours most of Browns men were either killed or captured.

question

Gilded Age

answer

..., A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

question

Progressive Era

answer

Period of reform from 1890s-1920s. Opposed waste and corruption while focusing on the general rights of the individual. Pushed for social justice, general equality, and public safety. Significant in this movement included trust-busting, Sherman Anti-trust Act, President Theodore Roosevelt, Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle", Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act of 1906.`

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Jane Addams

answer

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

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Jacob Riis

answer

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

question

Susan B. Anthony

answer

social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association

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Social Gospel

answer

reform movement that emerged in the late nineteenth century that sought to improve society by applying Christian principles

question

populism

answer

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

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Populist Party

answer

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

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William Bryan Jennings

answer

Populist Leader, democratic candidate, writes crossing of gold speech; prosecutor in the "Scope's Monkey Trial"

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Boxer Rebellion

answer

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

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Platt Amendment

answer

set of conditions under which Cuba was granted independence. Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

question

Causes of World War II

answer

Aggression by totalitarian powers, Nationalism, Failures of the Treaty of Versailles, Weakness of the League of Nations, Appeasement, Isolationism in the USA, Pacifism in Europe

question

Effects of World War II

answer

Lead to direct rivalry between US and Soviet Union... The formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Division of Germany. Emergence of Spheres of influence... Arms race, primarily focused on weapons of mass destruction.

question

Red Scare

answer

A period of general fear of communists

question

McCarthyism

answer

In 1950, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy began a sensational campaign against communists in government that led to more than four years of charges and counter-charges, ending when the Senate censured him in 1954. McCarthyism became the contemporary name for the red scare of the 1950's.

question

Cold War

answer

1945-1991 A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

question

Berlin Wall

answer

A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

question

Cuban Missile Crisis

answer

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

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Camp David Accords

answer

The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.

question

Nixon Goes to China

answer

Visit by the president to China to meet w. Mao Zedong to make progress in cooperating with each others' country.

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS

answer

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

question

Miranda v. Arizona

answer

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

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Gideon v. Wainwright

answer

a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.

question

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

answer

Supreme Court upheld notion of affirmative action but said race could be only one factor in determining admission

question

Freedom Riders

answer

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

question

Black Power Movement

answer

African American movement that focused on gaining control of economic and political power to achieve equal rights by force in necessary.

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The Great Society

answer

Lyndon Johnson's program for poverty relief, healthcare, civil rights, etc. during his presidency.

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The New Frontier

answer

President Kennedy's proposals to improve the economy, help the poor and advance the Space Program

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Glasnost and Perestroika

answer

Glasnost is a policy that was introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev which means openness in 1985. He supported the Soviet citizens to talk about ways to improved their living environment. In 1985, he imported the idea of Perestroika, which means economic restructuring. This was tried in 1986.

question

G.I. Bill

answer

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

question

consumer culture

answer

a culture in which personal worth and identity reside not in the people themselves but in the products with which they surround themselves

question

Korean War

answer

..., The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

question

Rosewood Massacre

answer

a small black town in FL whose black men were accused of beating and raping a white woman. The town was burnt down by a white mob

question

Harlem Renaissance

answer

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

question

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

answer

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

question

W.E.B. DuBois

answer

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

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Booker T. Washington

answer

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

question

Martin Luther King, Jr.

answer

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

question

Kellogg-Briand Pact

answer

Was signed on August 27, 1928 by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other states. The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense.

question

Panama Canal

answer

The United States built (finished) the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa.

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Henry Flagler

answer

One of the partners in Standard Oil; builder of Florida East Coast Railway; founded Palm Beach and "father" of Miami in 1890s

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Madame C.J. Walker

answer

first African-American woman to earn more than 1 million dollars by selling hair care product

question

Cornelius Vanderbilt

answer

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

question

J.P. Morgan

answer

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

question

Ronald Reagan

answer

President of the U.S. 1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, played a major role in helping end the Cold War; known for his economic plan of "Trickle-Down Economics".

question

Bill Clinton

answer

1992 and 1996; Democrat; Don't Ask Don't Tell policy implemented by Congress, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Travelgate controversy; Operation Desert Fox (4 day bombing campaign in Iraq); Scandals: Whitewater controversy, Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquitted), Travelgate controversy, Troopergate; first balanced budget since 1969

question

George H.W. Bush

answer

president during the Gulf War, ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in the second-highest approval rating of any president, 89%

question

George W. Bush

answer

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

question

John F. Kennedy

answer

President during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

question

Woodrow Wilson

answer

..., 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

question

Theodore Roosevelt

answer

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

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