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Virginia

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The first permanent English colony in North America, beginning with Jamestown; business venture of the Virgina Company and tobacco

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Virginia Company

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An English firm that planned to make money by sending people to America to find gold and other valuable natural resources to ship back to England

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House of Burgesses

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The Virginia Company established a legislative assembly that was similar to England's Parliament, called the House of Burgesses. The House of Burgesses was the first European-type legislative body in the New World.

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Tobacco

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Though the Virginia Company failed to find gold, they were able to cultivate tobacco. It became a major profitable cash crop in Virginia. It created social and economic divisions between landowners and those who did not own land. Because growing and harvesting tobacco was labor intensive, Virginia became highly dependent on slavery.

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Powhatan

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Native American chieftain; lots of Natives were forced off of their own land by settlers for agriculture (especially tobacco)

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Bacon's Rebellion

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Landless rebels wanted harsher action against the Natives so more land would be available for the colonists; the rebellion was put down

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New England: Development

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Established by the the Puritans (in what is now Massachusetts); came to pursue a better life and escape religious persecution but were very strict about their religion. Rhode Island was established by religious dissenters and were more tolerant of varying religious beliefs.

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New England: How it was run

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The communities were often run by town meetings unless the crown was in control of the town. Those associated with the church generally had more power in society.

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Half-way covenant

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Puritan ministers encouraged partial church membership for children and grandchildren of the original Puritans

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Salem Witch Trials

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1690s. Colonists accused of witchcraft tried, extreme religious faith, stress from growing population and bad relations w/Natives narrowed opportunities for females to participate in Puritan society

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Royal Colony

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King took away charter for independent colony to get more control over trade and centralized authority

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Mid-Atlantic colonies: Development

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Founded by the religiously tolerant Quakers, led by William Penn

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New Amsterdam

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The Dutch name given to what the British renamed New York after conquer. It was a major commercial hub: diverse population, center of trade, religious tolerance, etc. Grew to become one of the largest cities in the British colonies.

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Quebec

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The first permanent French settlement in North America. Unlike the British (who were encouraged to establish Protestantism), the colonists were instructed to spread the Catholic faith in the New World

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Mercantilism

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The theory that Earth held a limited supply of wealth and that the strength of a nation was based on their natural resources and wealth. Used colonies to gain natural resources for Great Britain.

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Transatlantic trade

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Great Britain created restrictions and taxes on trade to make sure the colonies were economically benefiting Britain as opposed to itself or other countries.

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African Population

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The number of slaves increased due to the dependency (especially in the South) for labor required to support cash crop/agriculture based economy

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Middle Passage

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Middle leg of the Triangular Trade; the sea voyage that carried Africans to North America

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Benjamin Franklin

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One of the founding fathers of America. Throughout his life, he sought out ways to improve himself and rise in society. Thus, he became a symbol of individualism and social mobility.

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The Great Awakening

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A change in in Christian worship; believers should seek his or her own personal/emotional relationship with God; ministers attracted large audiences and traveled around preaching these ideas; started by Jonathan Edwards

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American Revolution: Cause

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The growing belief among colonists that their rights as Englishmen were being violated. They were not getting equal representation.

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French and Indian War

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Began due to the rivalry between Great Britain and France in their competition for territory in North America. The British challenged the French for control of Ohio and western Pennsylvania. The Native Americans supported the French, being fur trading partners. Great Britain won.

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Treaty of Paris (1763)

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Ended the French and Indian War. France had to turn over Canada to Great Britain.

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Proclamation of 1763

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Increased tension of colonists, forbade them from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains to try to limit Native American conflicts; led colonists to believe their rights were being violated (taxation without representation, right to trial by jury, protection of search warrants, and troops quartered on their property)

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Stamp Act

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taxed all pieces of paper (newspaper, legal documents, playing cards, etc.)

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Intolerable Acts

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Set of Acts passed on the colonists, collectively given the name the "Intolerable Acts"; closed port of Boston as punishment for Boston Tea Party, allowed British officials accused of major crimes to be tried in England, forced colonists to house British troops on their own property

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Sons/Daughters of Liberty

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groups of rebellious colonists formed to stop distribution of stamped paper (Stamp Act)

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Committees of Correspondence

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First organization linking colonies in opposition to British rule, carried out planning for First Continental Congress

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Thomas Paine's Common Sense

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Written to address the common man; affected colonists, moved many of them to support independence from Great Britain.

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Declaration of Independence

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Written by Thomas Jefferson, language made simple and direct so people everywhere would understand and sympathize colonist's cause, text borrowed phrases from philosopher, John Locke

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George Washington

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Reorganized the army, a great leader, secured additional equipment and supplies, began training program for inexperienced recruits which led to a professional military

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Valley Forge

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hard winter; problems with wages, housing, food, clothing, equipment, disease, death; Washington order intense training programs and turned the Continental Army into a capable/self-assured military

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Crossing the Delaware River

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Victory for Continental Army that proved Washington's army could fight as well as an experienced European army

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Sputnik

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The Soviet Union launches the first artificial satellite, Sputnik I in 1957, a feat that caused many Americans to believe the U.S. had fallen behind in terms of understanding science and the uses of technology; increased U.S. government spending on education

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Social Change Movements

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1947--Jackie Robinson becomes 1st African American to play for a major league baseball team 1948--President Truman issues an executive order to integrate U.S. armed forces/ end discrimination in hiring employees 1963--MLK Jr.'s civil rights movement, Letter from Birmingham Jail, "I Have A Dream", demonstrations against against racial segregation

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The Civil Rights of 1964

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Prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, or gender

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Voting Rights of 1965

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Outlawed requirement for would-be voters in U.S. to take literacy test to register to vote, because this requirement was judged as unfair to minorities

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Warren Court

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Famous for issuing landmark decisions such as: Brown v. Board of Education-- declaring segregation in public schools unconstitutional in public schools Miranda v. Arizona-- police must inform suspects of their constitutional rights at the time of arrest Roe v. Wade-- addressed the right of women to choose whether to have an abortion under certain circumstances

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President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society

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programs to make U.S. a great society would give all Americans a better standard of living and greater opportunities regardless of their background (Medicare, improving elementary and secondary education, protection of environment, and reformation of immigration policies)

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Social and Political Turmoil of 1968

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Tet Offensive in Vietnam war, the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. (caused the riots across America and then resulted in Congress passing the Civil Act of 1968), assassination of Robert F. Kennedy (disheartened many people who shared Kennedy's desires for social reform and opposition to the Vietnam War, and Democratic National Convention

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Civil Rights Movement

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struggle for African American rights in the 1960s; Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), civil rights groups

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National Organization for Women (NOW)

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Founded in 1966 to promote equal rights and opportunities for American women, promoted equality in employment, political and social equality, and passage of equal rights amendment

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United Farm Workers' Movement

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Cesar Chavez was the founder and leader of the Latinos who protested to gain civil rights in the 1960s, he believed in non-violent methods, started nationwide boycott of California grapes, forced grape growers to negotiate a contract that would give farmworkers higher wages and other benefits

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Rachel Carson & her book Silent Spring

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Exposed dangers to environment, her book led to the Water Equality Act of 1965, the first Earth Day where schools and colleges organize events to raise awareness of environmental issues, also led to creation of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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Barry Goldwater/Conservative Movement

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Goldwater believed federal government should not try to fix social and economic problems (poverty, discrimination, lack of opportunity), his nomination by the Republicans was a sign of rising power of America's conservative movement

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Supreme Court Decisions for Regents of University of California vs. Bakke (1978)

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Court barred the use of quota systems in college admissions but expanded Americans' civil rights by giving constitutional protection to affirmative action programs that give equal access to minorities

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Watergate scandal effect on Nixon Administration

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The scandal left Americans dismayed by Nixon's actions and cynical about politics in general, led to changes in campaign financing and laws requiring government officials to disclose their finances, reputation of the legal profession suffered because those involved in Watergate were lawyers.

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Watergate scandal effect on Ford Administration

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Ford's presidency was damaged when he pardoned Nixon for any crimes he may have committed.

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Jimmy Carter Administration

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Camp David Accords, Iranian Revolution, Iranian hostage crisis (lasts 444 days, captives released after election of Reagan as President, nurtured anti-Americanism among Muslims around the world)

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Camp David Accords

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Attempt to bring peace to the Middle East, negotiate peace between Egypt and Israel

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Reagan Administration

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Reaganomics (budget cuts, tax cuts, increased defense spending, hurt lower-income Americans and led to severe recession), Iran-Contra scandal, collapse of the Soviet Union

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Iran-Contra scandal

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biggest failure in international policy, administration officials, sold weapons to Iran & used profits to fund rebellion in Nicaragua

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Collapse of the Soviet Union

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Biggest success in international policy, Soviet Union's last leader set up policies allowing freedom of speech, press, etc. putting U.S.S.R. onto the path of a democratic government, but reforms got out of control and the Soviet Union broke up)

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Clinton Administration

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Ratification of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), brought Mexico into free-trade zone between U.S. and Canada, opponents believed it would send U.S. jobs to Mexico/harm environment, supporters believed it would open up growing Mexican market to U.S. companies

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Bush Administration (George W. Bush)

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al-Qaeda attacks on 9/11, president signed law to hold foreign citizens suspected of terrorists & this increased ability of law-enforcement agencies to search private communications/personal records, resulted in creation of Department of Homeland Security

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Operation Enduring Freedom

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Bush's response to 9/11 attack, invaded Afghanistan, took down Taliban government, destroyed al-Qaeda network, but Osama bin Laden escaped (al-Qaeda leader)

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Operation Iraqi Freedom

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March 2003, British and American troops invaded Iraq, searched for weapons of mass destruction that Bush feared Saddam Hussein could supply to terrorists

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War on Terrorism

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Larger war that Bush was fighting, the invasion of Afghanistan was only part of it, Bush built an international coalition to fight al-Qaeda network/other terrorists

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