U.S. History Chapter 6 Test: Industrial Revolution – Flashcards
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What changes in track design allowed trains to travel faster?
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double sets of tracks allowed trains traveling in opposite directions to pass each other
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How did the standard gauge allow railroad transportation to travel faster?
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passengers no longer needed to be transferred from train to train
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How did the growth of railroads improve society?
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1. encouraged urban growth 2. provided many jobs
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What railway invention helped the meat packing industry?
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refrigerated freight cars
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How did the network of railroad lines improve the economy?
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allowed companies to sell product nationally
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What did the invention of refining oil lead to?
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development of motors and the invention of the horseless carriage (automobile)
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What did the invention of the internal combustion engine lead to?
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Wright Brothers made the first flight in 1903
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What did Samuel Morse invent?
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telegraph as a means of communication
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What did Alexander Graham Bell invent?
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telephone in 1876
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What did Chris Sholes invent in 1867?
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typewriter
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What did Thomas Edison invent in 1877?
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phonograph
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What did Thomas Edison invent in 1879?
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light bulb
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How did coal and steam contribute to the Industrial Revolution?
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allowed factories to produce goods faster
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What was invented from iron ore to allow heavy machinery to be constructed?
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steel
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What was the Bessemer process?
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burned off the impurities of iron to produce steel
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Why could steel be used to build large buildings?
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steel was resistant to rust
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What did Edwin Drake do?
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used the steam engine to drill for oil leading to the Oil Boom
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What did the availability of steel allow railroad companies to do?
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encouraged railroad companies to lay thousands of miles of new tracks
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What did railroad companies create in 1869?
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first transcontinental railroad
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What did George Westinghouse invent?
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compressed air brake making it possible for trains to pull larger loads at faster speeds.
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What did the novels of Harotio Alger Jr. place an emphasis on?
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individuals improve social and financial status through hard work and motivation
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What was free enterprise?
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belief that the economy would prosper if businesses were left free from government regulations and allowed to compete in a free market
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What was the philosophy of Marxism?
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property and the means of production are owned by the community
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What did Darwinists believe economically?
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society progressed through natural competition
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What are corporations?
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organizations that raise money needed to fund the industries by selling stocks
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What are the advantages of a corporation?
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1. can raise large sums of money 2. limited liability 3. investors are not responsible for the debt
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How do trusts help corporations?
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1. limit overproduction 2. reduces competition 3. avoids monopolies
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Who was the first person to buy supplies in bulk and produce goods in large quantities?
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Andrew Carnegie
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Who bought companies at each stage of oil refining allowing him to sell oil cheaper?
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Rockefeller
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What did Vanderbilt do with railroads?
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made direct routes between urban centers
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What did Westinghouse invent for railroads?
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air brake for railroads making it possible to haul more cars at faster speeds
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What did Pullman design for railroads?
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dining cars and luxurious cars that passengers could sleep comfortably
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What were created to sell a variety of goods in the urban market?
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department stores
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During the Industrial Revolution, did governmental policies benefit the owners or the workers?
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owners
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What was the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890?
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outlawed monopolies and trusts
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Why did the Sherman Antitrust Act fail to stop monopolies?
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failed to define what a monopoly or a trust was
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Did the government provide assistance for workers?
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No
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How did America address the demand for labor?
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increased the number of immigrants
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Why did many African Americans move from rural areas to the cities?
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search for jobs in factories
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Did women work during the Industrial Revolution?
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yes to support their families
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What happened to children who worked during the Industrial Revolution/
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children worked long hours in terrible working conditions fatigue led to injuries and sometimes death
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What were company towns?
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workers were paid in scrip and could it could only be used to pay rent to the company and buy goods from the company store
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What was the Knights of Labor?
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first union organization to support both skilled and unskilled workers
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Did the Knights of Labor encourage women to join the union?
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yes
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Which nationality did the Knights of Labor not allow to join, because they accused them of taking jobs from Americans?
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Chinese Americans
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What three things did the Knights of Labor fight for regarding workers?
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1. 8 hour work day 2. equal pay for equal work 3. end to child labor
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What event encouraged more workers to join the Knights of Labor?
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railroad strike of 1877
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What was the Great Upheaval?
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In 1886, the nation experienced intense strikes and violent labor confrontations
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What was the Haymarket Riot?
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The most intense strike of the 1880's that wounded 60 police officers from a bomb exploding
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What did companies do to strike back at union workers?
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1. handed out a list of employees to all employers who agreed not to hire them 2. put clauses in worker's contracts stating that they could not join a union 3. instituted lockouts barring union workers from entering factories and replacing them with other workers
