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Franklin Delano Roosevelt

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The 32nd president of the United States. He was elected in 1932 and reelected 3 times. He proposed a set of policies and legistlation during the Great Depression that he called the "New Deal". He died in office shortly after beginning his 4th term.

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Great Depression

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Massive economic crisis that began in the late 1920s and continued until the United States entered World War 2 in 1941. This was a worldwide phenomenon, affecting not only the United States but most other nations as well.

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New Deal coalition

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A coalition forged by the Democrats, who dominated American politics from the 1930s to the 1960s. Its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.

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the Hundred Days

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Known as the period between Napoleon Bonaparte's return to Paris (20 March 1815) from his exile on Elba, and the restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty under King Louis XVIII (8 July 1815). This period is also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition, and includes the Waterloo Campaign and the Neapolitan War.

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New Deal

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The legislation, policies, and initiatives launched during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency that were aimed at easing the crisis of the Great Depression.

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Brains Trust

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A small group of reform-minded individuals, youngish college professors. Ghostwrote many of FDR's speeches and authored much New Deal legislation.

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Harry Hopkins

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He rose to prominence during the Great Depression as one of President Roosevelt's closest advisors. During his first Hundred Days, Roosevelt signed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration into existence and named this Grinnell College graduate as its chief officer. Hopkins acted in many capacities--as director of the Civil Works Administration from 1933-1934, the Federal Surplus Relief Administration and the Works Progress Administration from 1935-1938.

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Frances Perkins

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Roosevelt's secretary of labor (1993-1945); the first woman to serve as a federal Cabinet officer, she had a great influence on many New Deal programs, most significantly the Social Security Act.

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Eleanor Roosevelt

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FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

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Emergency Banking Act

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A government legislation passed during the depression that dealt with the bank problem. The act allowed a plan which would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.

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Reconstruction Finance Corporation

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Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

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Glass-Steagall Banking Act

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Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insures the accounts of depositors of its member banks. It outlawed banks investing in the stock market.

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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

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A United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, currently up to $250,000 per depositor per bank

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Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

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an independent agency of the government that regulates financial markets and investment companies

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Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

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The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers *, law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed *Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression, still in effect today

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Civil Works Administration (CWA)

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Created in 1933, it was designed to make temporary jobs during the winter crisis of the Great Depression.

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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

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Hired young, unemployed people to do restoration projects throughout the country, employed over 3 million people.

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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

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A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

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Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

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Provided affordable electricity for isolated rural areas

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Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

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1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

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Commodity Credit Corporation

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a government entity created to stabilize, support and protect farm income and prices. It has provided nonrecourse loans with crops as collateral, and purchase and payment programs for a number of crops. It has the authority to borrow large amounts of money from the US Treasury to carry out its obligations.

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Farm Credit Act (FCA)

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Act which authorized refinancing at lower rates in an attempt to limit foreclosures.

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National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

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permitted all workers to join unions of their choice, allowed workers to bargain collectively for wage increases and benefits, allowed workers to go on strike to try to force employers to meet their demands

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National Recovery Administration (NRA)

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Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

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National Association of Manufacturers

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Founded by W.E.B Du Bois in 1910 in order to help create more social and economic opportunities for blacks

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Chamber of Commerce

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An association of business people who attempt to protect and promote the commercial interest in a community.

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American Liberty League

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A conservative anti-New Deal organization; members included Alfred Smith, John W. Davis, and the Du Pont family. It criticized the "dictatorial" policies of Roosevelt and what it perceived to be his attacks on the free enterprise system.

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Southern Farm Tenants Union

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Argued that the AAA enriched large farmers and impoverished small farmers who rented rather than owned their land

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Cooperative Commonwealth

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Union idea where workers are at the top and there are no corporations

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American Communist Party

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run by the Communist International and is bent to overthrow American govt and instigate worker's revolution

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Bourgeois Democracy

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Democracy that is run only by upper class people.

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Charles Coughlin

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A radio priest who was anti-Semetic and anti-New Deal. He catered away some support from FDR.

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National Union for Social Justice

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An organization which denounced FDR's New Deal policies, it held weekly radio shows and discussed finance and politics

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Dr. Francis Townsend

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Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

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Huey Long

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Louisiana politician who, first as governor and then as senator, promoted a populist vision of political and social change and presented one of the most formidable challenges to the New Deal. He was assassinated in 1935.

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Soak the Rich

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What the press called FDR's proposed Tax Act of 1935. Would have provided for an increase in the maximum tax rate from 59 to 79%, gradual corporate income tax, and constitutional amendment that allowed for the taxation of interest earnings. His proposed act came out much tamer and is called the Revenue Act of 1935.

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Share Our Wealth

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radical relief program proposed by Senator Huey Long in the 1930s to empower the government to seize wealth from the rich through taxes and provide a guaranteed minimum income and home to every American family

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Works Progress Administration (WPA)

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Federal New Deal program that provided government jobs to millions of Americans during the depression, in areas ranging from construction to the arts.

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National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)

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A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers

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Senator Robert Wagner

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led national labor relations act, tried to give some power to the wokers and less to the boss'

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Wagner Act

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1935 law that guaranteed industrial workers the right to organize into unions

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National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

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A 1935 law that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers

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John L. Lewis

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long-time labor leader who organized and led the first important unskilled workers labor union, called in to represent union during sit-down strike

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Amalgamated Clothing Workers

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brought stability and order to the garment industry through strong collective bargaining and an orderly grievance procedure.

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Sidney Hillman

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Amalgamated Clothing Workers man who co-founded the CIO

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Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO)

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The new union group that organized large numbers of unskilled workers with the help of the Wagner Act and the National Labor Relations Board

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United Auto Workers (UAW)

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This group was officially recognized after the Congress of Industrial Organizations organized a "sit-down strike" of assembly line employees in the General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan, in 1937. When the government refused to intervene between labor and management, the companies reluctantly went to the bargaining table and recognized this group as an official party with which to negotiate contracts. The group did not fare as well at the Ford plant, however, as they were driven away violently before they could strike.

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sit-down strike

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Work stoppage in which workers shut down all machines and refuse to leave a factory until their demands are met.

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social security

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(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

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National Medical Association

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Name the medical organization founded by black doctors in 1947 in response to the discriminatory membership practices of the then all-white American Medical Association.

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Social Security Act

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(FDR) 1935, ACT guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

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Mary McLeod Bethune

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Activist who was the highest-ranking black official in Franklin Roosevelt's administration. She was a strong advocate for the hiring of African Americans to federal New Deal jobs.

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National Council of Negro Women

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Mary McLeod Bethune was the founder and president of this national association

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John Collier

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Head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who introduced the Indian New Deal and pushed congress to pass Indian Reorganization Act

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Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)

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(June 18, 1934), measure enacted by the U.S. Congress, aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self-government and responsibility. In gratitude for the Indians' services to the country in World War I, Congress in 1924 authorized the Meriam Survey of the state of life on the reservations. The shocking conditions under the regimen established by the Dawes General Allotment Act (1887), as detailed in the Meriam report of 1928, spurred demands for reform.

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Woody Guthrie

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American songwriter and folksinger who flourished in the 1930s, writing numerous songs about social injustice and the hardships of the Great Depression years; two of his best-remembered songs are "This Land is Your Land" and "So Long, It's Been Good to Know Yuh."

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Afred (Alf) Landon

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He was an American Republican politician, who served as the 26th Governor of Kansas from 1933 to 1937.

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court-packing plan

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President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

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Charles Evans Hughes

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A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.

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Owen Roberts

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born 1875, appointed from Pennsylvania in 1930 by pres. Hoover, assistant DA in Philadelphia, then special U.S. attorney during the Teapot Dome scandal, unpredictable jurist, initially opposed most New Deal related cases, but later began to rule more in their favor, retired in 1945 and became dean of the university of Pennsylvania Law School

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John Maynard Keynes

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English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)

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Administrative Reorganization Act

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(1939)This act gave the president the ability to "reduce, coordinate, consolidate and reorganize" government agencies, which resembled a dictatorship to critics; FDR lost congressional support

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Farm Security Administration (FSA)

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Lent money to sharecroppers and tenant farmers to help them buy their own farms; established camps for migrant workers

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Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation

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Given funds to purchase surplus farm products. (distributed them through local relief organizations)

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Robert Wagner

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A democratic senator from New York State from 1927-1949, he was responsible for the passage of some of the most important legislation enacted through the New Deal. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 in honor of the senator. He also played a major role in the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 and the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937.

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National Housing Act

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(FDR) 1934 , June 28, 1934- It created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation. It was designed to stop the tide of bank foreclosures on family homes, it instead gave loans

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Fair Labor Standards Act

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June 25, 1938- United States federal law that applies to employees engaged in and producing goods for interstate commerce. The FLSA established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time and a half for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor," a term defined in the statute. The FLSA is administered by the Wage & Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor.

U.S. History Ch.24 – Flashcards

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