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Alger Hiss

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Alger Hiss was an American government official who was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950

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Postdam Conference

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Meeting at Postdam was the 3rd Conference between leaders of the Big 3 nations (Soviet Union, Britian, and U.S.) to negotiate terms for the end of WWII.

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Postdam Declaration

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Defining terms for Japanese Unconditional surrender is a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during WWII. surrender or face prompt and utter destruction.

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Yalta Conference

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1945, at Yalta, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin made important decisions regarding the future progress of the war and the postwar world.

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Truman Doctrine

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1947, President Truman established that the U.S. would provide political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.

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Marshall Plan

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A federal rescue plan developed to allow the U.S. to assist European nations on both sides of the war in rebuilding damaged industry and infrastructure in the wake of WWII. The second goal of the plan was to help prevent the growth of Communist influence in the war-ravaged areas. The U.S. gave $17 billion to European countries beginning in 1948. Named for the Secretary of State George Marshall, who served under President Truman, the Marshall Plan had widespread bipartisan support in the Federal Gov.

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Germany's divide and Berlin Blockade

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Split at Yalta and Postdam into 4; France, UK, and U.S. make up the West and Soviets make up the East, with communism and democracy respectively. Since Berlin is in East Germany, Soviets cut off land access for allies trying to reach their sector of Berlin. Response was Truman's airlift dropping supplies in for the people there.

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Containment Policy

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Containment was a U.S. policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam.

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Double Victory

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This was the idea that in WWII and its aftermath the U.S. needed 2 victories, a victory over the Axis powers and a victory over their own prejudice at home, promoting civil rights in the shock of the holocaust.

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Truman and Japan's Surrender (Atomic Diplomacy)

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Postdam Conference, Truman received news of Manhattan success. Truman Declaration then following A-Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The result was high tension with Soviets and Atomic Diplomacy the threat of nuclear war to achieve goals. Cold War sky rockets forward and nuclear arms race.

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Rollback vs. Containment

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Rollback: Far right plan that U.S. needs to push back against communist area and re-establish democracies. Containment: Moderate plan that wants to limit the spread of communism to new areas.

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McCarthy's Rise and Fall

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U.S. Senator Rose to popularity with the wheeling speech claiming that he had a list of communists in the state department. Criticized Truman for being soft on communism and even being a communist. Eisenhower discredited when he televised McCarthy after he accused the Army. Lost hold on media and was shown as a fraud. Piled into the fear of the Red Scare. Did not actually discover any new communists.

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Army McCarthy Hearings in 1954

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Eisenhower televised court case, McCarthy was shown as a drunk, bully, and a fraud after horrible case against the military. Tactful disinheritance of McCarthy by Eisenhower.

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1957 Little Rock Crisis

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One of the most famous cases involved Little Rock's Central High School where Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus joined local whites in resisting integration by dispatching the Arkansas National Guard to block the 9 black students from entering the school.

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Brown II.

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One year after the Supreme Court overturned the Brown vs. Board of Education they reviewed the initial decision and decided to uphold 9-0.

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Earl Warren and Brown vs. Board

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He was appointed the 14th Chief of Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1953. The landmark case of his tenure was Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), in which the court unanimously determined the segregation of schools to be unconstitutional.

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Eisenhower and Civil Rights

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Eisenhower resisted Warren's decision thinking that it was moving too quickly and forcing integration. He spoke out and allowed the South to delay.

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JFK and Civil Rights

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Kennedy defined the civil rights crisis as moral as well as constitutional and legal. He announced that major civil rights legislation would be submitted to the Congress to guarantee equal access to public facilities, to end segregation in education, and to provide federal protection of the right to vote.

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Rosa Parks Montgomery Alabama Bus Boycott

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Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat and move to the back of the bus and was arrested. This was the cause for many blacks to advocate groups to boycott the bus system. MLK selected leader of the protest. This 1 year protest ended with supreme court ruling bus segregation as unconstitutional.

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Sit-Ins and SNCC

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Students of college level would protest all white restaurants by sitting and refusing to leave until they gained service. Targeted by the KKK and often arrested they were subject to much violence.

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Freedom Rides

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These were protests on buses that led into segregated areas that had refused to accept the integration of the public bus system. Attacked and targeted by the KKK. Firebombed, beaten, and other such activities occurred against them.

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Dr. Martin Luther King

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I have a dream. Non-violent protest. Freedom Rides, Sit-Ins, Montgomery Bus Boycott and others. PhD minister. SCLC March on Washington.

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Mississippi Freedom (Freedom Summer)

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1964 voter registration project, part of a larger effort by civil rights groups such as the Congress on Racial Quality and the Student Violent Coordinating Committee to expand black voting in the South. Large numbers of white students joined. KKK retaliated killing whites as well as blacks.

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Peace Corps

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Developed during the Cold War by Kennedy. It was a volunteer program run by the United States government. The stated mission of the Peace Corps includes providing technical assistance, helping people outside the U.S. to understand American culture, and helping Americans to understand the cultures of other countries.

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Bull Connor and Birmingham, AL

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Eugene "Bull" Connor (1897-1973) was a police chief in Alabama during the anti-segregation protests in downtown Birmingham. In the spring of 1963, MLK Jr. launched a series of non-violent anti-segregation protests in Birmingham, Alabama.

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Bay of Pigs Invasion

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1500 Cuban rebels trained by the U.S. Military were launched into Cuba. Was an unsuccessful invasion, in 1961.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

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After Bay of Pigs Invasion by JFK, Soviets placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. JFK publically demanded they be withdrawn. Without backing down, Soviets made demands. Withdraw missiles from Turkey and recognize Cuba's sovereignty. U.S. blockade around Cuba. Soviets back down instead of running and making WWIII.

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Operation Mongoose

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The policy assessment initiated in May 1961 led in November of that year to a decision to implement a new covert program to undermine and overthrow Castro government in Cuba by Kennedy which failed.

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Cause of War in Vietnam

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The struggle between French colonial forces and native Vietnamese citizens supported by Chinese communists was one of the root causes of the Vietnam War. U.S. forces entered the conflict in support of the French in order to fight communism. When the French left, Americans fought the war alone.

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1963 Test Ban Treaty

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The U.S. and Soviets agreed to no longer explode nuclear weapons above ground. Testing moved underground/in water. The radiation was being found everywhere due to its spreading into the atmosphere and rain.

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Gulf of Tonkin Incident and the Tonkin Gulf Resolution

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The basic story line of the Gulf of Tonkin incident is as follows: on August 2, 1964, USS Maddox detected three North Vietnamese torpedo boats approaching at high speed. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution or the Southeast Asia Resolution, was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident.

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Tet Offensive

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A series of major attacks by communist forces in the Vietnam War. Early in 1968, Vietnamese communist troops seized and briefly held some major cities at the time of the lunar new year, or Tet.

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1964 Civil Rights Act

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Prevents discrimination at the job level

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1965 Voting Rights Act

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It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting.

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War on Poverty Programs

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The War on Poverty is the unofficial name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964. This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent.

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Black Power

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In 1966, in Oakland California, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. The Panthers practiced militant self-defense of minority communities against the U.S. government, and fought to establish revolutionary socialism through mass organizing and community based programs.

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1968 Election and Democratic National Convention

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In 1968, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, tens of thousands of Vietnam War protesters battle police in the streets, while the Democratic Party falls apart over an internal disagreement concerning its stance on Vietnam. Nixon wins election over Humphries.

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SDS and the New Left

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Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left. The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969.

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The New Left

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The New Left was a broad political movement mainly in the 1960s and 1970s consisting of educators, agitators and others who sought to implement a broad range of reforms on issues such as civil rights, gay rights, abortion, gender roles, and drugs,

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1968 Civil Rights Act

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The Civil Rights Act of 1968 also known as the Fair Housing Act, is a landmark part of legislation in the United States that provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, religion, or national origin and made it a federal crime to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone ... by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin

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CIA coups in Iran and Guatemala

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US wanted pro-American stability - hence why they deposed a government in both places. But, neither Guatemalan Colonel Castillo Armas nor his Iranian counterpart, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, provided it. Instead, both led their countries away from democracy and toward repression and tragedy because both coups -- the first that the C.I.A. carried out -- had terrible long-term effects.

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Dente and SALT Treaty

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Lessoning of tensions, lead to SALT treaty, agreement to limit the number of nuclear weapons.

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Vietnamization

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U.S. policy during the Vietnam War of giving South Vietnamese government responsibility for carrying on the war, so as to allow for the withdrawal of American troops.

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The Pentagon Papers and Daniel Ellsberg

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The Pentagon Papers was the name given to a secret Department of Defense study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967, prepared at the request of Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara in 1967. Military strategist Daniel Ellsberg helped strengthen public opposition to the Vietnam War in 1971 by leaking secret documents known as the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times.

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Cambodia invasion/Kent State

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In May 1970, students protesting the bombing of Cambodia by United States military forces, clashed with Ohio National Guardsmen on the Kent State University campus. When the Guardsmen shot and killed four students on May 4, the Kent State Shootings became the focal point of a nation deeply divided by the Vietnam War.

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Stagflation

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Persistent high inflation combined with high unemployment and stagnant demand in a country's economy.

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Causes/consequences of Watergate/Nixon's resignation

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The direct effect of the Watergate was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s, following a break-in at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. in 1972 and President Richard Nixon's administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement. Watergate scandal was the resignation of Richard Nixon as President of the United States. A number of Nixon's aides were sent to federal prison. Congress subsequently passed several laws concerning campaign financing, government ethics and freedom of information.

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Iran Hostage Crisis

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On November 4, 1979, a group of Iranian students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking more than 60 American hostages. The immediate cause of this action was President Jimmy Carter's decision to allow Iran's deposed Shah, a pro-Western autocrat who had been expelled from his country some months before, to come to the United States for cancer treatment.

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Reaganomics

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the economic policies of the former US president Ronald Reagan, associated especially with the reduction of taxes and the promotion of unrestricted free-market activity.

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Mikhail Gorbachev and the end of the Cold War

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The shredding of the Iron Curtain. The end of the Cold War. When Mikhail Gorbachev assumed the reins of power in the Soviet Union in 1985, no one predicted the revolution he would bring. A dedicated reformer, Gorbachev introduced the policies of glasnost and perestroika to the USSR.

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Star Wars/SDI

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On March 23, 1983, in a nationally televised address on national security, President Ronald Reagan proposed the development of the technology to intercept enemy nuclear missiles. The plan, called the Strategic Defense Initiative, or S.D.I., was dubbed "Star Wars" by its critics.

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Iran-Contra Crisis

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Iran-contra affair, in U.S. history, secret arrangement in the 1980s to provide funds to the Nicaraguan contra rebels from profits gained by selling arms to Iran. The Iran-contra affair was the product of two separate initiatives during the administration of President Ronald Reagan.

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Intermediate Range Number Forces (INF) Treaty

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The 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF)Treaty required the United States and the Soviet Union to eliminate and permanently forswear all of their nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500 to 5,500 kilometers.

U.S. HISTORY 1877 TO PRESENT FINAL STUDY GUIDE – Flashcards

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