Trinity College London Theory of Music: Musical Words and Symbols, Grades 1-4
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pianissimo (pp)
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very soft
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piano (p)
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soft
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mezzo piano (mp)
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medium soft
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mezzo forte (mf)
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medium loud
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forte (f)
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loud
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fortissimo (ff)
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very loud
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crescendo (cresc.)
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gradually getting louder
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diminuendo (dim.)
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getting gradually softer
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accent (>)
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play with an accent
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legato
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play smoothly
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slur
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play the marked notes smoothy
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staccato
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play these notes detached, short, and crisp
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Andante
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at a walking pace (tempo)
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Allegro
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fast (tempo)
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Moderato
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at a moderate pace (tempo)
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ritenuto (rit.)
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gradually getting slower
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repeat marks
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repeat the section or repeat from the beginning of the piece
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phrase marks
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long curved lines written above the music that show its natural shape
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tenuto (ten.) (_)
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slightly lengthen and sustain the note
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cantabile
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with a singing tone
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espressivo
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expressively
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grazioso
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gracefully
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molto
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very (m)
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8va
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play the music an octave higher, usually in keyboard music
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8vb
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play the music an octave lower, usually in keyboard music
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Adagio
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slow (tempo)
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Allegretto
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quite fast but slower than Allegro (tempo)
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Vivace
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fast and lively (tempo)
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marcato (marc.) (^)
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marked, accented
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semi-staccato
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half-staccato, halfway between legato and staccato
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dolce
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sweetly
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leggiero
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lightly
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marziale
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march-like
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tranquillo
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calmly
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vivo
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lively
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al, alla
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like
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a tempo
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in time or at the speed that the piece started
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con
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with
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da capo al Fine
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go back to the beginning and play until it says Fine
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e, ed
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and
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ma
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but
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meno
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less
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mosso, moto
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movement
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non
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not
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poco
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little
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più
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more
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fortepiano (fp)
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play loudly, then immediately let the sound die away
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sforzando (sf or sfz)
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play the music with a heavy accent
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animato
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play in an animated way
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brio
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brilliantly
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giocoso
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playfully
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largo
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slow and broad
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maestoso
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majestically
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pesante
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heavily
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accelerando
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speed up
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assai
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very (a)
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ben
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well
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con moto
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with movement (e.g. quite fast)
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l'istesso
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the same
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primo
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the first
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sempre
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always
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senza
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without
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simile (sim.)
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play in a similar way
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subito
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suddenly
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troppo
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too much
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ma non troppo
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but not too much
