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Biomedical Therapy

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Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

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Counter Conditioning

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A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based in classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning

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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

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An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to stimulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speakering

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Meta-Analysis

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A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

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Tardive Dyskeninsia

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Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; A possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors

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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

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The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

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Psychosurgey

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Surgery that removes or destorys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

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Extinction

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used in Systematic Desensitization; when the undesired behavior stops

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Family Therapy

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therapy that treats the family as a system; views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relations and improved communication; seeks to change all family behaviors to benefit the entire unit

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Flooding

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behavioral technique; counterconditioning; an aggressive method of desensitization; exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli is great; short-term technique; example: someone who is afraid of spiders must immediately handle a tarantula, makes me think of the show "Fear Factor"

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Free Association

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Freudian technique; used in psychoanalysis; "stream of consciousness"; client talks about whatever topic comes to mind without editing, controlling, or inhibiting thoughts and fantasies; therapist acts as a "blank slate"

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Gestalt Therapy

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outgrowth of Fritz Perls work; insight therapy; emphasizes the wholeness of personality and attempts to reawaken people to their emotions and sensations; works in the here-and-now; encourages face-to-face confrontations (e.g. "How is that working for you?"); therapist is active and directive; focuses on the whole person/client; uses empty chair technique

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Group Therapy

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psychotherapy where multiple people meet regularly to interact and help one another to achieve insight into their feelings and behavior; allows the therapist to see how the client interacts with others, offers a social support, and shows the client that s/he is not the only person with that problem; can be less expensive; includes family, couples, and self-help groups.

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Insight

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awareness of previously unconscious feelings and memories and how the this awareness influences present feelings and behaviors; working through childhood conflicts

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Insight Therapy

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psychotherapy designed to help an individual come to a better awareness and understanding of his/her feelings, motivations and actions; includes psychoanalysis, Gestalt, client-centered therapy.

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Interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight

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Lithium

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biological treatment; a chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders; naturally occurring salt; effective in 75% of bipolar cases; needs to be monitored closely for correct dosage treatment; do not know how lithium works exactly

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Modeling

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behavioral technique; process of learning a behavior by watching someone perform the behavior; helps relieve anxiety to watch someone else before the client tries (friend touches snake and lives, so can you...); very effective when combined with positive reinforcement (especially in helping people with schizophrenia); don't forget the sociocultural implications

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Primary Prevention

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techniques and programs designed to improve social environment so that new cases do not develop; includes family planning, genetic counseling, sex education, effects of drugs, etc.; key word here is prevention (education)

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Psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique; designed to bring repressed feelings and thoughts to conscious awareness so the person can deal with these issues more effectively; uses free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences--and the therapist's interpretations of them--released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

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Psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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Psychostimulants

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biological treatment; heightens alertness and arousal; commonly used to treat AD/HD case because they increase the electrical activity of the frontal lobe and therefore cause a calming effect rather than stimulating; includes Ritalin

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Psychosurgery

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biological treatment; brain surgery to change a person's behavior; includes a prefrontal lobotomy; rarely used today

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Psychotherapy

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the use of psychological techniques to treat disorder; can take many forms (group, individual, family, couples, etc)

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Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)

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cognitive therapy founded by Albert Ellis; directive therapy; based on the idea that psychological distress is caused by irrational and self-defeating beliefs; therapy is designed to challenge the dysfunctional thoughts ("stinking thinking") and reinterpret the thoughts in a more positive light; therapy is challenging and confrontational; aims to lead person to more realistic and flexible ways of thinking

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Resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

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Revolving Door

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term to describe the constant entering and leaving of mental health facilities; often caused by deinstitutionalization and health insurance

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Secondary Prevention

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programs to identify groups (e.g. abused children, rape victims) that are at high risk of disorders and to detect maladaptive behavior before the behavior disrupts life; includes crisis intervention, suicide hot lines

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Self-Talk

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cognitive technique; suppression of negative, anxiety-provoking throughts and replaced with positive, "coping" statements

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Short-Term Psychodynamic Therapy

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psychodynamic therapies that are limited in the number of sessions, for example 25 sessions; sessions are weekly for a fixed period of time unlike most psychodynamic therapies which meet 3x/week for years

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Stress-Inoculation Therapy

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cognitive technique; designed to train people to deal with stressful situations by using a pattern of self-talk; replace bad statements with positive statements when in stressful situations

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Tertiary Prevention

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programs to help individuals adjust to community life after institutionalization; includes day or weekend passes from hospital, day programs (spend night at home but return to hospital each day), halfway houses, or supportive therapy

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Token Economy

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behavioral technique; an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior; a patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats; often seen in elementary schools and reading programs to promote desirable behaviors, weekend passes, etc.

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Transference

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in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships; Freud thinks the client is carrying over feelings from childhood authority figures and putting them onto the therapist; can be positive or negative

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Insight Therapies

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a type of psychotherapy in which the therapist helps their patient understand how their feelings, beliefs, actions, and events from the past are influencing their current mindset.

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Behavioral Therapies

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A type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing or reducing the occurrence of some maladaptive behavior

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Bio-medical Therapies

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Use a prescribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on the patient's nervous system

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Eclectic Approach

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The type treatment used will depend on the client's problems

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Psychoanalytic Therapy

answer

Assumption: Problems stem from unconscious conflicts that usually date back to childhood experiences Aim: help patients gain insight into unconscious conflicts Evaluation: old, outdated, and lacks empirical evidence People: Freud

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Dream Analysis

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Patient describes the "manifest content" of the dream Therapist uncovers the "latent content" of the dream

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Psychodynamic Therapy

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Similarity to Psychoanalysis because they try to enhance self-insight by focusing on "unconscious forces" that and childhood experiences Differs from Psychoanalysis because they talk face to face and don't meet as much

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Humanistic Therapies

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Assumption: Problems stem from obstacles that block personal growth and potential Aim: Focus on the present time (here and now) Evaluation: Unstructured, vague and subjective leaving it with little empirical proof People: Rogers

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Client Centered Therapy

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Refer to people as "clients" and not patients Non-directive Approach where therapist listens without judgment and refrains from directing the client

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Unconditional Positive Regard

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Important element of client centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers Blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what ether person says or does.

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Active Listening

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involves echoing, restating and seeking clarification of what the client says and does, and acknowledging feelings

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Empathy

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recognizing the clients feelings and reflecting it back to the client

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Behavioral Therapies (aka Behavior Modification)

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Assumption: Problems stem from destructive behaviors Aim: Use learning principles to replace problem behaviors with constructive behaviors Evaluation: Effective but minimizes emotions People: Wolpe, Cover-Jones

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Counterconditioning

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Using classical conditioning principles to create a new conditioned stimulus Includes exposure and aversive therapies

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Bell and Pad Treatment

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A behavior therapy technique used to treat nighttime bedwetting by conditioning arousal from sleep in response to bodily signals of a full bladder

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Aversive Conditioning

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use of something unpleasant, or a punishment, to stop an unwanted behavior

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Cognitive Therapies

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Assumption:Faulty thoughts, such as negative self-talk and irrational beliefs, cause psychological problems Aims: change the faulty thoughts and replace with better ones Evaluation: Effective but minimizes emotions People: Ellis & Beck

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Rational Emotive therapy (RET) or Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)

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Albert Ellis's cognitive therapy to eliminate emotional problems through the rational examination of irrational beliefs.

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Negative Cognitive Bias

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Aaron Beck found depressed people consistently distort their experiences in a negative cognitive way

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Cognitive Behavioral Therpay

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a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy

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Placebo Effect

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Defined: you believe it works due to the power of the mind Clients' and therapists' believe the treatment will work and therefore it does

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Regression towards the mean

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Defined: the tendency for unusual events (including emotions) to return to their average state Example: When things hit bottom, going to a therapist is more likely to be followed by improvement than by further descent.

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Meta Analysis

answer

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

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Effective Therapies

answer

No one therapy has been shown to be best in all cases but some therapies are better suited for particular disorders Most _________ __________ are when the problem is clear cut

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Evidence Based Practice

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involves clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences. In short, available therapies are rigorously evaluated and then applied by clinicians who are mindful of their skills and of each patient's unique situation.

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Shared Elements of Therapy

answer

Hope, New perspective, and an empathetic, caring relationship

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EMDR

answer

therapist waves a finger inferno of the eyes of the client to unlock and reprocess previously frozen traumatic memories

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Light Exposure Therapy

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a client is exposed to daily doses of light that mimics outdoor light used to fight against seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

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Neuroleptics

answer

prescription drugs used to reduce symptoms

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Tardive Dyskinesia

answer

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

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Anti-Anxiety Drugs

answer

How it works: treats anxiety by increasing the level of GABA and therefore depress the activity in the central nervous system Popular Drugs: Xanax, and Valium Negative Side Effects: addictive and only reduces symptoms in the short term

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Typical Anti-Psychotic Drugs

answer

How it works: treat schizophrenic hallucinations and paranoia by reducing dopamine activity Popular Drugs: Thorazine Negative Side Effects: tardive dyskinesia

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Atypical Anti-Psychotic Drugs

answer

How it works: treat all schizophrenic symptoms by blocking dopamine & serotonin Popular Drugs: Abilify Negative Side Effects: less harmful than typical ones

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Mood Stabilizing Drugs

answer

How it works: used to treat bipolar disorder by stabilizing Glutamate levels in order to stabilize current and future moods Popular Drugs: Lithium & Depakote Negative Side Effects: small difference between appropriate and toxic dosage level

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SSRI

answer

How it works: Treats depression by preventing the reuptake of serotonin Popular Drugs: Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil Advantages: milder side effects making it the most popular anti-depressant

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Lobotomy

answer

A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

answer

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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repetitive Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

answer

performed on wide-awake patients where magnetic energy penetrates only to the brain's surface does not have the side effects of ECT

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BioPsychoSocial Approach to Treating Disorders

answer

Using aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, anti-rumination, and nutritional supplements to fight and prevent psychological problems

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Preventing Mental Health Issues

answer

1. Build Resilience: an ability to cope with stress and recover from adversity. 2. Build a loving, nuturing environment

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psychoanalysis

answer

cause of behavior: unconscious internal conflict, possibly stemming from early childhood trauma

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behavioral

answer

cause of behavior: learned maladaptive behavior through faulty contingencies of reinforcement

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humanistic

answer

cause of behavior: poor self-concept as a result of conditions of worth

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cognitive

answer

key terms: rational emotive therapy cognitive behavior therapy cognitive triad

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biological

answer

key terms: antianxiety drugs antidepressants antipsychotics ECT psychosurgery corpus callous transection prefrontal lobotomy

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lobotomy

answer

(aka leucotomy) a neurosurgical operation that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal lobe

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client perceptions

answer

a way to assess if therapy is working; you see therapist--> they ask how you are-->you tell them

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clinician perceptions

answer

a way to assess if therapy is working; each therapist=good but longterm not helping and patient is getting more frustrated

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treatment outcome research

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a way to assess if therapy is working; systematically measuring which therapies work best for which problem (ex: randomized clinical trial-RCT)

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meta analysis

answer

a way to assess if therapy is working through treatment outcome research; gathers data of RCT and measures effectiveness(if treatment works and how well) and efficacy(if works better than others/comparing)

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biomedical therapies

answer

aim to physiologically change the brain's electrochemical state with psychotropic drugs, magnetic impulses, or electrical currents and surgery

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pharmacotherapy

answer

treatment of just taking drugs//4 types: antipsychotics, anxiolytics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers

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antipsychotics

answer

type of pharmacotherapy; treat schizophrenia and other severe thought disorders; alter dopamine by blocking receptors with clozaril

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anxiolytics

answer

type of pharmacotherapy; anti anxiety; depresses activity in CNS--> mellow nerves (easy to get addicted)

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antidepressants

answer

type of pharmacotherapy; treat depression and some anxiety disorders by altering availability of serotonin and norepinephrine which helps with mood and anxiety; most effective (combined with psychotherapy)

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mood stabilizers

answer

type of pharmacotherapy; smooths out highs and lows of bipolar disorder (ex. Lithium)

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

answer

sends brief electrical current through brain which excites the neurons, causing them to fire rapidly until the patient has a seizure which relieves the patient of negative symptoms

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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulus (rTMS)

answer

painless application of repeated electromagnetic pulses

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Trepanning

answer

The act of drilling a hole in one's head to treat disorders/possessions

question

Psychoanalytic, Humanistic, and Cognitive Therapies

answer

Are all psychological perspectives that used insight therapy

question

Psychoanalytical Therapy

answer

The patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, transferences, and the therapist's interpretations of them-released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

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Manifest Content

answer

The actual content (narration) of one's dream

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Latent Content

answer

The underlying meaning of a dream

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Symptom Substitution

answer

Where the therapist may rid the patient of a symptom only to have another take its place without curing the problem.

question

Humanist Therapy

answer

Emphasizes personal growth, resilience, the achievement of human potential, and the clients ability to change rather than being destined to repeat past conflicts

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Client-Centered Therapy

answer

A humanistic therapy based on Carl Roger's beliefs where the therapist creates a comfortable, non-judgmental environment by demonstrating empathy and unconditional positive regard (Non-Directive Therapy)

question

Congruence

answer

A genuine and authentic reflection where the therapist serves as the psychological mirror

question

Cognitive Therapy

answer

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that negative thoughts cause psychological problems

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Aaron Beck's Cognitive Triad

answer

The more negative thoughts you think of, the more depressed you will be

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Albert Ellis

answer

Developed the Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions

question

Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) Model

answer

1. Adversity: Identify activating events 2. Belief: Identify belief systems 3. Consequence: Examine emotional consequences 4. Dispute: Dispute erroneous beliefs

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Behavioral Therapy

answer

Based on classical and operant conditioning as well as observational learning; focuses on the problem behavior itself, not on insights into the behavior's underlying causes

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Mary Cover Jones Counterconditioning

answer

Behavioral therapist, who associated something (treat, music, praise, etc.) positive with the feared object or situation.

question

Joseph Wolpe's Systematic Desensitization

answer

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

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In-Vivo Desensitization

answer

The actual presence of the object or situation

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Covert Desensitization

answer

Imagined presence of object or situation

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Aversion Therapy

answer

The therapist deliberately pairs an aversive or unpleasant stimulus with a maladaptive behavior

question

Group, Family, Self-help and Marital Therapies

answer

Other therapies (mostly using cognitive techniques) include...

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Biomedical Therapies (Somatic Treatments)

answer

The use of drugs and electroconvulsive therapy to treat psychological disorders

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Antipsychotic Drugs

answer

(Ex. Thorazine) work to decrease dopamine synapses in the brain to eliminate hallucinations, delusions and other symptoms of schizophrenia. Long-term use can produce dyskinesia

question

Dyskinesia

answer

A condition with involuntary muscle movements

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Antianxiety Drugs

answer

(Ex. Xanax or Valium) are barbiturates that depress activity in the CNS to help a person relax

question

Mood-Stabilizing Drugs

answer

(Ex. Lithium) are used to treat bipolar disorder

question

Active listening

answer

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies; a feature of Roger's client-centered therapy

question

Behavior Contracting

answer

behavioral technique; therapist and client both agree on goals and reinforcement when goals are reached; written contract; reinforces new behaviors and ignores/punishes undesirable behaviors; often used with adolescents and children

question

Behavior Therapy

answer

Approach that is based on the belief that all behavior (normal and abnormal) is learned; therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors and to teach new, appropriate ways of behaving; includes systematic desensitization, flooding, modeling extinction, token economy, and behavior contracting; is often combined with Cognitive therapies and is known as CBT

question

Biological Treatments

answer

treatment that focuses on organic or biological aspects; includes medication, ECT, psychosurgery; best used in conjunction with other forms of therapy because when the biological treatment ceases, typically the symptoms return

question

Client-Centered Therapy (Person-Centered)

answer

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers; therapist uses non-directive techniques such as active listening with a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth; uses bits and pieces of neo-Freudian views; calls for unconditional positive regard; goal is to help client become a fully-functioning person

question

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

answer

cognitive technique; designed by Aaron Beck; designed to identify and change inappropriate negative and self-critical patterns of thought; primarily used to treat depression and anxiety; therapy is not as challenging and confrontational as REBT; aims to lead person to more realistic and flexible ways of thinking

question

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

answer

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

question

Couples Therapy

answer

therapy that is designed to treat partners who are having difficulties in their relationship; often concentrates in improving communication and expectations between the partners or misinterpretation

question

Deinstitutionalization

answer

policy of treating individuals with severe disorders in the larger community or in a small residential center (halfway house) rather than large wards in a public hospital; Problems include poorly funded community centers or no centers, poor preparation due to understaffing and lack of funding, social stigma

question

Eclecticism

answer

movement is psychotherapy that recognizes the value of a broad treatment package that best suits the client and the client's reason for seeking therapy rather than sticking to one type of approach; Example: if you are a psychoanalyst and your client comes to you for a phobia, an eclectic psychoanalyst would utilize desensitization rather than focus on childhood events

question

Exposure Therapies

answer

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

question

Antidepressant Drugs

answer

biological treatment; typically used for depression but is often used for anxiety, OCD, GAD, panic disorder, social phobias, PTSD, and sometimes ADHD; 3 categories: tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, and SSRIs; SSRIs are more popular (Prozac, Zoloft, Effexor, Paxil) because they tend to have less side effects , SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin in the nervous system; MAOIs and trycyclics both concentrate on serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain but have a number of side effects and limitations (food reactions), MAOIs and trycyclics are now used in serious cases and not so much after the invention of Prozac

question

Systematic Desensitization

answer

behavioral technique; a type of counterconditioning; designed to reduce a person's fear and anxiety by gradually associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias, OCD; includes developing a hierarchy of fears

question

Biomedical

answer

Use a prescribed medication or procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

question

Eclectic

answer

variety of methods

question

Psychoanalytic

answer

Assumption: Problems stem from unconscious conflicts that usually date back to childhood experiences Aim: help patients gain insight into unconscious conflicts Evaluation: old, outdated, and lacks empirical evidence People: Freud

question

Humanism

answer

Assumption: Problems stem from obstacles that block personal growth and potential Aim: Focus on the present time (here and now) Evaluation: Unstructured, vague and subjective leaving it with little empirical proof People: Rogers

question

Behavioral

answer

Assumption: Problems stem from destructive actions Aim: Use learning principles to replace problem behaviors with constructive behaviors Evaluation: Effective but minimizes emotions People: Wolpe, Cover-Jones

question

Cognitive

answer

Assumption:Faulty thoughts, such as negative self-talk and irrational beliefs, cause psychological problems Aims: change the faulty thoughts and replace with better ones Evaluation: Effective but minimizes emotions People: Ellis & Beck

question

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)

answer

Albert Ellis's cognitive therapy to eliminate emotional problems through the rational examination of irrational beliefs.

question

Cognitive Behavioral

answer

attack thoughts and actions

question

Light Exposure

answer

used to fight against seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

question

pharmacology

answer

Assumption: biological causes exists for the disorders or behaviors Aims: provide the right medication Evaluation: helpful but medicine cannot solve all problems

question

Benzodiazepines

answer

How it works: treats anxiety by increasing the level of GABA and therefore depress the activity in the central nervous system Popular Drugs: Xanax, and Valium Negative Side Effects: addictive and only reduces symptoms in the short term

question

AntiPsychotic Drugs

answer

How it works: treat schizophrenic hallucinations and paranoia by reducing dopamine activity Popular Drugs: Thorazine Negative Side Effects: tardive dyskinesia

question

lithium

answer

How it works: used to treat bipolar disorder by stabilizing Glutamate and/or norepinephrine Negative Side Effects: small difference between appropriate and toxic dosage level

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