Transition to Adulthood
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Transition into Adulthood
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16-24 years
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Transition into Adulthood varies by:
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-culture -class -environment -driving, alcohol, marriage, vote, military
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Adulthood-not established by _____
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age of consent
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Adulthood-typically a time of dramatic changes
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-Education -Self supporting -Marriage -Children
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Grown body
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-Fewer colds and illnesses -Lack of chronic health illnesses, but MENTAL HEALTH issues do start here -They are in their best health, but they make the worst decisions (drinking) -Immortal-Sense of Immortality -The peak and then decline at 24 (health)-They are at their peak of physical performance and health and then at 24 it declines
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What makes an adult
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-16 year old mother vs. 23 year old college student: Which is an adult? -Moving out this (this doesn't mean a dorm-because they have rules) -Exploring possibilities (reasonable), developing an adult identity -What you want to be when you grow up -Forming a dream-what lifestyle do you want to live -Forming a mentor relationship of at least 2-3 years -Choosing an occupation, finding love (not lust)
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What type of health issues do occur during the transition into adulthood?
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Mental Health Issues do start here, but Chronic Health illnesses do not start during this period
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Lifestyle Changes in Young Adulthood
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-Experimental -Risky behavior -sex -Gonorrhea and Aids, continue to increase despite prevention -Drug and alcohol abuse -Coping mechanism -Moderate vs. none or too much -Ability to bounce back from considerable stress and exertion(can possibly push their bodies too far) -Sleep -All nighters -Physical stress -Stress-drama
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What are some examples of stress related disorders?
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-Patients who will pull their hair out -Eating inappropriate things
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Risk factors result in:
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-Spinal cord injuries-56% between 19-30 -TBI-Ages 15-24 years old -Spinal cord injuries and TBI's usually occurs with male -Sports, car accidents, falls, violence -Increases in difficulty due to changes in time
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Stress and Transition into adulthood
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-First opportunity to deal with stress -Stress related disorders -Peak time for psychosis -Good coping skills -Importance of stress management -An ADL -Healthy vs. Unhealthy
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Good coping skills examples:
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-Positive attitude -Knowledge -Expression of feelings in healthy manner -Develop a plan-when dealing with a new situation look for potential losses and gains -Take care of health -Support network -Limit activity and say no-don't take on too much -Relax
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Cultural vs. Individual Differences and stress
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-Culture-ethnic Beyond that: -Economic -Education -Income- Lower income individuals with mental illness may not have the means to get adequate treatment, whereas higher income individuals with mental illness will be able to get proper medication and treatment -Parental education What about genetics? Is it a genetic with relation to how we deal with stress
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ADLs and adulthood
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-Independent with ADL's or do they have \"helicopter moms\" -IADLs-House, yard, childcare, budget -Impact on disabled adults
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Psychosocial vs. Emotional development
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-Intimacy vs. isolation-According to Erikson Other changes: -Decisiveness and assertiveness -Persistance and understanding of \"what it takes\" More in control: -Feel less victimized when something bad happens -Less inclined to seek revenge -Emotional control
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Psychosocial vs. Emotional Development: How do they feel more in control?
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-Feel less victimized when something bad happens -Less inclined to seek revenge -Emotional control
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Intimacy vs. Isolation according to Erikson
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Clearly, when one thinks of the prerequisites to managing independent living, a career, and long-term INTIMACY, the ability to trust, to be autonomous, to have initiative and industry, and to have established personal identity in regard to sex roles, occupation, politics, and religion must be in place. *According to Erikson, persons failing to achieve intimacy in young adulthood experience ISOLATION, or the inability to have genuine physical exchanges with others who could offer empathy, understanding, support, encouragement, and insight.
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Ability to bounce back from considerable stress and exertion(can possibly push their bodies too far)
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-Sleep -All nighters -Physical stress -Stress-drama
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What are 5 developmental tasks of the transition to adulthood process:
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1. Moving out of the adolescent world while questioning it and one's place in it- a process involving seperations, endings, and transformations 2. Exploring possibilities in the adult world, testing living choices, and consolidating an initial adult identity. 3. Forming a dream with a place in the life structure. 4. Forming a mentor relationship lasting an average of 2-3 years 5. Choosing an occupation and forming love relationships leading to marriage and family
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When do individuals reach peak maturity?
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At their early 20s, with functional decline of varying magnitude beginning in subsequent decades
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Risk factors such as alocohol consumption, marijuana, amphetamines, barbiturates, and hallucinogens are high in adolescence and in young adulthood in comparison to other developmental periods in the life cycle. *What do these risk factors lead to?
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-Traumatic Brain injuries and Spinal cord injuries: highest percentage of TBI's and spinal cord injuries during this late adolescence and young adulthood
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Fifty-six percent of traumatic spinal cord injuries occurs in persons between what ages, and what is the most common age?
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16-30 years of age, with the most common age being 19 years
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What are the most common causes of TBI's
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1. Car Accidents 2. Violence 3. Sports and falls
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Methods of Stress management can either be healthy or unhealthy, what is an example of an unhealthy method of stress management?
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Drugs and alochol, video games
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Methods of stress management can either be healthy or unhealthy, what is an example of a healthy method of stress management?
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Running; but running can also be unhealthy if its excessive
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When do people report the most stress?
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During periods of transition
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What ages are at the highest risk for TBI
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15-24 years of age
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Cognitive theorist, Piaget talked about what stage that occurred during adolescence?
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Highest level of cognitive thinking: Formal operational-abstract thought
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What did other cognitive theorists believe occurred during adolescence and what must the adolescent do to successfully function and transition into adulthood?
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MRI-brain changes into adulthood-different areas of the brain mature at different rates -Specifically increased myelination of the frontal lobe(decision making) Adolescent to adulthood, there is a shift: -Black and white(right or wrong) to contextual -Adaptive cognition-more than one answer -Maturing of emotional processes-Is this why some people never grow up -Better coping skills -Better problem solving skills -Less impulsive -More self aware
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Adaptive cognition
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*More than one answer The ability to think in a manner less constrained by the need to find a single answer has been termed adaptive cognition. -A transition from dualistic thinking to more relativistic thought characterized by the ability to \"give up\" the possibility of a single truth in favor of multiple truths-each relative in the context it occurs. (Black and white>contextual)
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Is it OK to steal food if you are starving, perception at different life stages?
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5 years old: No! Stealing is wrong Middle childhood: Yes, no one should starve Adolescence: Yes as long as the store has plenty 20 year old (Transitioning into adulthood): NO, the person should look for help, it's not right to take from the store owner, the salvation army is right next door, or the owner might give food if asked
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When do people traditionally leave home?
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Around 18
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Reasons for leaving home?
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1. Education 2. Job 3. Marriage/cohabitation 4. Cultural impact
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What is the impact of an individual who decides to leave home early as opposed to reasons related to education, career, or relationship commitment?
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They are often unprepared for financial independence and are forced into decisions emphasizing survival over the pursuit of personal goals -Psychological problems, stress
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What is the impact on an individual who doesn't leave the home until later?
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Negative impact-poor stress management -Bounce back kids- leave the nest and then come back
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Occupational/Vocational decisions-much debate about how to do this:
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-\"you should love what you do\" -\"I work so I can live, I don't live so I can work\" -\"I love going to work, I will never retire\"
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What three theorists had theories on Occupational choice?
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1. Ginzberg 2. Holland 3. Super
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What was Ginzberg's specific theory on Occupational choice?
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Developmental theory
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What was Holland's specific theory on Occupational choice?
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Personality Type Theory
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What was Super's specific theory on Occupational choice?
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Self-concept theory
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What were Ginzberg's different stages of his Developmental theory?
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1. Fantasy period (10-12)- 2. Tentative (13-14) 3. Realistic career expoloration (late adolescence) 4. Experimental period (young adulthood) 5. Crystallization of Vocational choice
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Ginzberg's fantasy period
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*10-12 years of age A person is likely to express a desire to one day become a teacher, doctor, athlete or superhero. -It typically lasts until approximately 11 or 12, at which time more realistic thinking about one's eventual career begins
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Ginzberg's Tentative theory
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*13 and 14 years old progresses to late adolescence -Tentative consideration of one's personal skills, capacitities, and values. -The seemingly endless opportunities that characterized the fantasy period begin to meet the realities of what career one might be suited for. -Tend to be interested in a lot of different things
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Ginzberg's Realistic Career exploration
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-during late adolescence -Begin to have information for what it takes for that career(not great info) -Self-awareness-a student with a 1.0 GPA isn't going to want to go to med school
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Ginzberg's Experimental period
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-young adult -selection of a career category as options consistent with one's personality are investigated
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Ginzberg's Crystallization of Vocational choice
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A single occupation is selected from within a career category, such as choosing to be a nurse following a period of considering a career in health care. -planning and understanding what your vocation is
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What if Ginzberg's Experimental period doesn't happen?
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Vocational unhappiness
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With Holland's personality type theory the closer the match between their personality type and the vocation the more likely they will be ____
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satisfied
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What doesn't Holland's Personality type theory not consider
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-Multiple areas-doesn't look at people that fall within multiple areas, many occupations require combination of skills and traits -Dynamics of place-environment can impact how you like an area, b/w individuals and their environment at work -Social influences -cultural influences
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What are Holland's different personality types?
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1. Investigative 2. Enterprising 3. Artistic 4. Conventional 5. Social 6. Realistic
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Super's Self Concept theory: occupaitonal choice
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-As one moves through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, vocational decision making becomes clearer and more realistic. -emphasis on the construct of self-concept, meaning ideas about oneself that begin during childhood.
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What are the steps of Super's Self concept theory ?
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1. Crystallization stage-early adolescence (14-18)-only general ideas regarding a career are formulated. 2. Specification age-(18-21) a more focused development of career ideas and career tracks occurs as the individual moves from early into late adolescence and young adulthood. 3. Implementation-(21-24) young adults begin to explore career possibilities through entry-level jobs and/or professional job training. 4.Stabilization (24-35)-working in desired field 5. Consolidation (35-55)-content and productive 6. Retirement Road age(55)-tendency to step back, work becomes less important
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Intimacy and Marriage-looking for the right person
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-Often long process -Dating, courtship, engagement
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What makes a relationship succesful?
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If you know, you are set to be wealthy -Look at your parents income, education, etc.
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What if the realationship is not heterosexual?
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DSM- 4 in earlier years classfied \"gender identity disorder\" as homosexual and now its that they don't know what gender they are
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We don't know what makes a marriage successful, but what things make a marriage unsuccessful?
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1. Feeling powerless ( controlling partner) 2. Passive aggressive behavior 3. Neuroticism 4. Suspicion 5. Chemical abuse 6. Depression (psychiatric disorders) 7. Aggression
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What do these behaviors of an unsuccessfor marriage connect to?
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Some people never grow up
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Reasons for deciding not to get married?
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-Past experience -Personal experience -Not \"settling\" -Legal
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Parenthood and the decision to have children
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-Is on the decrease in the United States
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Common myths about parenting
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1. The birth of a child will save a failing marriage. 2. Children will take care of parents in old age 3. Parent can expect respect and obedience from their children. 4. Having a child gives the parents another chance/\"second chance\" to achieve what they should have achieved in life. 5. Mothers are naturally better parents than fathers 6. Parenting is instinctual and requires no training
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Advantages of Parenting
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1. Experiencing the stimulation and funt htat children add to life 2. Giving and receiving warmth and affection 3. Being accepted as a responsible and mature member of the community. 4. Having someone to carry on after one's own death 5. Experiencing new growth and learning opportunities that add meaning to life 6. Gaining a sense of accomplishment and creativity from helping children grow 7. Having offspring who help the parents work or add their own income to the family's resources
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Disadvantages of Parenting
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1. Loss of freedom 2. Financial strain 3. Worries over children's health, safety well-being 4. Risks of bringing children into a world plagued by crime, war, and pollution 5. Fear that the children will turn out badly, through no fault of one's own
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Read Speaking of on page 280
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-Kenny: Autism and development delay -IQ-profoundly mentally impaired, because there was no way to test a child who was non-verbal. -Walks with a walker and communicates with gestures and one or two words and phrases -He started to talk more in the first few months of working as a volunteer worker at the local Center for Excellence in Disabilities than he had for years in special education *Try to look beyond the labels of him having autism and a developmental delay and look at the person; he has a job, loves to spend time with you women, is an uncle, etc. -Young OT's: Look for the person behind the label and to offere support with the community transitions so that more people like Kenny can find a productive niche when they have finished school. Labels are not the person.
