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What does Renaissance Mean?

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Rebirth It is the revival of Greek and Roman Culture

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Reasons why the Renaissance originated in Italy?

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1. Italy was controlled by rich city-states 2. Wealthy merchants and bankers could afford luxuries and art 3. Patrons of the art offered financial support to artists 4. Italy was engages int made across Mediterranean, which allowed Italians to become aware of the rest of the world 5. Italians were surrounded by remains of classical Rome, which helped stimulate interest in the past 6. Contact with the Byzantine Empire

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Emanual Kant

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"Dare to think" Coined term enlightenment

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humanism

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A Renaissance philosophy emphasizing the worth of the individual and dignity and Balancing religious faith with secular learning. Studied classical art and literature for insights on human life NOT spiritual matters

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Secular

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Non-religious worldly

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Vernacular

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The native language of a people, region, or country

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Perspective

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Renaissance mastered this technique, painting or drawing technique that gives the appearance of depth on a flat surface

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Dante

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Wrote about the afterlife in Latin and Italian vernacular Poet

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Raphael

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Painter Balance and composition Humanist "School of Athens"

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Petrarch

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Lyrical poetry Humanist

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Erasmus

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Dutch writer Greatest Christian humanist Criticized corruption and abuses of Catholic Church

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da Vinci

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Painter, sculptor, architect, and engineer Mona Lisa Skilled at many different things "Renaissance man" Italian Used perspective Human anatomy because helps you more accurately depict realistic paintings Flying machine and bridges Things he thought we later developed like submarine and flying machine

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Shakespeare

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Plays with themes of classical lit and humanism Interest in the ways of the world and vernacular "Northern Renaissance" Wall of love in Verona, Timeless topic, ppl quote him, mark on language

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How did the ideas of the Renaissance transform Europe?

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1. Humanist suggested individuals could understand world for themselves and question Church 2. Individuals were free to make own moral and ethical choices These undermined church authority 3. Quest for more meaningful faith led to major transformation of Christianity 4. Reforms challenged church, spread arts, ideals, and new ways of thinking and humanism cause big social tranformation

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Protestant Reformation

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A protest against church abuses and a reform moment throughout the Christian Church in the 1500s

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Indulgences

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Official church pardon that relieved Catholics from punishment for sins

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Heresy

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Holding religious beliefs that contradict the teachings of the church

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Excommunication

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Expulsion form a church or religious community

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Protestants

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Christian who separated from the Catholic Church during the Reformation; today, any member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation

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Denomination

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A religious group or movement within a larger sharing a common interpretation of that religion

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Problems Luther proposed and solution

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1. Popes lived luxury, while priests in poverty 2. Clergy often had wives despite celibacy vow 3. Sold church positions 4. Local priests were poorly educated, illiterate 5. Church sold pardons He wrote a letter to the church as a solution

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Martin Luther (reformation)

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Catholic monk in Germany Wrote letter to archbishop of Mainz to criticize church corruption and call for reforms. He started Renaissance reforms 95 thesis lead to reform Excommunicated at Edict of Worms

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John Calvin (reformation)

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1. Founded strict denomination 2. Emphasized values of thrift, hard work, and rejection of worldly pleasure, members who did not uphold these values were excommunicated. 3. Felt people were chosen by Gd for salvation 4. Impacted religions in British North America

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Pope Leo X (reformation)

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1. Demanded that Luther retract his teachings in a papal bull 2. Excommunicated Luther

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Henry VIII

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1. Formed Church of England 2. Broke with Catholic church 3. Protestant religion

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During the counter reformation, what steps id the Catholics Church take to reform and renew itself?

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Called counter-reformation 1. Began meetings known as Council of Trent, which defined Catholic doctoring and called for reforms like ending sale of indulgences and improving education for priests 2. Catholic church attendance was mandatory 3. Banned certain books Helped order and unity 4. Missionary activity to increase membership 5. Personal style of worship 6. New religious order called "Jesuits to win Catholic concerts in Europe an overseas. New lavish churches in contrast to Protestant

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Renaissance Man

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Someone who is skilled in a lot of different areas

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Causes of Protestant Reformation

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1. Renaissance emphasis on secular and individual challenged church authority 2. Rulers resented popes attempts to control them 3. Merchants resented church taxes (tithe) 4, Corruption among clergy undermined their authority

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Gutenberg

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Reinvented printing press, which spread these secular ideas. This helped spread reformation, and price of books went down, so literacy went up, and vernacular was used more. Gutenberg printed Bible in vernacular, so people could read Bible, and have their own ideas about religion

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Early Call for Reforms of Church?

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John Wycliff and Jan Hus attacked corruption of church and preached that the Bible had more authority than church leaders Jan Hus was burnt at stake for heresy Joh Wycliffe declared heretic 30 years after his natural death, books were burned. 45 years after his death, his body has exhumed so could be burned too

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Luther Direct Criticism and Solutions

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Traditional: Bible was the most important work of the scripture but to understand it properly it was necessary to read writings of Church Father Luther: One can interpret the Bible oneself Traditional: Salvation was obtained through ritual process inducing faith Luther: Salvation was obtained by faith alone Traditional:Forgiveness of sins was granted by intercession of priest Luther: Priesthood of all believers, anyone could receive forgiveness by asking God

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Responses to Luther

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Papal bull denouncing Martin Luther given by Pope Leo 10th Also apposed Chalres V because he wanted to support the church So he is put on trial in Worms, but he refuses to take back statements, so he is excommunicated declared an outlaw and heretic (Edict of Worms) Luther is then sheltered by German princes, where he translates he new testament into German, and Lutheranism becomes denomination

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Development of Protestantism

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John Calvin sets up theocracy in Geneva Predestination-idea that you salvation was determined at birth Called Calvinists John Knox's followers in Scotland became known as Presbyterians Gaspard de Colony led the French Calvinists known as Huguenots Violent time period Church of England?

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Church of England

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Anglicanism Henry Vll rebels when the pope refuses to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (who had not produced a male heir) Establishes himself as head of Church of England

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Catholic Counter Reformation

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St. Ignatius of Loyola -Society of Jesus (Jesuits) -Spiritual exercises: meditation, prayer, study -Schools and missionaries to combat spread of Protestantism, it is a counter Protestantism

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Council of Trent

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Reaffirms Catholic doctrines and authority: 1. They reaffirmed that only the church can interpret the Bible 2. They reaffirm that you need both faith and good works for salvation 3. Reaffirmed that Bible and the church are equal authorities

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Legacy of Reformation

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Religion no longer unites Europe Church power declines Power of Nation-States increases Movement towards secularism

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Scientific Revolution

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Shift in thinking about the study of the natural world Significance-the questioning taking place during this period leads to the development of the scientific method and the foundation of moderns science

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Main Causes of Scientific Revolution

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1. Exploration-As explorers ventured out they needed better instruments to study natural world. Once Europeans discovered new land people realized there are still new truths 2. Renaissance-Spirit of questioning and curiosity 3. Reformation-Challenge church in different ways, look at natural world 4. Printing press-speeds up process for printing books, and ideas can spread so much easier, and new ideas are developed 5. Muslim Scholarship-Information from House of Wisdom funnels back to Europe. Main sources of knowledge primarily=Bible and religious teachings and classical philosophers

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Old Science

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Relied on ancient authorities, church teachings, common sense and reasoning to explain the physical world from Aristotle

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New Science

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Used observation, experimentation, and scientific reasoning to gather knowledge and draw conclusions about the physical world

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Renaissance and Reformation Way of Thinking

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Undermined additional authority Encourage independent thought Looked beyond religion and classes for answers

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Factors Leading to Scientific Revolution

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1. Universities gave scholars opportunity to pursue studies in science and math 2. Overseas trade and exploration brought new knowledge from China, India, and Muslim 3. Discovery of Americas old notions of world geo and brought new plants and animals 4. Sea voyages sparked astronomy, navigation, and mapmaking 5. Printing press spread knowledge

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Geocentric Theory

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Idea that earth is center of universe Aristotle said everything revolved around earth in circular orbits, and Ptolemy expanded theory

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Nicolas Copernicus

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Polish New theory that planets revolved around sun called Heliocentric theory, but this was ignored

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German Johannes Kepler

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Used math to calculate moments of planets, determined travel in elliptical not in circle

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Galileo Galilei

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Observed sky with telescope and was able to see surface of moon saw crater and proved they were not perfectly smooth, and confirmed heliocentric theory and church charged him with heresy, he backed down and recanted, but his ideas continued Tested gravity by dropping balls from Pizza, contrasted Aristotle Discovered-moon was rough Jupiter ad 4 moons, Venus was planet not star House arrest New discoveries Still build off of his discoveries

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Isaac Newton

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Published Principe or Principles that explained laws of gravity and motion, saw world like machine, contradicted religious beliefs but still weren't opposed to religion

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Scientific Method

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Key outcome of scientific revolution

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Expanding Sciences

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New inventions like microscope and thermometers aided new discoveries Carl Linnaeus-developed system for classifying plants and animals by scientific type William Harvey-discovered how blood circulates though the body Antoine Lavoisier-French chemist explained chemical process that creates fire Helped establish foundations of modern science

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Summary of Scientific Revolution

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By showing that the Aristotleians and biblical writers held ideas about the natural world that were naive and false, these pioneers opened the doors others who used reason to challenge a broader ranch of unquestioned traditions and superstitions

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Enlightenment

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Intellectual movement of the 18th century that applied scientific methods to the study of society and government

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Sources of Enlightenment Thought

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Outgrowth of Scientific revolution Believed human society also functions under natural laws Sometimes called Age of Reason because use power of reason to understand and improve society Adopted Renaissance ideas of individualism and secular thought From reformation they questioned authority, wanted to discover truth for themselves Thinkers thought they should've say in government

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British Enlightenment

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Social contract-agreement in which people give power to a government in return for its protections

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Natural rights

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Rights that belong to people "by nature", simply because they are human beings, including life, liberty, and property

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Early calls for Reform

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John Wyclif and Jan Hus attacked the corruption of the church and preached that the Bible had more authority than church leaders Jan Hus was burnt at the stake for heresy in 1415 Wycliff was declared a heretic 30 years after his death and his books were ordered to be burned. 45 years after his death, his body was exhumed so it could be burned too

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Development of Protestantism

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John Calvin sets up a theocracy in Geneva John Knox's followers become known as Presbyterians in Scotland Gaspard de Coligny led French Calvinists known as Huguenots

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Michelangelo

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Florence Italy Very religious Temper Sistine chapel Pieta David Seperation of church and state Art (sculpting)

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Elizabeth l

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Reigned 45 years England's golden age Smart, lots of languages Strong monarch Promoted religious tolerance, so gain support Try to view everyones as equals Support theater dance and education Golden age arts and culture and economy Strengthened economy gained territory and sea exploration Today trade with England Value culture that came out of this

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Martin Luther

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Catholic priest 95 thesis Complained about indulgences thought Bible should be at top not pope Burned recant Excommunicated, started Lutherism Believed in Baptism and communion Now there are many branches of protestant He allowed ppl to question church and focus directly on Bible

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John Locke

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English Favored consitutional monarch, where monarch checked Purpose of gov. -protection to property, liberty, and natural rights Influenced rev. and bill of rights 2 treaties of gov Argued for social contract Gov can be overthrown if fails to protects rights Declaration of independence American Revolution

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Montesquieu

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Criticizes kings court, social classes and Favored executive (enforce laws), legislative (make laws), and judicial (interpret laws) Wrote spirit o f laws Believed in 3 protect political liberty Persian letters-popular Spirit of laws-impacted thinkers Use this idea in U.S. to make constitution

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Voltaire

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French Satire Didn't like superstition or oppression wanted freedom of speech Believed ppl had law like England as apposed to absolute monarch Went to jail Religion shouldn't be oppressed Church shouldn't limit speech Helped shake into more tolerant 1st amendment

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first amendment

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5 freedoms: speech, press, religion, assembly, petition

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Witchcraze

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Witchraze is the persecution and execution of thousands of European women. It results included destroying a women's self-confidence, and caused them to fear everyone

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What caused misogyny and patriarchy to erupt in violent actions against thousands of women?

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Social tensions caused by Protestant and Catholic Reformations and also sexual repression, and state power and governments trying to control through fear. Also economic differences

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Pograms

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Massacre against a large group like Jews Rulers originated and carried out pograms with power as their motive

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How did the attacks on women scapegoats do more than harm those persecuted as witches

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The attacks on women scapegoats do more harm than those persecuted witches because in times of famine and inflation people would seek to blame a women and attack, which caused them to flee. Also families did not speak up for the women, so they were alone. Left the economy and enclosed themselves into they home because they eared something they would be suspected

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Sexual terrorism

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System by which males frighten It is carried out by males fighting and thus dominating women Public execution

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What was the effect of the witchcraze on men?

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The witch craze affected men because they were given more authority and saw their wives as property More patriarch because women aren't going to speak out

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Descartes

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I think therefore I am Fundamental fact of man's existence could only be based on his ability to reason He questioned all knowledge that was not based on his own reason

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Hobbes

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In a state of nature without government's life would be solitary poor nasty brutish and short Humans are naturally selfish so need a strong ruler Absolute monarchy is best government because a strong monarch imposes order and demands obedience Opposite of Locke

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Adam Smith

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No society can be surely be flourishing and happy of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable Economic system should help poor Wealth of Nations Free market based on competition and self interest I a person started out poor it would have to climb ladder in

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Wollstonecraft

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Let women share the rights and she will imitate the virtues of men; for she must grow more perfect when emancipated Believed that women should share same educational rights as men Access to education Urged women to enter male dominate fields such as medicine and politics Feminist Wrote The vindication of the rights of women which was an essay which expressed her beliefs and ideas on women's rights

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Motesquieu

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the best way to preserve freedom is to divide By dividing power, it kept any individual or group form gaining total power of the government He oversimplified the British System Checks and balances in spirit of laws became basis for Us constitution Montesquieu called this division of power among different branches separation of powers

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Voltaire

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Fought for free speech Rather die than have his opponent lose the right of free speech His ideas found in U.S. Bill of Rights 1st amendment Never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, and freedom of speech, freedom of religion

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Rousseau

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Man is born free and everywhere is in chains Individual freedom Believed that laws established by the people for the people make a free society No monarchs or unrestrained mobs Civilizations corrupted people's natural goodness Government should be freely formed by the people and guided by the "general will" of society Argued that all people were equal and titles of nobility should be abolished General will-desired of majority Rousseau believed that part of the social contract was that people give up individual will in favor of following the general will Direct democracy

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Beccaria

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Laws exist to preserve social order, not avenge crimes Against cruel and unusual punishment/treatment of suspects or convicts (including capital punishment) Punishment should "fit" the crime People have a right to a speedy trial

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