question

cabinet

answer

at the time, the word "cabinet" was used to describe scientific collections of minerals, bones, dried flowers and stuffed animals--along with the apparatuses needed for studying them.

question

Richard Owen

answer

-professor of natural science -part of the family that did much to shape early history of IU

question

how did IU support itself by back then

answer

mainly from endowments generated from sales of previously public lands

question

why didn't IU have money to construct more buildings before 1862

answer

no tuition was collected by students, just an annual $11 contingency fee

question

how did IU support itself back then

answer

mainly thru endowments generated from sales of perviously public lands

question

what was the Morrill Act (passed in 1862)

answer

it set aside even more "land grants" for sale, w/ revenues to be used for education in agriculture and mechanical arts (engineering)

question

why did the # of students fall to 67 from 112 in 1863

answer

because of the war

question

who signed the diplomas of the seven students who graduated from IU in 1867

answer

every member of the faculy and board of trustees

question

how would you describe the students who graduated in 1867

answer

as buisness men and leaders

question

who was Sarah Parke Morrison

answer

-daughter of IU trustee -petitioned for admission to the university and was accepted -she was the first woman student, graduate, and faculty -admitted w/ advanced standing and graduated w/ the class of 1869 -first female to take her degree fromIU -11 other students had joined her by the time she graduated (1868 joined her) -big feminist

question

what did Morrison teach when she returned in 1873

answer

english literature

question

What is the the "Big Four" ?

answer

(also known as the "Sages of the Sixties"). -When the faculty lacked in number, they made up for in intellectual firepower (Owen, Elisha Ballantine, Theophilus (A. Wylie cousin),

question

who was Daniel Kirkwood

answer

-dean of american astronomers -one of IUs most famous scientists -he identified regions of the atroid belt in which there are very few asteroids -->he then discovered these gaps are strongly influenced by the gravity pull of jupiter

question

what are the regions of the asteroid belt called

answer

kirkwoods gaps

question

who was Theo Wylie

answer

-cousin of former president Andrew Wylie -physics and chemistry professor -classical scholar -author of first history of IU

question

who was Elisha Ballentine

answer

-hired in 1863 as math professor -became professor of modern languages when Kirkwood arrived -ended up teaching algebra, geometry, engineering, french, greek, german

question

who was Richard Owen

answer

-respected geologist -elected first president of purdue university -Owen hall is named after his brothers Robert and David

question

who was Cyrus Nutt

answer

IUs 5th president in 1860 -taught greek, latin, hebrew, political science, psychology, moral philosophy, international law

question

about how many courses were offered in 1867

answer

60 -but you couldnt major in any of them; majors didn't come into existence until another 2 decades

question

the idea of a college educ was moving toward a...

answer

liberal arts emphisis

question

which one of the following phrases best describes the educational philosophy behind IU's curriculum in 1867?

answer

Liberal Education (moved away from specialization and toward a liberal arts emphasis) in 1867

question

Indiana college became IU in 1838 when...

answer

the state gave it authority to gran degrees in law and medicine

question

when did the liberal arts portion of IU become known as the college of arts and sciences

answer

when the school of law was formed in 1842

question

what schools were started in 1852

answer

a school of agriculture and a "Normal School"-- (for the training of primary and secondary school teachers)

question

when was a department of military science school established

answer

1868

question

what was a bogus

answer

a mock or bogus publication -how they demonstrated free speech

question

as early as 1863, IU faculty tried to keep a lid on student voices. they demanded...

answer

preapproval of all student speeches and speakers from outside invited by the popular literary societies -student pressure later eliminated these

question

what was the hesperian society

answer

-women wanted a voice of their own so they formed their own literary society, which was called this

question

what was "The Student"

answer

a campus newspaper that began publication in 1867 -early editorials complained about the military drill, required chapel, overcrowded campus buildings, and the lack of library books and financial support from the state -after a few starts and stops, this newspaper was revived in 1882 and became the "Indiana Daily Student"

question

How did nineteenth century IU students identified themselves?

answer

in a particular class. Each class had a color, and a motto, to show its solidarity. Student organizations and clubs had identifying colors as well. There was also tremendous rivalry between classes--in sports, oratory, and pranks. Rivalries began to shift from class-against-class to school-against-school. Solidarity was now a matter of school pride, not just in something like being a member of the class of '72

question

when did IU adopt the school colors cream and crimson

answer

1888

question

when was "Hail to Old IU" (written by J.T. Giles) written

answer

1892 -this later became our alma mater song

question

why did the tradition to serenade professors end in 1874?

answer

there was a casualty of vicious rivalries b/w the junior and senior classes -juniors always tried to ruin "senior serenade" by making so much noise the professors couldn't hear the seniors' nice music -one irritated senior shot a pistol into the rival juniors' wagon--killing the tradition

question

when did the university move to its present site of Dunn's Woods

answer

1884

question

where the old campus was is now a park known as...

answer

seminary square -it moved bc there was a ton of fires that damaged/destroyed several buildings at the original site

question

in 1825, there were 10 students. by 1885, student population grew to...

answer

over 200

question

there were no brick or concrete paths in 1885, so IU constructed...

answer

board walks to connect the first campus buildings -a student counted the # of boards leading from the "stile" at the entrance to the campus to Wylie hall, and there were 1450 of them

question

What is a "stile"?

answer

The "front door" to the campus in 1885 was marked by a stile--a series of steps up one side and down the other of a fence. Stiles are common in old farm country--with roaming cows and sheep, a stile was probably the best way to let people move in and out and keep the cows inside (after all, students might forget to close a gate).

question

how many buildings are on IU's new campus in 1885

answer

4 -but only 2 have survived into the 21st century (Owen and Wylie Hall)--both completed in 1884 -buildings lighted by gas and heated by steam

question

what is Mitchell Hall (its most recently known as this)

answer

-a third, wood framed building -was home to classes in the literary departments -it's now the green space between Lindley and Simon hall -there was also a large chapel here, and 5 recitation rooms

question

why are Owen and Wylie Hall distinctive

answer

bc they were built of brick -almost every building later would be built of limestone

question

why was brick used to build Owen and Wylie Hall

answer

Brick was used probably because the University needed usable space quickly after the 1883 fire destroyed the Science Building on the old campus, and brick allows for a faster construction than stone.

question

what also sets Owen and Wylie hall apart from other buildings?

answer

their architectural style-- its Italianate -The style emulated wealthy villas built during the Renaissance in Tuscany, a province in northern Italy -The skinny and tall windows (most of them squared off at the top) give these buildings a strong sense of verticality, which is also emphasized by the tower rising up above the main entrance. -Another mark of the Italianate style on Owen Hall is the large "brackets" that hold up the cornice (an overhanging part of its flat roof)

question

Italiante style:

answer

-Trim in lighter colors, -tall narrow windows, -brick, do NOT capture praire style

question

what were recitation rooms?

answer

students were given oral exams; they were asked questions which they then answered verbally

question

who was Henry Wilfred Brölemann

answer

the only student in 1855 that came form outside the US (France)

question

who was the first asian student in 1885

answer

Takekuma Okada -from Japan

question

were there any african american students in 1885?

answer

no known african american students

question

By 1885, IU's enrollment has shrunk because of the Civil War and competition for other universities further west

answer

false

question

what was the tuition in the 1880s?

answer

grand total of zero, and you would be asked to pay a library fee of $1 per year only if you intended to borrow some books

question

did they have dorms at IU in the 1880s?

answer

no -most students took room and board at family homes in the area for $3-4 per week -other students lived in "boarding clubs" where a cook was hired to prepare meals

question

who was David Starr Jordan?

answer

-Selected as President in 1885 -was an ichthyologist appointed in 1879 to the IU biology faculty -first non-clergyman to lead the university -He introduced the major subject system in the curriculum and the division of the university into departments -He left IU to become the first president of Stanford University in California -Local Bloomington wits called the Palo Alto institution the western branch of IU

question

Who was William Lowe Bryan?

answer

-associated with IU for 78 years, as a student, professor, president, and president emeritus. -He made his reputation in experimental psychology in the 1890 -He created various of IU's specialized schools -- Medicine, Nursing, Dentistry, Education, Business, and Music

question

who was James A. Woodburn?

answer

-was both a student and a faculty member at IU -became a professor of American history, -He started teaching on the Bloomington campus in 1879 -retired in 1924 after forty-five years at IU

question

who was William A. Rawles?

answer

-He joined the faculty in 1894 as an instructor in history -In 1920, he became the first dean of the School of Commerce and Finance (now Business) -Rawles was dean until he was replaced in 1935 by Herman B Wells

question

what is IUs largest classroom building?

answer

Ballantine Hall

question

who was Elisha Ballantine?

answer

-first hired in 1854 as a professor of mathematics -shortly thereafter was teaching ancient languages -In 1884-85 he served as acting president between the Moss and the Jordan administrations -He was appointed vice president and professor emeritus of Greek from 1885 until his death

question

consider what you've deduced from Capshew's and Gieryn's C.V.s. In addition to teaching, what do modern faculty members spend their time doing?

answer

Writing scholarly articles and presentations **can look at articles on 1885*060 quiz**

question

If Capshew's experience is typical, what do faculty members do before coming to IU?

answer

Earn a doctorate and teach at other schools before moving to a large research university

question

what were the only 3 courses of instruction in 1885 that led to different undergrad degrees

answer

Ancient Classics (Greek and Latin); Modern Classics (French and German); and Natural Science

question

how would the classes work in 1885?

answer

You would take three classes at a time, with each class meeting one hour per day (or two hours for a laboratory practice)

question

how would the grading scale work in 1885?

answer

2 different grading scales were used: freshmen and sophomores would be given excellent, good, passed, conditioned (like an incomplete) and not passed; juniors and seniors would simply be given either passed or not passed

question

what are the differences in schools, colleges, and divisions from 1885 to the 21st century

answer

-In the 21st century, we have nearly two dozen schools, colleges, and divisions that make up the whole "IU": Law, Arts and Sciences, Music, Education, Business, Journalism, etc. -back then, only thirteen departments (Philosophy, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Germanic Languages, History and Political Science, English, Greek, Latin, Romantic Languages, Botany, Zoology and Geology) made up the only college at IU: College of Liberal Arts. -The Law School, which was founded in 1842, was suspended between the years 1877-89.

question

what president gradually modernized the curriculum, giving more emphasis to science and modern languages and literature

answer

President Jordan

question

why was 1885 at IU considered an end of an era

answer

-because IU moved away from the Classics (Greek and Latin) as the core of its curriculum.

question

what was the "Burning of Horace"?

answer

-an example of students' impatience w/ cirriculum -Having finished with Horace, the sophomore class would invite the freshmen to a gathering at which "Horace" would be ceremoniously burned. This event was a way to mock the freshmen -It was a gentler form of hazing than the earlier "scraps."

question

what was a Horace?

answer

a Roman lyric poet, in the original language, Latin that all freshman had to read

question

what was the "Capital in Nerves"?

answer

a chapel sermon delivered by Bryan in 1883 -Bryan combined a modern scientific outlook with an equally strong belief in Christian values -he used nerve psychology to connect it to the concerns of the students in this useful way

question

who are some world famous ppl who came to speak about major issues of the day at IU in 1885?

answer

-Henry Ward Beecher -Mrs. Mary A. Livermore -Prof. J. A. Woodburn -Prof. William L. Bryan -Mr. Frederick N. Innes

question

who are world famous ppl who have come to speak at IU in the more recent days (since the 1990s)?

answer

-Mikhail Gorbachev -the Dalai Lama -Lech Walesa -Alic Walker -Johnny Cochran -Judy Chicago

question

what is an abolitionist

answer

someone opposed to slavery

question

what is temperance

answer

the movement to make alcohol illegal

question

Lech Walesa

answer

First democratically-elected President of Poland

question

Johnny Cochran

answer

O.J. Simpson's defense attorney

question

Judy Chicago

answer

feminist artist

question

tramps

answer

organized university walkabouts

question

Trailing Arbutus

answer

the rare springtime flower that ppl would search for

question

Harvey Young

answer

the first A.A. student at IU -arrived in early 1880s -did not finish a degree

question

what was a sign that race prejudice was fast passing away

answer

the electing of Harvey Young as an associate orator for dedication of one of the society halls

question

who was the first A.A. to go to IU and recieve a degree?

answer

Marcellus Neal -came about 1890s -graduated w/ degree in math in 1895 -they now name the black culture center after him and Frances Marshall (which was completed in 2002)

question

who was the first A.A. woman to graduate IU in 1919?

answer

Frances Marshall -got her AB in English in 1919 -became a university English teacher and later a registrar.

question

why did IU open the doors of a hospital outside of the city limits of bloomington (Pest House--originally built for students w/ smallpox)

answer

so they could care for the unprecedented numbers of ppl falling ill from the deadly flu epidemic in 1918 -350 patients hospitalized

question

why was classes suspended for nearly a month during the 1918 outbreak

answer

because of the outbreak of the flu

question

what affected how we think about IUs role in assuring health of its students

answer

the seriousness of the great flu epidemic that IU showed -now, IU pays more attention to all possible sources of contagion

question

how would IUs physician assure the publics and IUs students health after the epidemic?

answer

for many years after, IUs physician made a daily analysis of IUS water supply as a precaution against contagion and infection

question

unprecedented

answer

without a similar thing happening before

question

Which of the following best describes how by 1920 the number and social characteristics of IU students and faculty have changed since the founding? in 1820?

answer

There are more women and minorities represented in both groups but not proportional to population

question

-Percentages of enrolled in 1920 for men? -Whites? -Native Hoosiers?

answer

-54% -99% -50%

question

Which of the following best describes how Beulah Jones is representative of the student population of the 1920's?

answer

She is a woman, and almost half the student body consisted of women

question

Hoagland Howard Carmichae

answer

graduated in 1920 w/ law degree -became much more famous as a composer of unforgettable songs like Stardust, which he composed on a piano at the Book Nook, a campus hangout on Indiana Ave

question

when did IU start accepting international students?

answer

as early as the 1830s

question

where was the Indiana branch of the Ku Klux Klan organized in?

answer

Evansville in 1921 -by 1923 they had chapters in all 92 counties of Indiana.

question

when did the IMU finally start serving to A.A. students?

answer

1937 -when Herman B Wells intervened

question

when did the first women become full professors at Indiana University?

answer

1922

question

who was Julliette Maxwell

answer

-became instructor then director of P.E. for women -she was also the first female promoted to full professor

question

who was Lillian Berry

answer

-professor of latin and head of her department

question

who was John Thorpe

answer

-worked at IU as part-time assistant football coach at IU in the teens -Thorpe taught kicking, and gave kicking exhibitions at half-time on Jordan Field

question

who was Albert Kinsey

answer

-assistant professor in zoology -a noted specialist in the gall wasp

question

Law, Medicine, Graduate School, Education, Nursing. Why did these schools appear at Indiana University in the early twentieth century?

answer

To respond to growing number professionalization of various lines of work

question

how many academic departments has the College of Liberal Arts grown to

answer

25

question

what is the building called now that was originally named the "Commerce Building"

answer

Rawles Hall

question

why did they name the building Rawles Hall

answer

to commemorate the first dean of the commerce school, William A. Rawles

question

what is the architectural style that Rawles is done by

answer

Collegiate Gothic -it adorned the castles and cathedrals of Medieval Europe (arches above door ways come to pt at top) -made from bedford limestone decorated w/ shields and round floral patterns (known as rosettes)

question

Why would a college in the middle of Indiana want to emulate Oxford or Cambridge?

answer

Oxford and Cambridge are two of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the world

question

where was the 1 place you could eat on campus

answer

University Commons in the Student building -$5 per wk about

question

how much were books about for the semester

answer

$12

question

when was the first private woman's dorm built at IU

answer

1925 -$54 for a double room per semester

question

were there any tuition fees in 1920?

answer

still no fees

question

stigma

answer

a mark of shame or discredit.

question

what were the weekly convocations that IU students attended every wednesday morning

answer

imp feature of the social and intellectual life of the campus in 1920

question

what was the Book Nook (now the Gables Restaurant)

answer

a fav campus hangout -home to thriving altn student subculture -mock commencement ceremonies took place here

question

what was The Vagabond

answer

alternative literary magazine created by some students who hung at the Book Nook

question

what was the big hoosier event of 1920

answer

the centennial celebration of the act passed by Indiana General Assembly in 1820 that created IU -pageants were an imp aspect

question

what were the most lasting contributions of the centennial

answer

the various fund-raising initiatives that used this occasion to raise money for IU

question

pure (basic) research

answer

pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, w/o regard for its practical utility

question

applied research

answer

purusres knowledge w/ an explicit practicial goal..... like reducing tooth decay -applying it-so have a goal!

question

when did the State appropriated $35,000 for the purchase of the College, which then became Indiana University's School of Dentistry?

answer

1925

question

what is mathers famous for

answer

being the first to isolate the element fluorine which he did during the first world war.

question

Joseph Charles Muhler

answer

decided to investigate the effects of fluorine on dental caries, even though Day doubted at first that his research would find anything interesting or useful

question

William H. Nebergall

answer

discovered how to suspend fluorides in toothpaste—a major breakthrough on the road to Crest

question

when was IU art center gallery established

answer

1941

question

I.M. Pei & Partners

answer

who designed a new art museum in 1973

question

what are Pei's signature buildings

answer

massive geometric shapes that are airy and light inside, and the IUAM is a wonderful example of his style -IUs was completed in 1982

question

what are supports

answer

The surface material or object on which an artist paints, draws, or prints.

question

how is relief print making made

answer

by cutting away at the background

question

how is intaglio print making made

answer

by cutting into the block or plate

question

what is lithography

answer

image is drawn on a stone or plate -like comic book style/look

question

found objects

answer

not usually thot of as artist materials -can be human or natural made

question

scale

answer

the size of an object in relation to another

question

color

answer

described in hue (red, yellow, blue, etc), value (light or dark) or saturation (its brightness or dullness)

question

form

answer

a 3-d rendition of a shape

question

texture

answer

the surface quality of the art work

question

scale, color, form, shape, texture, etc are all what?

answer

visual vocab used to create or build an artwork

question

first floor of gallery

answer

-western art from early christianity to present day -earliest pieces are metalwork objects made to celebrate christian rituals -the medieval and renaissance collection follows -the popularity of landscape, portrait, and still life paintin gin europe and american art after 1800 is reflected in paintings by Monet, Caillebotte, etc. -experimentation of the modern artists of the 20th cent is highlighted by picasso (L'Atelier) and abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock's drip painting

question

second floor of gallery

answer

-ancient and asian collections -gives broad concept of classical world of Mediterr. -exhibit spans 7,000 yrs from prehistory to the Byzantine -asian collection is from india to japan and encompasses prehistoric period to 19th century -A group of nearly one hundred ancient bronzes from the Asian steppes shows the 3-d emphasis of the Chinese collection -The Japanese collection ranges from the second millenium B.C. to the 19th century.

question

third floor of gallery

answer

-One of this country's finest collections of art from Africa, Oceania, and the Americas -Maps, photomurals, labels, and gallery leaflets place the nearly five hundred objects on display in their geographic and cultural settings. -Art of the ancient Americas includes a rich sampling from the major Pre-Columbian cultures of Mexico, Central America, and Peru, dating from 1200 B.C. to the sixteenth century. From North America, Eskimo objects and prehistoric artifacts from the Midwest complete the section. -The display of African art includes figures, masks, and decorative arts—textiles, jewelry, and household objects—from south of the Sahara. -Arranged geographically to allow comparisons between similar objects, this collection demonstrates the stylistic diversity of African art.

question

master of the holy kinship painting

answer

his painting illustrates a story from the New Testament telling how three foreign kings (the Magi, or Wise Men) followed a star to Bethlehem to worship the recently born Jesus, who is shown here sitting on his mother Mary's lap. The Wise Men offer gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. The artist paid careful attention to natural details, making this ancient Bible story connect very directly to fifteenth-century viewers by incorporating contemporary faces (the principal kneeling figure is the donor) and contemporary buildings (in the background) into the scene. Made for a church in Richterich, near Aachen, Germany, this painting was originally one of the wings of a three-panel altarpiece. The other wing depicts the Resurrection (Christ's rebirth) and is also part of the IU Art Museum collection. The central panel, which shows the Crucifixion (Christ's death), is owned by a Belgian museum. As a group, these panels illustrate the major events in the life of Christ (birth, death, and resurrection), all core elements of Christianity.

question

american harvesting painting (jasper cropsey)

answer

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the American landscape came to represent the special qualities of the new nation. While Americans might feel raw and uncivilized in comparison with Europeans, they characterized older cultures as decadent and burdened by the past. The United States had no ruined temples or cathedrals, but the purity and grandeur of its landscape foretold the future greatness of its democratic and capitalist system. American painters seized upon this theme, finding religious as well as political meaning in the study of nature. The artists of the Hudson River school traveled out into the countryside, making sketches that would be gathered later into idealized composites. Jasper Cropsey's picture portrays the cutting edge of American progress, as the wilderness yields to the family farm. Reproduced in a small engraving the year that it was painted, this image was widely recognized as an emblem of national harmony and prosperity.

question

jackson pollock painting

answer

Jackson Pollock came out of Wyoming with a quirky sense of independence that would revolutionize modern painting. One of his first teachers, Thomas Hart Benton, who painted the murals in the IU Auditorium, taught him a grand, rhythmic compositional structure that could roll across big canvases. From Pablo Picasso, he took the flattened structures of cubism, and from the surrealists he learned the notion of "automatic writing," that sought to liberate the power of the unconscious by letting the hand draw freely. Pollock put this all together as he began to release himself from the representation of figures and focus on pure color and large, arm and body-sized gestures. He made his breakthrough by discovering he could apply paint by dripping or pouring it on to the canvas, which allowed him to swiftly layer skeins of color with both spontaneity and transparency. The result was the rawly physical and emotional visual language of abstract expressionism.

question

the amphora jar

answer

The Amasis Painter was one of the foremost painters of black-figure vases in Athens in the sixth century B.C. He created a harmony between the decoration and the shape of the pots, especially with his favorite, the amphora. The front and back of this vessel each shows a similar symmetrical composition in a panel topped by an ornamental palmette-lotus band. The scene depicts the god of wine, Dionysus, who is identified by the drinking horn in his hand and the ivy wreath in his hair, in the company of mortals. Men and youths holding spears approach the god, raising their hands in greeting. We can detect the painter's wit in the depiction of the snarling dogs in the background. Elaborate vessels such as this were probably not owned by the average person and were used only on special occasions. As items of trade, Greek vases were shipped all over the Mediterranean and frequently were buried with their proud owners.

question

the bust of septimius severus sculpture

answer

This portrait bust of the emperor Septimius Severus was probably made in Rome. The high quality of workmanship, the fine-grained marble, and the high polish on the face and drapery indicate that the bust was commissioned not by ordinary subjects, but by the emperor himself or by members of the imperial administration. The emperor is represented in military garb, wearing a traveling tunic and a fringed paludamentum, clasped at the shoulder with a brooch. One should envision this military costume colored purple, though no traces of color have survived. This portrait is an idealized likeness. It is portraiture for a political purpose. The emperor's stance, with head turned slightly to the right and bent slightly forward, his upward gaze, the folds above his nose bridge, and the deeply carved furrows at the corners of his mouth, all convey the impression of strength and virtue, to create the image of the good emperor.

question

Shiva Nataraja sculpture (lord of the dance)

answer

Produced by the lost-wax process of casting bronze, this temple image depicts Shiva under a flaming horse-shoe shaped arch symbolizing the universe. One foot is placed on the back of a prone dwarf, who symbolizes ignorance. Shiva's pose, with left leg pointed upward, is unusual and may refer to his absolute superiority as Lord of the Dance. Shiva's multiple arms, gestures, and attributes remind Hindu followers of his many aspects and powers. His dance symbolizes the simultaneous and on-going destruction and re-creation of the world. His image reinforces this theme, reflecting the paradoxical nature of the deity. For example, Shiva wears one male and one female earring. His abundant jewelry suggests wealth, but he has the matted braids of an ascetic. In his front left hand is a drum, symbolizing the sound of creation, while his back left hand holds a flame in the form of a small head, representing the final destruction of the universe.

question

commemorative head, Uhunmwun-Elao

answer

This head represents a deceased King of Benin and was placed on a shrine honoring him. It does not depict his physical likeness, though. Instead, the beaded royal regalia indicates that this is the king, and the three lines above each eye, signs of authority for the Edo, emphasize that he is someone who must be obeyed. Cast using the lost-wax process, the head also conveys Edo beliefs about kingship. The impassive expression, for example, relates to ideas about the importance of a ruler's stability and calmness. The choice of brass, a permanent material that is difficult to damage, reminds viewers of the continuity and permanence of the office. Brass is also a precious metal throughout much of Africa, and its use in Benin was controlled by the king himself. The hole in the top of the head was meant to hold a carved ivory tusk, another rare and valuable material and further indication of the prestige and power of Benin leaders.

question

figure for a sacret flute

answer

The extraordinarily large head and expansive forehead, stiffly hanging arms, proportionally small torso and legs, and enlarged genitalia are all characteristic of Biwat figures. This one is notable for the added materials, which have ceremonial and prestige significance in New Guinea and may suggest the owner's great wealth. Many similar figures have been stripped, losing much of their visual complexity and the indications of status that they originally conveyed. Like others living in the vicinity of the Sepik River, Biwat traditionally play transverse flutes on important occasions. The spike below the figure indicates that it was intended as a flute stopper, inserted in one end of the flute when it was not in use. However, lack of fieldwork or other documentation makes impossible a definitive explanation of the stoppers' significance. Some scholars describe them primarily as enhancing the importance of the flutes, while others suggest their role was to prevent the escape of the spiritual voices the flutes were believed to contain.

question

seated figure

answer

This Pre-Columbian figure is one of many clay and stone objects associated with the Olmec that have been found outside their Gulf Coast homeland. Such finds, which have been in the vicinity of ancient Olmec trade networks, have supported the idea that over time, Olmec culture was imported into other areas, either as a result of their economic influence or by the settlement of Olmec people around these trade routes. Though the sizes and poses of the clay figures vary, each tends to be obese and of indeterminate sex, to have slit eyes, and to feature a down-turned mouth, a primary diagnostic feature of Olmec art and a symbol of the important were-jaguar. Figures of extremely obese individuals such as this one may be early depictions of the Fat God, a poorly understood deity connected with excess, or they may represent overfed rulers or priests, obese eunuchs, or persons with genetic or endocrine abnormalities.

question

when was the Institute for sex research established

answer

1947

question

what did Kinsey study and how did he do it

answer

-Kinsey gathered data in the form of individual sex histories. -collected over 18,000 sex histories, which were then subjected to statistical analysis. -The results were published in two books, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953) -His findings on masturbation, sexual preference, and sexual activity were controversial, and he was attacked as promoting immorality -Kinsey's frank discussion of what was previously taboo in national discourse—premarital sex, homosexuality, masturbation, extramarital sex—forever changed our view of sex.

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Empirical knowledge:

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knowledge or information based on experience or observation induction: coming to a general conclusion based on repeated examples that show the same phenomenon

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what did the kinsey report talk about

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-The report stimulated a national dialogue on sexual behavior and attitudes, engendering praise for its objective reporting and scientific tone and criticism for reducing sex to statistics and for contributing to moral decay -The studies generated enormous controversy and became the subject of cartoons, religious tracts, and innumerable articles in magazines from Life to Playboy. Kinsey even appeared on the cover of Time magazine in 1953.

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why did Kinsey create the Institute for Sex Research on IU campus in 1947?

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-Kinsey's work needed the university's protection, but the institution itself also needed protection from lawsuits. -It was designed to legally insulate Indiana University from fallout over Kinsey's work and helped Wells defend Kinsey's work against attacks.

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what was kinseys monumental idea

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to apply the standards of basic research to the unexplored topic of human sexuality

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inductive reasoning

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A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. -A process that includes looking for patterns and making conjectures. -*this goes against the principles of scientific method

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deductive reasoning

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Form a logical argument using facts, definitions, properties, and laws of logic -General to specific

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what gave rise to Kinseys research

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his teaching

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what did the lectures in the marriage course cover by Kinsey

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biology, economics, ethics, law, psychology, and sociology of sex and reproduction -Kinsey relied on faculty colleagues to present some of the lectures, but he retained control over the course content and emphasis -By 1940 over 1,600 students had taken the course, and estimated enrollment for summer session 1940 was 150-200. Your own sex ed courses in high school are the direct descendants of Kinsey's course.

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