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JAD

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Joint application development is a style of interaction that can be useful in creating successful, flexible results. Popular because it helps designers adapt quickly to changes in program specifications.

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Generations

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Programming languages are classified into several major groupings, sometimes referred to as generations.

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Active Server Pages (ASP)

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Programming language used to build websites with interactive capabilities; adapts an HTML page to the user's selections.

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AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)

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A collection of technologies that allow the creation of web applications that can update information on a page without requiring the user to refresh or leave the page.

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Algorithm

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A set of specific, sequential steps that describe exactly what the computer program must do to complete the required work.

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Architecture Neutral

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A feature of Java whereby code needs to be compiled only once, after which the code can be run on many different CPUs.

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Assembly Language

answer

See second-generation language (2GL).

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Base Class

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In object-oriented analysis, the original class.

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Beta Version

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A version of the software that's still under development. Many beta versions are available for a limited trial period and are used to help the developers correct any errors before they launch the software on the market.

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Binary Decision

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A type of decision point in an algorithm that can be answered in one of only two ways: yes (true) or no (false).

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C

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A programming language originally developed for system programmers.

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C++

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A programming language; takes C to an object-oriented level.

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C#

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A Microsoft programming language developed to compete with Java.

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Class

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A category of input identified in object-oriented analysis; classes are defined by information and actions.

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Code Editing

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The step of programming in which a programmer types the code to be executed.

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Coding

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Translating an algorithm into a programming language.

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Comment

answer

A note left by a programmer in the program code to explain the purpose of a section of code, to indicate the date the program was written, or to include other important information about the code so that other programmers can more easily understand and update it.

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Compilation

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The process by which code is converted into machine language—the language the central processing unit can understand.

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Compiler

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A program that understands both the syntax of the programming language and the exact structure of the central processing unit and its machine language.

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Control Structure

answer

General term used for a keyword in a programming language that allows the programmer to direct the flow of the program based on a decision.

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Data

answer

Numbers, words, pictures, or sounds that represent facts, figures, or ideas; the raw input that users have at the start of a job.

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Data-Flow Diagram

answer

Diagrams that trace all data in an information system from the point at which data enters the system to its final resting place (storage or output).

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Data Type

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(1) Describes the kind of data being stored at the memory location; each programming language has its own data types (although there is some degree of overlap). (2) In a database, indicates what type of data can be stored in a field and prevents the wrong type of data from being entered into the field.

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Debugger

answer

A tool in an integrated development environment that helps programmers analyze a program as it runs.

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Debugging

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The process of running a program over and over to find and repair errors and to make sure the program behaves in the way it should.

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Decision Point

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A place where a program must choose from a list of actions based on the value of a certain input.

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Derived Class

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In object-oriented analysis, the modified class.

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Documentation

answer

Description of the technical details of the software, how the code works, and how the user interacts with the program; in addition, all the necessary user documentation that will be distributed to the program's users.

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Dynamic Decision Making

answer

The ability of a web page to decide how to display itself based on the choices the reader makes.

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Editor

answer

A special tool in an integrated development environment (IDE) that helps programmers as they enter code.

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Error Handling

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The part of a problem statement where programmers describe what the program should do if the input data is invalid or just gibberish.

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Executable Program

answer

The binary sequence that instructs the central processing unit to run the programmer's code.

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eXtensible Markup Language (XML)

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A markup language that enables designers to define their own data-based tags, making it much easier for a website to transfer the key information on its page to another site; it defines what data is being described rather than how it's to be displayed.

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Fifth-Generation Language (5GL)

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A computer language in which a problem is presented as a series of facts or constraints instead of as a specific algorithm; the system of facts can then be queried; considered the most "natural" of languages.

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First-Generation Language (1GL)

answer

The machine language of a central processing unit (CPU); the sequence of bits that the CPU understands.

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Flowchart

answer

Visual diagram of a process, including the decisions that need to be made along the way.

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For

answer

In Visual Basic, programmers use the keyword For to implement a loop; after the keyword For, an input or output item is given a starting value, and then the statements in the body of the loop are executed.

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Fourth-Generation Language (4GL)

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A computer language type that includes database query languages and report generators.

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General Availability (GA)

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The point in the release cycle, where, after release to manufacturers, software is available for purchase by the public.

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Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

answer

A series of tags that define how elements on a website should be displayed in a browser.

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If Else

answer

In C++, a binary decision in the code where the program can follow one of two paths: If the decision is made one way, the program follows one path; if made the other way (else), the program follows another path.

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Information

answer

Data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful fashion; the result, or output that users require at the end of a job.

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Information System

answer

A system that includes data, people, procedures, hardware, and software that help in planning and decision making; a software-based solution used to gather and analyze information.

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Inheritance

answer

In object-oriented analysis, the ability of a new class to automatically pick up all the data and methods of an existing class and then extend and customize those to fit its specific needs.

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Initial Value

answer

A beginning point.

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Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

answer

A developmental tool that helps programmers write and test their programs; one IDE can be configured to support many different languages.

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Interpreter

answer

For a programming language, translates the source code into an intermediate form, line by line; each line is then executed as it's translated.

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Java

answer

An object-oriented programming language that has a large set of existing classes.

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Java Applet

answer

A small Java-based program.

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JavaScript

answer

A scripting language that's often used to add interactivity to web pages; often used for creating Dynamic HTML effects.

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JavaServer Pages (JSP)

answer

Programming language used to build websites with interactive capabilities; adapts the HTML page to the user's selections.

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JSON

answer

Stands for Javascript Object Notation; a syntax for exchanging information between computers.

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Keyword

answer

(1) A specific word a user wishes to query (or look for) in an Internet search. (2) A specific word that has a predefined meaning in a particular programming language.

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Logical Error

answer

An error in a program that produces unintended or undesired output, where the syntax is correct but some other human error has occurred.

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Loop

answer

A type of decision point in an algorithm. In a loop, a question is asked, and if the answer is yes, a set of actions is performed. Once the set of actions has finished, the question is asked again, creating a loop. If the answer to the question is no, the algorithm breaks free of the loop and moves on to the first step that follows the loop.

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Machine Language

answer

See first-generation language (1GL).

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Method

answer

The process of how a program converts inputs into the correct outputs.

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In Visual Basic, programmers use the keyword Next to implement a loop; when the Next command is run, the program returns to the For statement and increments the value of the input or output item by 1 and then runs a test cycle.

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Object

answer

An example of a class in object-oriented analysis.

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Objective C

answer

The programming language most often used to program applications to run under OS X.

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Object-Oriented Analysis

answer

A type of analysis in which programmers first identify all the categories of inputs that are part of the problem the program is meant to solve.

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Operator

answer

A coding symbol that represents a fundamental action of the programming language.

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PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor)

answer

Programming language used to build websites with interactive capabilities; adapts the HTML page to the user's selections.

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Portability

answer

The capability to move a completed solution easily from one type of computer to another.

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Problem Statement

answer

The starting point of programming work; a clear description of what tasks the computer program must accomplish and how the program will execute those tasks and respond to unusual situations.

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Processing

answer

Manipulating or organizing data into information.

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Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)

answer

The process of performing a programming project, which consists of five stages: describing the problem, making a plan, coding, debugging, and testing and documentation.

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Program Specification

answer

A clear statement of the goals and objectives of the project.

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Programming Language

answer

A kind of "code" for the set of instructions the central processing unit knows how to perform.

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Prototype

answer

A small model of a program built at the beginning of a large project.

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Pseudocode

answer

A text-based approach to documenting an algorithm.

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Rapid Application Development (RAD)

answer

An alternative program-development method; instead of developing detailed system documents before they produce the system, developers first create a prototype, then generate system documents as they use and remodel the product.

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Release to Manufacturers (RTM)

answer

The point in the release cycle, where, after beta testing, a manufacturer makes changes to the software and releases it to other manufacturers, for installation on new machines, for example.

question

Reusability

answer

In object-oriented analysis, the ability to reuse existing classes from one project for another project.

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Runtime Error

answer

An error in a program that occurs when a programmer accidentally writes code that divides by zero, a mathematical error.

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Scope Creep

answer

An ever-changing set of requests from clients for additional features as they wait longer and longer to see a working prototype.

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Scripting Language

answer

A simple programming language that's limited to performing a set of specialized tasks.

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Second-Generation Language (2GL)

answer

A computer language that allows programmers to write programs using a set of short, English-like commands that speak directly to the central processing unit and that give the programmer direct control of hardware resources; also called assembly language.

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Service Pack

answer

A software update.

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Source Code

answer

The instructions programmers write in a higher-level language.

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Statement

answer

A sentence in a code.

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Structured Query Language (SQL)

answer

A database programming language used to construct queries to extract data from relational databases; one example of a fourth-generation language.

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Swift

answer

A new programming language introduced by Apple for developing for iOS and OS X.

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Syntax

answer

An agreed-on set of rules defining how a language must be structured.

question

Syntax Error

answer

A violation of the strict set of rules that define the programming language.

question

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

answer

A process used to develop information systems; it consists of the following six steps: problem and opportunity identification, analysis, design, development, testing and installation, and maintenance and evaluation.

question

Test Condition

answer

A check to see whether the loop in an algorithm is completed.

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Testing Plan

answer

The part of the problem statement that lists specific input numbers the programmers would typically expect the user to enter; the plan then lists the precise output values that a perfect program would return for those input values.

question

Third-Generation Language (3GL)

answer

A computer language that uses symbols and commands to help programmers tell the computer what to do, making 3GL languages easier for humans to read and remember; examples of 3GL languages include BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, C/C++, and JAVA.

question

Top-Down Design

answer

A systematic approach in which a problem is broken into a series of high-level tasks.

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Variable

answer

Each input and output item the program manipulates.

question

Variable Declaration

answer

Tells the operating system that the program needs to allocate storage space in RAM.

question

VBScript

answer

A subset of Visual Basic, used to introduce dynamic decision making into web pages.

question

Visual Basic (VB)

answer

A programming language used to build a wide range of Windows applications.

question

Visual Programming Languages

answer

Programming language that uses graphical blocks to represent control elements and variables.

question

Web Service

answer

Part of the Microsoft .NET Framework, programs that a website uses to make information available to other websites.

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