question

1-1. Which Socrates work is Gould discussing at the opening of this book?

answer

Republic

question

1-2. What does Socrates believe all people should be?

answer

Educated

question

1-3. What is the one category to which Socrates does NOT say people belong?

answer

Peasants

question

1-4. Socrates says that class is ____________.

answer

Predetermined

question

1-5. "For the past two centuries, scientific claims have become the primary agent for validating Plato's ________."

answer

Myth

question

1-6. The argument of _______________ is the basis for believing that measuring the intelligence of an individual allows a measure of worth or value to be attached.

answer

biological determinism

question

1-7. What is the study of measuring the human head in order to assess intelligence called?

answer

Craniometry

question

1-8. Who is the author of "An American Dilemma?"

answer

Gunnar Myrdal

question

1-9. The author of "An American Dilemma" says that Americans and others would only consider the __________ factors when they were forced to.

answer

environmental

question

1-10. What kinds of weaknesses is Gould looking to find in the arguments of other scientists presented in this book?

answer

Scientific

question

1-11. According to Gould, science must be viewed in its ________ context since culture and environment also influence facts and theories.

answer

social

question

1-12. Gould does not believe that ____________ change reflects changes in social concepts.

answer

scientific

question

1-13. Science means looking for the ________ based on facts.

answer

reality

question

1-14. It is logical to assume that mentality and ____________ are located in the brain.

answer

intelligence

question

1-15. What means there is some sort of ordering that is used in assigning individuals to their relevant spot?

answer

Ranking

question

1-16. Ranking is used to determine that various disadvantaged groups are ______________.

answer

inferior

question

1-17. Gould wants to reexamine the existing __________ for craniometry and intelligence testing.

answer

data sets

question

1-18. What does Gould want to find in science that will support the idea that biological determinism is a result of social prejudice?

answer

Cultural influences

question

1-19. Gould also wants to look for problems in the ___________ data.

answer

numerical

question

1-20. Gould calls biological determinism a theory of _____________ that has had a profound effect on many people.

answer

limits

question

1-21. What does Socrates feel will happen when all people are intelligent?

answer

Society will remain stable.

question

1-22. Socrates' friend does not believe his ideas, saying that it is a lie and that ________ generations won't believe it, but ________ generations might.

answer

present, future

question

1-23. "Plato relied upon dialectic, the Church upon __________."

answer

dogma

question

1-24. What other kind of testing, besides head measurement, can begin to measure the intelligence of a person?

answer

Psychological

question

1-25. Gould says the manner in which ___________ are formulated is also problematic to studies.

answer

scientific questions

question

1-26. Gould does not view the studies he will cover as _______ scientific practices.

answer

bad

question

1-27. "We now encounter the second ____________ - ranking..."

answer

fallacy

question

1-28. Each person is assigned a single ________ that determines his ranking on the scale.

answer

number

question

1-29. Gould goes on to say that science has not been constrained by _________.

answer

facts

question

1-30. The individual's social and economic status is determined by biology so any attempt to make changes has to be _________.

answer

costly

question

2-1. Craniometry is used for the _______ status of the people ranked at the bottom of the hierarchy.

answer

inferior

question

2-2. The craniometry argument is the first __________ argument that has been offered.

answer

scientific

question

2-3. When did craniometry first appear in the study of intelligence?

answer

Early 19th century

question

2-4. Gould wants to know if science added the ___________ data, or......

answer

legitimate

question

2-5. Did a desire for ______ lead to the questions and data to support a predetermined conclusion?

answer

ranking

question

2-6. Which was the top-ranked race in practitioners of racial ranking?

answer

Whites

question

2-7. Which was the second-ranked race for the practitioners of racial ranking?

answer

Indians

question

2-8. Which race was ranked last in the eyes of the practitioners of racial ranking?

answer

Blacks

question

2-9. Who feels that blacks are inferior and therefore deserve the status of a slave?

answer

Hard liners

question

2-10. Who believes blacks are inferior but that intelligence should not be tied to the right for freedom?

answer

Soft liners

question

2-11. The main question becomes, can ________ change the status of the inferior group?

answer

education

question

2-12. If inferiority is cultural, then it can be changed by __________ factors

answer

environmental

question

2-13. Leaders of the eighteenth and nineteenth century did not dispute __________.

answer

racial ranking

question

2-14. Black anatomical structure was often compared to that of a __________.

answer

monkey

question

2-15. Blumenbach believed differences in races might be linked to __________.

answer

climate

question

2-16. Which view was based on the story of Adam and Eve?

answer

Monogenism

question

2-17. Which view was based on the idea that inferior races can not be linked to the whites because they started from a separate group of DNA and people?

answer

Polygenism

question

2-18. Who was a 19th century anatomist who believed in the theory of polygenism?

answer

Serres

question

2-19. The answer to #48 said that humans were distinguished from _________ by the human's ability to improve himself.

answer

savages

question

2-20. The answer to #48 also said that adult blacks were like _______________.

answer

white children

question

2-21. Who were like white adolescents?

answer

Adult Mongolians

question

2-22. The answer to #48 also tried to show the entities with a higher ranking had to repeat the _________ of those with lower ranking.

answer

growth stages

question

2-23. David Hume was a believer in the superiority of the _______ and polygeny.

answer

white race

question

2-24. Hume believed there was never a __________ nation that wasn't made of white men.

answer

civilized

question

2-25. In America, the theory of polygeny was supported by Louis __________.

answer

Agassiz

question

2-26. Who was the data analyst for the answer to #55?

answer

Morton

question

2-27. Louis from #55 believed that there were different centers of _________.

answer

creation

question

2-28. The answer to #55 was known as a _________ because he looked for small differences between species.

answer

splitter

question

2-29. Who was the skull collector that had more than one thousand different skulls?

answer

Samuel Morton

question

2-30. What was the most famous work of the man in #59?

answer

Crania Americana

question

3-1. Within what century did science become fascinated with numbers?

answer

19th

question

3-2. Who was Francis Galton's cousin?

answer

Charles Darwin

question

3-3. What was Francis Galton's book published in 1869?

answer

Hereditary Genius

question

3-4. Where did Francis Galton have a display in 1884?

answer

International Exposition

question

3-5. What did Galton measure in order to ascertain the intelligence of people?

answer

Their skull

question

3-6. Where was Robert Bennett Bean a physician?

answer

Virginia

question

3-7. Bean compared the _______ of blacks and whites to prove his view of the inferiority of blacks.

answer

brains

question

3-8. On what did Bean gather information?

answer

Corpus callosum

question

3-9. Motor functions are performed at the _________ of the brain.

answer

back

question

3-10. Franklin P. Mall __________ and __________ Bean's work.

answer

repeated, refuted

question

3-11. Paul Broca was a professor of surgery in what city?

answer

Paris

question

3-12. What did Gould see Broca had formed before he ever started his research?

answer

Conclusions

question

3-13. Louis Pierre Gratiolet wanted to prove that __________ brains were bigger than __________ brains.

answer

German, French

question

3-14. Who considered that other factors like general health and body size might also affect brain size?

answer

Gratiolet

question

3-15. Broca also thought that ________ should be denied the benefits of education due to smaller brains.

answer

women

question

3-16. What kind of disease can cause the brain to diminish in size before death?

answer

Degenerative

question

3-17. People with ______ had smaller brain sizes than those who were suddenly killed in accidents.

answer

diseases

question

3-18. Broca's numbers were based on his ______________, according to Gould.

answer

observations

question

3-19. According to Gould, Broca's studies were __________ by his choice of what to observe to provide that white brains were larger than black brains.

answer

biased

question

3-20. Bean felt that the ______, or front part of the brain, was smaller in women than in men.

answer

genus

question

3-21. Experts claimed it was no good to __________ blacks.

answer

educate

question

3-22. It was thought that black brains could not ____________ or absorb information.

answer

handle

question

3-23. Gould says the claims of inferiority are limited to ____________ even thought race, sex, and social class are tied together.

answer

one group

question

3-24. Flaws in the experimental design, according to Gould, do not lead to _________ in the numbers.

answer

credibility

question

4-1. What big theory was just becoming popular in the nineteenth century?

answer

Evolution

question

4-2. The field of ________ sciences was redefined during the 19th century.

answer

life

question

4-3. "______________ proved an irresistible criterion for any scientist who wanted to rank human groups as higher or lower."

answer

Recapitulation

question

4-4. "The __________ of inferior groups must be like __________ of superior groups..."

answer

adults, children

question

4-5. "[T]he child represents a ____________ adult ancestor."

answer

primitive

question

4-6. "An anatomical theory for ranking __________ - based on entire bodies, not only on heads, - had been found."

answer

races

question

4-7. Members of the inferior group were always compared with ________ children.

answer

white

question

4-8. E.D. Cope thought that _______ Europeans were inferior to others.

answer

Southern

question

4-9. E.D. Cope based his theory in #92 on the idea that the ____________ brought on earlier maturation.

answer

warmer climate

question

4-10. The answer to #93 caused a slowdown in ____________, leading to inferiority.

answer

development

question

4-11. Havelock Ellis was a scientist who claimed the superiority of __________ during this period.

answer

women

question

4-12. Havelock found that _________ males were more effeminate.

answer

rrban

question

4-13. Louis Bolk felt blacks were not totally ___________.

answer

inept

question

4-14. Bolk felt what race was not only the most progressive, but also the most retarded?

answer

White

question

4-15. What was the nationality of H. J. Eysenck?

answer

British

question

4-16. Eysenck believed the _____________ development of black youngsters develops more quickly than in whites.

answer

sensory motor

question

4-17. Eysenck noticed that the average ________ of whites exceeds that of blacks.

answer

IQ

question

4-18. Eysenck thought that those with ______ rapidly developing skills (as mentioned in #100) also had lower IQ scores.

answer

more

question

4-19. Gould felt that Eysenck's arguments are not based on ___________ facts.

answer

statistical

question

4-20. Gould thought that Eysenck's arguments were the result of __________ correlations.

answer

non causal

question

4-21. Cesare Lombroso thought that ____________ behavior is hereditary.

answer

criminal

question

4-22. According to Lombroso, the genes of the past are contained in the hereditary of the individual and the ___________ surfaces at times.

answer

behavior

question

4-23. One of the perceived problems of Lombroso's theory was the need to call _________ criminals.

answer

children

question

4-24. What was Lombroso's theory known as?

answer

Atavism

question

5-1. Where did Alfred Binet study human intelligence and how to measure it?

answer

Sorbonne

question

5-2. Binet spend a lot of time measuring skulls to see the correlation between size and intelligence, like Broca claimed, but his findings did not correlate with the __________ designation of smart and dumb.

answer

teacher's

question

5-3. Binet also noticed differences between the figures collected by himself and by his student, ___________.

answer

Simon

question

5-4. What kinds of measures did Binet turn his attention to when he realized skull measuring wasn't effective?

answer

Psychological

question

5-5. Binet was commissioned in 1904 to find a way to identify children who ______________.

answer

needed special help in school

question

5-6. What did Binet devise in order to help test the school children?

answer

A series of tasks

question

5-7. The answer to #114 became a way to measure the ___________ of the children, and thus their IQ levels.

answer

age level

question

5-8. The general intellectual knowledge of the child was calculated by subtracting the ________ age from his true chronological age.

answer

mental

question

5-9. The German psychologist W. Stern argued that mental age should be ____________ by chronological age.

answer

divided

question

5-10. Binet tried to devise a system of testing that would distinguish between the ____________ intelligence and the learned intelligence.

answer

natural

question

5-11. Binet was worried, however, that his testing might cause the child to be ___________ in school.

answer

labeled

question

5-12. "Mental testing becomes a theory for enhancing ___________ through proper education."

answer

potential

question

5-13. Binet believed that not all intelligence was ___________.

answer

inborn

question

5-14. How many rules did Binet come up with in order to decrease the likelihood of his test being misused?

answer

3

question

5-15. One problem that resulted from Binet's test was this idea: If intelligence was ____________, it was inevitable.

answer

inherited

question

5-16. H.H. Goddard was the first to do what with Binet's test?

answer

Bring it to America

question

5-17. Who did Goddard classify was having a mental age below 3?

answer

Idiots

question

5-18. Who had a mental age between 3 and 7?

answer

Imbeciles

question

5-19. What group of students/people, as discovered by their intelligence level in response to Binet's test, was most dangerous and trainable?

answer

Morons

question

5-20. Unlike Binet, Goddard used __________ to label and to categorize.

answer

labels

question

5-21. Goddard was trying to develop a _____________ scale to measure intelligence.

answer

unilinear

question

5-22. Intelligence, according to Goddard, came from ________ and nothing else.

answer

family lines

question

5-23. Which label could also live independently and reproduce and be a threat to racial health?

answer

Morons

question

5-24. Goddard believed the mental deficients should be prevented from ____________.

answer

breeding

question

6-1. What technique is explained in terms of geometry and matrix algebra?

answer

Factor analysis

question

7-2. Sir Cyril Burt was a medical tester who studied ___________.

answer

twins

question

7-3. Burt seemed to have increased his sample of patients from fewer then 20 to more than ________ in a number of publications. This irregularity began the undoing of his work's findings.

answer

50

question

7-4. When Burt's sample increased, his correlation between pairs for IQ _________.

answer

remained unchanged

question

7-5. Where was Leon Kamin, the researcher who discovered Burt's flaws, a psychologist at?

answer

Princeton

question

7-6. Burt's papers and data were ____________, which seems to be when his falsifications began.

answer

destroyed

question

7-7. What technique did Burt say he developed, although it was really Charles Spearman who created this technique?

answer

Factor analysis

question

7-8. Factor analysis is a _______ method technique.

answer

correlation

question

7-9. Factor analysis was the _________ technique to be used in intelligence testing, even thought Burt went about it the wrong way.

answer

best

question

7-10. ______________ is a way of measuring the relationship between variables.

answer

Correlation

question

7-11. The answer to #142 indicates how much of a change there is in one variable due to a change in __________.

answer

another variable

question

7-12. No matter how strong a correlation is, it says nothing about _________.

answer

cause

question

7-13. In a factor analysis graph, the two vectors lie ___________.

answer

close to each other

question

7-14. A perfect correlation graph between two variables would show ________________.

answer

overlapping vectors

question

7-15. What does 'g' stand for in a graph for factor analysis?

answer

General intelligence

question

7-16. Negative correlation is given by vectors going in ____________ directions.

answer

opposite

question

7-17. It was discovered that there was no general _________ of intelligence as Spearman once thought.

answer

coefficient

question

7-18. Spearman found that intelligence is a ____________ thing.

answer

unitary

question

7-19. Spearman also found there is a _______ substrate for intelligence except that this can be affected by outside factors.

answer

physical

question

7-20. What outside factors are being alluded to in #151?

answer

Environmental

question

7-21. How many reasons did Burt feel could be used for discounting the effects of environment?

answer

4

question

7-22. The principal components approach allowed Burt to identify _________ factors.

answer

group

question

7-23. "G" was considered to be _________.

answer

inherited

question

7-24. "s" was considered the product of _________ by both Spearman and Burt.

answer

training

question

8-1. Whose advice does Gould feel he has followed during the course of this book?

answer

Walt Whitman's

question

2. What has Gould tried to do, regarding negatives in this book?

answer

Use them as much as possible

question

3. Most of the errors in these studies were the result of __________, according to Gould.

answer

prejudice

question

4. Gould, overall, sees his efforts as __________.

answer

positive

question

5. Finding the errors and pointing them out is a part of ______ science, according to Gould.

answer

positive

question

6. The unilinear _________ is a form of racial ranking and many results from racial prejudice.

answer

ranking

question

7. "Scientists do not debunk only to cleanse and ________."

answer

purge

question

8. "They refute older ideas in the light of a different view about the __________ of things."

answer

nature

question

9. Gould feels there is a learning value in _________ theory.

answer

debunking

question

10. Gould does not want to, however, replace one form of _____________ with another.

answer

prejudice

question

11. Errors and erroneous theories are discarded as more _____________ becomes available.

answer

knowledge

question

12. Gould does not believe in the ___________ theory.

answer

blank slate

question

13. Humans are unique, Gould thinks, and that uniqueness comes from the ___________.

answer

brain

question

14. Most of the factors identified by biological determinism were the result of ____________.

answer

culture

question

15. But most of the factors identified by biological determinism were NOT the result of __________.

answer

biology

question

16. Most scientists, it seems, won't accept the argument for genetics being responsible for _______ in behavior between groups.

answer

differences

question

17. Gould sees various reasons for biological ___________.

answer

insight

question

18. When humans __________, it doesn't mean that it is the result of biology.

answer

adapt

question

19. ___________ can be the result of cultural factors and biology can still be useful in its explanation.

answer

Adaptation

question

20. Humans are limited by their biological ____________.

answer

boundaries

question

21. There are _______ in behavior with limits set by genes.

answer

ranges

question

22. The wider the range of behavior, the ______ likely it is due specifically to genetics.

answer

less

question

23. Gould disagrees with __________ that take the approach in #178?

answer

sociobiologists

question

24. Biological determinism is looking for the __________ basis of human nature.

answer

genetic

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