The Making of the West: Chapter 16 – Flashcards
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A system of government in which the ruler claims sole and uncontestable power; dominated in central and eastern Europe in the mid-1600s. Example: Louis XIV of France. (pg. 515)
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Absolutism
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A system of government in which rulers share power with parliaments made up of elected representatives. Examples: England, Dutch Republic, British North American colonies. (pg. 516)
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Constitutionalism
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French king (r. 1643-1715) who in theory personified absolutism but in practice had to gain the cooperation of nobles, local officials, and even the ordinary subjects who manned his armies and paid his taxes. (pg. 516)
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Louis XIV of France
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A series of revolts in France (1648-1653) in opposition to King Louis XIV's absolutism; led to Louis XIV's efforts to implement policies that would prevent the recurrence of such revolts. (pg. 516-518)
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Fronde
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The high courts; the Fronde began with a coalition of Cardinal Mazarin's opponents who were arrested for demanding ______ to have the right to approve new taxes. (pg. 517)
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Parliments
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The palace of King Louis XIV, whose geometrical arrangements and clear lines represented his exercise of power; housed 15,000 people, including the highest military officers, ministers of state, and royal households. (pg. 520)
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Versailles
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Controlled by Louis XIV's ministers; decides on the correct usage of the French language. (pg. 519-520)
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French Academy
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Catholic bishop (1627-1704) who claimed that the king, like a father, should instruct his subjects in the true religion, or at least make sure that others did so. (pg. 521)
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Bishop Bossuet
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Catholicism with Protestant-resembling, austere doctrines and practices inspired by Flemish theologian Cornelius Jansen's book Augustinus; stresses the need for God's grace in achieving salvation; persecuted by Louis XIV. Example: Blaise Pascal (mathematician). (pg. 521)
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Jansenism
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Also known as the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; French king Louis XIV's 1685 decision to eliminate the rights of Calvinists granted in the edict of 1598; Louis banned all Calvinist public activities and forced those who refused to embrace the state religion to flee. (pg. 521)
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Edict of Fountainbleau
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The economic doctrine that governments must intervene to increase national wealth by whatever means possible; led to an increase in bureaucracy. Examples: France established overseas trading companies, granted manufacturing monopolies, standardized production methods for textiles, paper, and soap, enacted high foreign tariffs, and subsidized shipbuilding. (pg. 522)
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Mercantilism
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Originally middle-class royal official who became Louis XIV's head of royal finances, public works, and navy; established mercantilism in France using the bureaucracy. (pg. 522)
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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A series of 4 wars, including the War of Devolution (against Spanish, Dutch, English, Swedish), Dutch War (against Dutch, Spanish, HRE), War of the League of Augsburg (against HRE, Swedish, Spanish, England, Dutch), and War of the Spanish Succession (against HRE, English, Dutch, and Prussian); aimed to extend French power in Europe, but led to larger armies, larger gaps between socioeconomic classes, and numerous bankruptcy declarations. (pg. 524)
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Wars of Louis XIV
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The balance between the nobles of the Sejm parliament in Poland-Lithuania; each received an absolute veto power, which deadlocked the government and led to a decline in power. (pg. 535)
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Balance of power
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The Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia (r. 1640-1688) who brought his nation through the end of the Thirty Years' War and then succeeded in welding his scattered lands into an absolutist state. (pg. 536)
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Frederick William of Prussia
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The nobles of provinces in Brandenburg-Prussia; Frederick William struck a deal with them, giving them complete control over serfs and exempting them from taxation in order for him to collect taxes. (pg. 536)
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Junkers
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The Russian tsar (1645-1676) who extended state authority by imposing new administrative structures and taxes, establishing the Law Code of 1649, and imposing firm control over the Russian Orthodox Church. (pg. 539)
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Tsar Alexei
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Created by Tsar Alexei and the Assembly of the Land that assigned all subjects to a hereditary class according to their current occupation or state needs: serfs, townspeople, and nobles. (pg. 539)
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Law Code of 1649
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The ruling dynasty in Scotland who later became rulers of England; includes James I, Charles I, Charles II, and James II. (not in text)
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Stuart dynasty
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Ruler of England (r. 1625-1649) who advocated for a move toward Catholicism and engaged in a civil war against Parliament; was executed as a traitor. (pg. 525-526)
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Charles I of England
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A document (1628) by which Charles I promised not to levy taxes without Parliament's consent; Charles I attempted to avoid further interference with his plans by refusing to call Parliament into session. (pg. 525)
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Petition of Right
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A levy on seaports in times of emergency turned into an annual tax collected everywhere in the country in an attempt to raise revenues for the king's plans. (pg. 525)
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Ship money
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The archbishop of Canterbury who imposed increasingly elaborate ceremonies on the Church of England under Charles I's encouragement. (pg. 525)
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William Laud
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Charles I's army of royalists in the civil war between king and Parliament; dominated in northern and western England. (pg. 526)
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Cavaliers
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The parliamentary forces, called so because they cut their hair short; dominated southeastern England. (pg. 526)
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Roundheads
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The Puritan faction that wanted a Calvinist church with some central authority. (pg. 526)
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Presbyterians
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The Puritan faction that favored entirely autonomous congregations free from other church government (congregationalism). (pg. 526)
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Independents (Congregationalists)
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The leader of the Puritans who sympathized with the Independents; organized the New Model Army that defeated the Cavaliers and later became chairman of the Council of State and later Lord Protector. (pg. 526-528)
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Oliver Cromwell
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The army created by Oliver Cromwell that defeated the Cavaliers in the battle of Naseby. (pg. 526)
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New Model Army
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Disgruntled soldiers in Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army who in 1647 wanted to "level" social differences and extend political participation to all male property owners. (pg. 526)
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Levellers
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The Parliament of Independents who tried Charles I, abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords, and set up a Puritan republic with Oliver Cromwell as chairman of the Council of State; abolished by Cromwell in a military coup. (pg. 526-527)
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Rump Parliament
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The Puritan republic (1649-1660) formed by the Rump Parliament and Oliver Cromwell that advocated religious toleration for Puritans and Jews (not Catholics or Anglicans) and aimed to extend state power. (pg. 527)
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English Republic
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The revolution that returned the traditional monarchical form of government to England in 1660 with the reestablishment of Charles II as royal authority. (pg. 528)
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Restoration
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Supporters of a strong, hereditary monarchy and the restored ceremony of the Church of England; favored James II's succession despite his Catholicism; later joined with the Whigs and invited William and Mary to invade England. (pg. 529-530)
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Tories
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Advocates of parliamentary supremacy and toleration of Protestant dissenters such as Presbyterians; opposed James II as Catholic monarch; later joined with the Tories and invited William and Mary to invade England. (pg. 529-530)
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Whigs
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Catholic monarch of England (r. 1685-1688) who was overthrown by William and Mary in the Glorious Revolution. (pg. 530)
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James II
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The events of 1688 when Tories and Whigs replaced England's monarch James II with his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, Dutch ruler William of Orange; William and Mary agreed to a Bill of Rights that guaranteed rights to Parliament. (pg. 530)
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Glorious Revolution
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Dutch ruler who, with his Protestant wife (daughter of James II), ruled England (r. 1689-1702) after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. (pg. 530)
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William and Mary
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A bill (1689) that guaranteed rights to Parliament and formally recognized Parliament as a self-contained, independent body that shared power with the rulers; the rulers William and Mary agreed not to raise a standing army or to levy taxes without Parliament's consent and agreed to call meetings of Parliament at least every 3 years, to guarantee free elections to parliamentary seats, and to abide by Parliament's decisions and not suspend duly passed laws. (pg. 530)
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Bill of Rights
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A law passed in 1689 that granted all Protestants freedom of worship, though non-Anglicans were still excluded from the universities and Catholics were allowed to worship privately. (pg. 530-531)
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Toleration Act
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The Dutch bank that offered borrowers lower interest rates than those available in England and France. (pg. 532)
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Bank of Amsterdam
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A Jewish philosopher and biblical scholar who was expelled by his synagogue for alleged atheism but left alone by the Dutch authorities; attempted to reconcile religion with science and mathematics but his work was scandalized because he seemed to equate God and nature. (pg. 533)
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Spinoza
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The establishment of a trade of slaves, especially for the English and French in the Caribbean island colonies. Slavery became codified as an inherited status that applied only to blacks; the result was a society of very wealthy whites and the enslaved, powerless black majority. (pg. 534)
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Slave trade
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A royalist who argued for unlimited authority in a ruler in his book, Leviathan. (pg. 531)
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Thomas Hobbes
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A book (1651) by Hobbes that argued for unlimited authority in a ruler, either a king or a parliament, in order to overcome the defects of human nature. Rulers derived their power from a contract in which absolute authority protects people's rights. (pg. 531)
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Leviathan
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The doctrine, originated by Hugo Grotius and argued by both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, that all political authority derives not from divine right but from an implicit contract between citizens and their rulers. (pg. 531)
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"social contract" theory
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Used the notion of a social contract to provide a foundation for constitutionalism. (pg. 531)
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John Locke
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A book (1690) by Locke that served to justify the Glorious Revolution of 1688 by insisting that government's only purpose was to protect life, liberty, and property, and that a ruler who failed to uphold his part of the social contract between the ruler and the populace could be justifiably resisted. (pg. 531)
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Two Treatises of Government
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An essay (1690) by Locke that asserted that each human is born with a mind that is a tabula rasa and that "all men are created equal." (pg. 532)
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Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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A blank slate; the state of mind with which Locke believed all humans were born. (pg. 532)
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Tabula rusa
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English Puritan poet who wrestled with the inevitable limitations on individual authority; published Areopagitica. (pg. 540)
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John Milton
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One of the first defenses of freedom of the press (1644) by Milton that claimed that even controversial books about religion should be allowed because the state could not command religious belief. (pg. 540)
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Areopagitica
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The papacy's official artist who favored a baroque style for public displays of faith and power. (pg. 540)
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Bernini
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A baroque sculpture (1650) by Bernini that captured the drama and sensationalism of a mystical religious faith; based on a vision reported by St. Teresa in which she saw an angel. (pg. 541)
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Ecstasy of St. Teresa of Avila
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An informal gathering held regularly in a private home and presided over by a socially eminent woman; spread from France in the seventeenth century to other countries in the eighteenth century. (pg. 544)
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Salon
