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Agricultural Revolution

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The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

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Factory System

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a method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

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Industrialization

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the development of industry on an extensive scale

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Telegraph

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apparatus used to communicate at a distance over a wire (usually in Morse code)

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Spinning Jenny

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an early spinning machine with multiple spindles

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Railroads

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Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century (704)

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Socialism

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a political theory advocating state ownership of industry

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Marxism

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the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

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Popular Sovereignty

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People hold the final authority in all matters of government

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Bourgeoisie

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Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production

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Urbanization

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the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban

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Standard of Living

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a level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone

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Capitalism

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private ownership of a company; pursuit of maximum profit; competition based on the economic principles of supply and demand

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Child Labor

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Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories.

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Entrepreneurs

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individuals who start new businesses, introduce new products, and improve management techniques

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Cottage Industry (domestic system)

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small-scale industry that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment

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Robert Owen

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Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858)

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Friedrich Engels

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German social science philosopher that developed communist theory with Karl Marx. Also, this philosopher edited volumes of Das Kapital, a work that influenced the work of Lenin

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Jeremy Bentham

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English philosopher and jurist

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John Stuart Mill

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English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873)

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Congress of Vienna

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Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

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Liberalism

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an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard

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German confederation

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consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia (b/c of their size); the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 38 states to take action.

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Liverpool (England)

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A thriving port that was very close to the cotton manufacturing town of Manchester that inspired a railroad.

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Alexander Graham Bell

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inventor of the telephone

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Florence Nightingale

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Founder of modern nursing

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Emmeline Pankhurst

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woman suffragette, violence, hunger strikes

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Enclosure movement

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The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

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Domestic System

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early industrial labor system in which workers produced goods at home

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Steam Engine

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external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder

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Cotton Gin

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a machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers

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Assembly Line

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mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it

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Mass Production

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the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques)

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Utilitarianism

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idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

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Capitalism

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an economic system based on private ownership of capital

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Democracy

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a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

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Proletariat

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a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

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Laissez-faire

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the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs

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Labor unions

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Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages.

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Communism

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a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership

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Supply and Demand

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an economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply)

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James Watt

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Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819)

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Robert Fulton

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American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

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Karl Marx

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founder of modern communism

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Thomas Malthus

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an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)

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Adam Smith

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Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)

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James Hargreaves

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English inventor of the spinning jenny (1720-1778)

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Klemens Von Metternich

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This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression

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Conservatism

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a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes

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Manchester

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a city in northwestern England (30 miles east of Liverpool)

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Thomas Eddison

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Established the worlds first reaserch labratory. Perfected the light bulb, and invented an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power.

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Guglielmo Marconi

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Italian electrical engineer known as the father of radio (1874-1937)

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Clara Barton

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inventor of the red cross

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Suffrage movement

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movement dedicated to achieving women's right to vote

The industrial Revolution(Unit 4)- Modern World History – Flashcards

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